Claudius Galenus (130-200 AD) was an ancient Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher who is considered the father of pharmacy. He lived in Pergamon, Turkey and practiced medicine in Rome, Italy. The document discusses the classification of alkaloids. It covers biosynthetic classification based on amino acid precursors, chemical classification, pharmacological classification based on mechanism of action and effects, and taxonomic classification based on the organisms that produce them. Examples of different types of alkaloids like morphine, caffeine, and pilocarpine are provided along with their properties and uses.

1. Father of pharmacy
Full name: Claudius Galenus
Born: 130 AD, Pergamon,
Turkey
Died: Rome, Italy

2. Classification and medicinal importance of
all type of alkaloids
Submitted
by
Keshob kumer
ghose
Submitted to
Afifa parvin Shanta
Lecturer
Department of pharmacy
Southeast University

3. outline
 Biosynthetic classification(5-18)
 Chemical classification(19-38)
 Pharmacological classification(39-64)
 Taxonomical classification(6-74)
 Summary(75)
 Reference(76-77)

4. Rakibul Islam
ID: 2016000300008

5. alkaloids
Naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms.Alkaloids
are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and
animals and are part of the group of natural products .
Example: atropine,nicotine,morphine etc.
nicotine Nicotine structure

6. Classification of alkaloids
1.biosynthetic classification
2.chemical classification
3.pharmacological classification
4. taxonomic classification

7. Biosynthetic classification
(i) Indole alkaloids derived from tryptophan.
(ii) Piperidine alkaloids derived from lysine.
(iii) Pyrrolidine alkaloids derived from ornithine.
(iv) Phenylethylamine alkaloids derived from tyrosine.
(v) Imidazole alkaloids derived from histidine.

8. indole alkaloids
Apocynaceae

9. Indole alkaloids
 Used to treat snake bites.(reserpine)
 Used as Antiarrhythmic agent.(ajmaline)
 Used as anti hypersensitivity.(ajmaline)
 Used as antitumor agent.(vinblastine)
 Used to treat heroine, coccaine, alcohol addiction.
Chemical formula C8H7N
Molar mass 117.15 g/mol
appearance White solid
density 1.1747 g/cm3, solid
Melting point 52 to 54 °C
Boiling point 253 to 254 °C
Solubility in water Soluble in hot water
Acidity (pKa) 16.2
Basicity (pKb) 17.6
Physical properties

10. piperidine
Black pepper

11. Piperidine
 Used as stimulant.
 Used as bronchodilator.
 Used as sedative.
Chemical formula C5H11N
Molar mass 85.15 g·mol−
appearance colorless liquid
density 0.862 g/mL, liquid
Melting point −7 °C (19 °F; 266 K)
Boiling point 106 °C (223 °F; 379 K)
Solubility in water miscible
Acidity (pKa) 11.22
Physical properties

12. Pyrrolidine alkaloids
Nicotina sp(tobacco)

13. Pyrrolidine alkaloids
 Used as anticonvulsants(antiepileptic drugs )Physical Properties
Chemical formula C4H9N
Molar mass 71.12 g·mol−1
Appearance Clear colorless liquid
Density 0.866 g/cm3
Melting point −63 °C (−81 °F; 210 K)
Boiling point 87 °C (189 °F; 360 K)
Solubility in water Miscible
Acidity (pKa)
11.27 (pKa of conjugate acid in water)
19.56 (pKa of conjugate acid in
acetonitrile)

14. Phenylethylamine alkaloids
Acacia rigidula

15. Phenylethylamine alkaloids
 Used for improving athletic performance.
 Used to treat depression.
 Used for improve mood and attention.Physical properties
Density 0.9640 g/cm3
Melting point −60 °C (−76 °F)
Boiling point 197.5 °C (387.5 °F)

16. Phenylethylamine alkaloids
Clinical data
Routes of administration:
Oral
Chemical data
Formula: C8H11N
Molar mass 121.18 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Biological half-life
Exogenous: 5–10 minutes
Endogenous: ~30 seconds

17. Imidazole alkaloids
Pilocarpus jaborandi

18. Imidazole alkaloids
 Used as amoebicidal in amoebic dysentery.
 Used as anti in gram negative bacteria.
 Used as antimicrobial agent.
 Used as antidepressant drug.
 Angiogenesis inhibitor.
Physical Properties
Chemical formula C3H4N2
Molar mass 68.077 g/mol
Appearance
white or pale yellow
solid
Density 1.23 g/cm3, solid
Melting point
89 to 91 °C (192 to
196 °F; 362 to 364 K)
Boiling point 256 °C (493 °F; 529 K)
Solubility in water Soluble
Acidity(pKa)
14.5 (for imidazole)
and 7.05 (for the
conjugate acid)

