Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Leaf constants practical manual 2021- By Dr. Preeti VermaPreeti Verma
This practical manual contains the concepts and stepwise determination methods for leaf constants, including vein islet number, vein termination number, stomatal number and stomatal index for the sample leaf drugs.
The authors duly acknowledge all other authors whose content/graphic has been directly or indirectly used in the manual for educational purpose only, even if their reference has not been mentioned.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander.
For video lecture suscribe yutube channel snehal chakorkar
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
GPAT
Niper &
other pharma competative exams...
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Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Leaf constants practical manual 2021- By Dr. Preeti VermaPreeti Verma
This practical manual contains the concepts and stepwise determination methods for leaf constants, including vein islet number, vein termination number, stomatal number and stomatal index for the sample leaf drugs.
The authors duly acknowledge all other authors whose content/graphic has been directly or indirectly used in the manual for educational purpose only, even if their reference has not been mentioned.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander.
For video lecture suscribe yutube channel snehal chakorkar
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
GPAT
Niper &
other pharma competative exams...
For more posts, follow us on .... be
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
Also follow us on...
Facebook @ Pharma Helpers
Whatsapp @ 8421773854 OR https://chat.whatsapp.com/FFVRcxiiqC91PvnEvmK2F1
Instagram @ https://www.instagram.com/p/COM-VYqJ3Xo/?igshid=1ac01ibq2sa2k
Resins are secondary metabolite obtained from nature having so many pharmacological and therapeutic uses and this chapter is included in Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy subject syllabus of 5th semester B.Pharm course.
It includes Definition,Properties,Classification.Individual drugs including Asafoetida,Guggul,.Myrrh,Colophony,Benzoin etc.
Learning Objectives are:
1. To understand Resins, their formation in plants and chemistry.
2. To know various types and combinations of resins.
3. To learn and comprehend the pharmacognostic features of various plant containing resins.
4. To have knowledge of various official preparations of resin drugs.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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2. DEFINITION
• Resins are solid or semi-solid, amorphous products
derived from natural living sources and are mostly
from the plant origin (exception is shellac that is
obtained from the secretions of insect).
• Resins are secondary metabolites produced by
higher plants and are oxidative products of
terpenes.
• Obtained as exudates from plants and considered
as end product of metabolism
• Resins are produced and stored in the schizogenous
glands or cavities of the plants.
3. PROPERTIES:
• These are more or less solid, hard, transparent,
or translucent materials which come in market
as an unorganized drug.
• Soften and melt on heating.
• Resins are insoluble in most polar and nonpolar
solvents like water and petroleum ether, but
dissolve completely in alcohol, solvent ether,
benzene, or chloroform.
4. TYPES:
1. Normal or physiological resin: resins that are
pre-formed in the plants and making injury to the
plants can increase their yield (Example: resin of
Pinus)
2. Abnormal or pathological resin: resins that are
found in the plants Only when injury or incision is
made (Examples: benzoin, Tolu balsam)
5. CLASSIFICATION:
1. On the basis of their formation
2. On the basis of their chemical nature
3. On the basis of occurrence with other secondary
metabolites.
1. On the basis of their formation :
1. Physiological resins – these are formed as a normal
product of metabolism without making injury to the
plants
2. Pathological Resins – formed as a result of wound,
injury or abnormal circumstances (benzoin, colophony,
balsams, aloe resin etc.)
6. 2. On the basis of their chemical nature:
1. Resin acids – resinolic acids
2. Ester resins
3. Resin alcohols – resinols
4. Resin phenols – resinotannols
5. Resenes
1. Resin Acids:
• Resin acids are the carboxylic acid group containing resinous
substances.
• They are soluble in aqueous solution of alkalies producing frothy
solution.
• Examples: Colophony and myrrh (abietic acid and commiphoric
acid) .
7. 2. Resin Esters: This group contains esters as the
chief constituents of the resins
Examples Benzoin and Storax , Benzoin contains
benzyl benzoate, Storax contains cinnamyl
cinnamate
3. Resin Alcohols: They occurs as in free state or
as esters. Example – Balsam of peru with perru
resino tannol.
8. 4. Resin Phenols:
• Resin phenols or resinotannols are also high
molecular weight compounds which occur in free
states or as esters.
• The resinotannol are found in balsam of Peru as
peruresinotannol, in Tolu balsam as
toluresinotannol and in benzoin as
siaresinotannols.
5. Resenes: Chemically inert resin products are
generally termed as resenes. They are generally
found in free state and never form esters or other
derivatives. Asafoetida is an example of resene-
containing drug.
9. 3. On the basis of occurrence with other secondary
metabolites.
1. Oleoresins – naturally occurring mixtures of a
volatile oil and a resin
2. Gum resins – resin associated with gum
3. Oleo-gum resins – a naturally occurring mix of
volatile oil, gums/mucilagenous compound with a
resin
4. Glycoresins – resins in combination with sugar
compounds via Glycosidal linkages
5. Balsams – resins in combination with benzoic or
cinnamic acid either free or combined
10. 1. Oleoresins: Oleoresins are the homogenous mixture of
resin with volatile oils. The oleoresins posses an essence
due to volatile oils. Examples: ginger.
2. Gum Resins: Gum resins are the naturally occurring
mixture of resins with gums. Examples: Colophony
3. Glucoresins: Resins sometimes get combined with
sugars. Example: Jalap
4. Oleo-gum Resins. Oleogum resins are the naturally
occurring mixtures of resin, volatile oil, and gum. The
example includes myrrh and asafoetida
11. 5. Balsams: Balsams are the naturally occurring
resinous mixtures which contain a high proportion
of aromatic balsamic acids such as benzoic acid,
cinnamic acid, and their esters.
Examples: balsam of Peru, balsam of Tolu,
benzoin, and storax.
12. ISOLATION
1. By extracting the drug with alcohol and
precipitating resins present in concentrated
extract by addition of large proportion of water
(e.g. Jalap,Podophyllum).
2. By distillation for separation of oils (e.g.
Colophony)
3. By heating the plant parts (e.g. Guacum)
4. As plant exudates by making incision (e.g.
Myrrh, Asafoetida, Balsams)
5. By processing the incrustations* (e.g. Shellac)
13. METHODS OF EXTRACTION/ ISOLATION:
• 1. Method – A
Powdered drug
Extract the resin with alcohol
Filter
Concentrate
Concentrate the extract with excess of water, shake
Resins get precipitate
14. 2. Method – B
• Powdered drug containing oleo-resin,
• percolate the powdered drug with non-polar
solvent (e.g. acetone, chloroform)
• Extract
• Steam distillation
• Oleo-resin Volatile oils
15. CHEMICAL TESTS:
• 1. HCl TEST: Formation of pink color Presence of resins
• 2. FeCl3 TEST: Greenish blue color Presence of resins
APPLICATIONS:
1. Resins are local irritant and hence act as local cathartics.
e.g. Jalap.
2. As anti cancer (Eg: Podophyllum)
3. In bronchial asthma (e.g. Cannabis)
4. Used externally as mild antiseptic in the form of
tinctures (Benzoin), ointment and plasters (Turpentine and
Colophony)