19. Chemical classification
MARIA AKTHER MITU

20. Pyrrolidine alkaloids (hygrine)
It is under biosynthetic classification.that are discussed slide 7 it
is used as anticonvulsants.
hygrine
Physical Properties
Chemical formula C4H9N
Molar mass 71.12 g·mol−1
Appearance Clear colorless liquid
Density 0.866 g/cm3
Melting point −63 °C (−81 °F; 210 K)
Boiling point 87 °C (189 °F; 360 K)
Solubility in water Miscible
Acidity (pKa)
11.27 (pKa of conjugate acid in water)
19.56 (pKa of conjugate acid in
acetonitrile)

21. Piperidine alkaloids(lobeline)
 use as a smoking cessation.
 Used to treat addiction to amphetamines.
lobeline
Physical properties
Molecular formula C22H27NO2
Molecular weight 337.45528 g/mol
Melting Point 178-180 DEG C
Solubility
1 G DISSOLVES IN 40 ML
WATER, 12 ML ALC; VERY SOL
IN CHLOROFORM
pH
WATER SOLN ARE SLIGHTLY
ACID TO LITMUS

22. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(Senecionine)
 Capable of forming DNA adducts.
 Act as alkylating agent.
senecionine
Physical properties
Molecular Formula C18H25NO5
Molecular Weight 335.3948 g/mo
Taste Bitter
Melting Point 236 deg C
Solubility
Practically insoluble in water;
freely sol in chloroform;
slightly sol in alcohol ether

23. Tropane alkaloids(Atropine)
 First drug to symptomatic sinus and
bradycardia.
 May be beneficial AV block or asystole.
 Second drug in asystole or PEA.
 Organophosphate poisoning.(large dose
needed)
atropine
Physical properties
Molecular FormulaC17H23NO3
Molecular Weight 289.36942 g/mol
Melting Point 118.5 °C
Solubility
Water Solubility
2200 mg/L (at 25
°C)
pH
pH of 0.0015
molar solution:
10.0

24. Chemical classification
BISWOJIT GHOSH

25. Quinoline alkaloids(Quinine)
 Used as antimalarial medicines.
 Used in treatment of nocturnal leg cramp.
quinine
Physical properties
Molecular Formula C20H24N2O2
Molecular Weight 324.41676 g/mol
Odor ODORLESS
Taste Very bitter taste
Melting Point
177 deg C (some
decomposition)
Solubility
In water, 500 mg/L at
15 deg C
pH
pH of saturated
aqueous solution = 8.8

26. Isoquinoline alkaloids(morphine)
 Used as anesthetics.
 Used as antifungal agent.
 Used as anti hypertension agent.
 Used as vasodilator.
 Used as disinfectants.
morphine
Physical properties
Molecular Formula C17H19NO3
Molecular Weight 285.33766 g/mol
Color Prisms
Odor Odorless
Taste Bitter
Boiling Point 190 deg C
Melting Point 255 °C
pH pH of saturated solution, 8.5

27. Aporphine alkaloids(boldine)
 hepatoprotective, cytoprotective, antipyretic and
anti-inflammatory effects.
 Used as antioxidant.
 it has alpha-adrenergic antagonist activities in
vascular tissue
boldine
Chemical formula C19H21NO4
Molar mass 327.38 g·mol−1
Physical properties

28. Purine alkaloids(caffeine)
Cocoa beans

29. caffeine
Chemical data
Formula: C8H10N4O2
Molar mass: 194.19 g/mol
Clinical data
Pregnancy category : A
Routes of
administration: oral,
insufflation, enema, rectal,
intravenous
Pharmacokinetic data
Biological half-life Adults: 3–
7 hours
Excretion: urine (100%)

30. Purine alkaloids(caffeine)
 bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants for
both prevention and treatment.
 Used as apnea of prematurity as a primary
treatment.
 Used as orthostatic hypotension treatment

31. Chemical classification
ROBIUL ISLAM

32. Steroidal alkaloids(Solanidine)
Solanum americanum

33. Steroidal alkaloids(Solanidine)
 Used as Precursor for the synthesis of hormones.

34. ephedrine
Ephedra sinica

35. Amino alkaloids(ephedrine)
 Able to increase blood pressure.
 act as bronchodilators.

36. mescaline
Lophophora williamsii

37. Mescaline(use)
 treatment of alcoholism
 treatment of depression

38. Diterpene alkaloids(Aconitine)
 used as an antipyretic
 Used as analgesic.
aconitine

39. Pharmacological
ClassificationKESHOB KUMER GHOSE

40. Pharmacological classification
 Mechanism of action
 Physiologic effect
 Chemical structure

41. morphine
opium poppy

42. morphine
 It acts directly on CNS
 It is a
•schedule 2 drug in USA
•schedule 1 drug in Canada
•class A drug in UK

43. morphine
Clinical data
Trade names: MS contin,
Oramorph, Sevredo
Pregnancy category: c
Chemical data
Formula: C17H19NO3
Molar mass: 285.34 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Duration of action: 3 to 7
hours
Excretion Renal: 90%, biliary
10%

44. morphine
 Used as narcotic analgesic.
 used to treat moderate to severe pain.
 Used as opiate substitution therapy.
 beneficial in reducing the symptom of shortness
of breath
 Pain associated with trauma.

45. Mechanism of action(morphine)
 Morphine binds to opioid receptors.
1. μ receptor(μ1, μ2 and μ3 )
2. κ receptor
3. δ receptor

46. μ receptor
 Present in the brainstem and the thalamus.
 Result of activation of these receptor
• sedation
•euphoria
•respiratory depression

47. K receptor
 This receptor is present in the limbic system.
 Result of activation of this receptor
•loss of breath

48. δ receptor
 This receptor is widely distributed in the brain and also present in the spinal cord
and digestive tract.
 Result of activation of this receptor
•respiratory depression.

49. strychnine
Strychnos nux-vomica

50. Strychnine
 Used as Reflex excitability.
 once prescribed as a remedy for heart and
respiratory complaints and as a stimulant (or body
"upper").
strychnine is a poison

51. Mechanism of action(strychnine)

52. lobeline
Lobelia inflata

53. Lobeline(use)
 Used as respiratory stimulant.
 Used in smoking cessation.
 used to treat asthma
 Used treat Allergies
 Used to treat whooping cough
 Used to treat Congestion
 Used to treat bronchitis

54. Mechanism of action(lobeline)
Lobeline inhibits nicotine-evoked dopamine release and [3H]nicotine binding, thus
acting as a potent antagonist at both alpha3beta2(*) and alpha4beta2(*) neuronal
nicotinic

55. pilocarpine
Pilocarpus microphyllus

56. Pilocarpine
 stimulates the secretion of large amounts of saliva
and sweat.
 used to treat dry mouth (xerostomia)
 used in the treatment of chronic open-angle
glaucoma and acute angle-closure glaucoma

57. pilocarpine
Chemical data
Formula:C11H16N2O2
Molar mass:208.257 g/mol
Clinical data
Trade name:solagen
Pregnancy category:B
Routes of
administration:topical (eye
drops)
Pharmacokinetics
data
Biological half-life 0.76 hours
(5 mg), 1.35 hours (10 mg)
Excretion: urine

58. Mechanism of action
 It directly stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing constriction of
the pupil and contraction of the ciliary muscle.

59. ergonovine
Turbina corymbosa

60. Ergonovine
 Preventing and treating bleeding after delivery of a
baby.
 uterine stimulant.

61. Mechanism of action
 While it acts at alpha-adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonin receptors (the 5-
HT2 receptor), it exerts on the uterus (and other smooth muscles) a powerful
stimulant effect not clearly associated with a specific receptor type.

62. ergonovine
Chemical data
Formula: C19H23N3O2
Molar mass: 325.41 g/mol
Clinical data
Pregnancy category: x
Route of administration: oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Biological half-life 2-phase
(10 min; 2 hrs)
Excretion: Biliary

63. narceine
Papaver somniferum

64. Narceine
 used as a substitute for morphine.
 Used as antitussive.
It was formerly used as a substitute for morphine

65. Taxonomic Classification
SIZZIL MAHMUD NOVA

66. Sub classification
 Cannabinaceous Alkaloids
 Rubiaceous Alkaloids
 Solanaceous Alkaloids

67. Cannabinaceous Alkaloids(marijuana)
Cannabis sativa

68. marijuana
Source: Cannabis sativa
Part(s) of plant: flower
Active ingredients: Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol,cannabinol,
tetrahydrocannabivarin

69. Cannabinaceous Alkaloids(marijuana)
 used to treat Glaucoma.
 control epileptic seizures.
 may decrease anxiety.
 treats inflammatory bowel diseases.
 relieves arthritis discomfort.
 improves the symptoms of Lupus, an autoimmune
disorder.
 might be able to help with Crohn's disease.
 helps veterans suffering from PTSD.

70. Rubiaceous Alkaloids( quinine)
 approved for treatment of malaria.
 prescribed to treat leg cramps.
quinine

71. Solanaceous Alkaloids(Ashwagandha)
 used for arthritis
 Used in insomnia
 tuberculosis,
 Used in fibromyalgia
 menstrual problems
 chronic liver disease.
ashwagandha

72. protoalkaloids
 contain nitrogen
 originate from amino acids

73. Mescaline(use)
 treatment of alcoholism
 treatment of depression

74. adrenaline
 used to treat severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
 Stop bleeding
 Glaucoma
 Cardiac arrest

75. Ephedrine (use)
 act as bronchodilators
 used for asthma
 Narcolepsy
 obesity

76. Reference(text)

77. summary
KESHOB KUMER GHOSE

78. Reference(picture)
 Wikipedia.org
 The scientist.com
 Pub.chem

79. Thank you mam for give us
this presentation
opportunity
DEDICATE OUR PRESENTATION TO OUR RESPECTED TEACHER
AFIFA PARVIN SHANTA
LECTURER
SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY