Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They can be unicellular, like Chlorella, or multicellular, like red algae. Algae reproduce through vegetative, asexual, and sexual means. They are classified based on characteristics like pigmentation, food storage, and reproduction methods. The major groups of algae include green algae, red algae, golden algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, and brown algae.
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes.
This lecture is about classification of algae. In this presentation outline of Fritsch's and Smith's classifications are given. Helpful for B. Sc. students.
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes.
This lecture is about classification of algae. In this presentation outline of Fritsch's and Smith's classifications are given. Helpful for B. Sc. students.
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
The algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods. Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation, where each fragment develops into a thallus. Asexual reproduction is by the production of flagellated zoospores which on germination give rise to new plants.
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
The algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods. Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation, where each fragment develops into a thallus. Asexual reproduction is by the production of flagellated zoospores which on germination give rise to new plants.
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
This presentation deals with the classifications of algae based on Smith and Fritch System.
This presentation helps us to gain the knowledge on the 11 classifications of Fritch and 7 classifications of Smith such as chlorphyta, cyanophyta, etc...
General characteristics of Algae,Basis for the classification of Algae,Fritsch classification of algae,Van den Hoek (1995) classified algae into 11 divisions,Chlorophycophyta – The green algae,Rhodopycophyta-The red algae,Cryptophycophyta-The cryptomonads,Euglenophycophyta-The euglenoids,Chrysophyciphyta –The Golden brown algae.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complete information on coronavirus. Introduction, history, symptoms, covid19 structure, S protein of coronavirus, M proteins of coronavirus, spreading variations of coronavirus, vaccines, drugs to control coronavirus.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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2. Algae eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms.
Photoautotrophs.
Unicellular (Chlorella and diatoms) and multicellular (Red
algae, green algae).
An undifferentiated plant body is known as thallus.
In thalloid plants, there is no differentiation of plant body
into true roots, stem and leaves.
3. Majority of algae are in aquatic habitat (fresh water or
marine), some algae are terrestrial.
Cell wall made up of cellulose and it also contain
hemicellulose, silica, pectin.
6. Pigments:
All major algal groups have at least one characteristic pigment:
Cyanophyceae (blue green algae): Phycocyanin.
Chlorophyceae (green algae): Chlorophyll b.
Pheophyceae (brown algae): Fucoxanthin.
Rhodophyceae (red algae): Phycoerythrin .
Chlorophyll a is universally present in all algal groups.
7. Algae reproduce by three methods:
(1).Vegetative reproduction:
Fragmentation, binary fission and buddings etc. are the
important vegetative reproduction methods in algae.
(2). Asexual reproduction:
By a variety of motile or non-motile spores.
Zoospore, aplanospore, tetraspore, autospore etc.
(3). Sexual reproduction:
The union of gametes are involved: Autogamy, isogamy,
anisogamy and oogamy are the different types of sexual
reproduction algae.
8. Classification of algae:
F.E. Fritsch (1935) a British biologist classified the whole
of the algae into eleven classes on the basis of type of
pigments, nature of reserve food material, mode of
reproduction etc.
9. Chlorophyceae (Green algae):
Most forms are fresh water and a few are marine.
Pigments: Chief pigments are chlorophyll a, b and beta
carotenoids.
Reserve food: Starch
Reproduction:
Asexual reproduction is by zoospores.
Sexual reproduction ranges from isogamous to advanced
oogamous type.
Example: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella.
10. Class: Rhodophyceae (Red algae):
Occurrence: Few forms are fresh water and others are marine.
Pigments: Chromatophores contain phycoerythrin, Chl-a,d,
and alpha, beta carotenes.
Reserve food: Starch.
Structure: Simple filamentous.
Reproduction: Asexual by tetra spores non motile.
Sexual reproduction is Advance oogamous type.
Example: Polysiphonia
11. Xanthophyceae (Yellow-green algae):
Occurrence: Most forms are fresh water but a few are marine.
Pigments: Chlorophyll a and c, β-carotene, Yellow xanthophyll is
found abundantly.
Structure: Unicellular motile to simple filamentous.
Reserve food: oils and polysaccharides
Reproduction: Sexual reproduction is rare and always isogamous.
Asexual:zoospores and aplanospore.
Example: Vaucheria
12. Class: Myxophyceae (Cyanophyceae or Blue green algae):
Occurrence: Found in sea and fresh water.
Pigments: Chlorophyll a and b, beta carotenes, xanthophylls, and
phycocyanin and phycoerythrin.
Reserve food: Sugars and Glycogen.
Structure: Simple type of cell to filamentous.
Reproduction: Asexual binary fission.
There is no sexual reproduction.
Example: Nostoc
13. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms):
Diatoms are a major group of algae, the most common types
of phytoplankton.
Diatoms are unicellular.
Pigments: Chl a and c, Chromatophores are golden brown.
Reserve food: Starch, oils and volutin granules.
Cell wall composed of silica.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission and
sporogenesis.
Sexual reproduction occurs by fusion of protoplasts.
Example: Pinnularia
14. Class: Euglenineae:
Occurrence: Only fresh water forms are known.
Pigments: Chl a, b and Chromatophores are pure green.
Reserve food: Polysaccharide and starch.
Structure: No cell wall, Motile with single flagella.
.
Reproduction: Asexual binary fission.
Sexual reproduction not proved definitely
Example: Euglena
l
15. Chrysophyceae: (Golden algae):
Occurrence: Most forms occur in cold fresh water but a few are marine.
Pigments: The pigments are chlorophyll-a, -c and Chromatophores are
orange in colour.
Reserve food: Oils and polysaccharides.
Structure: Plants are unicellular, flagellated and colonial.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission and sporogenesis.
Sexual reproduction reported in some members.
Example: Prymnesium parvum
16. 5. Cryptophyceae:
Occurrence: Both in marine and fresh water.
Pigments: Chl a and c, Phycocyanin, Chromatophores show
diverse pigmentation.
Reserve food: Solid carbohydrates or in some cases starch.
Structure: Represented by motile cells, Contain two unequal
flagella.
Reproduction: Isogamous.
Example: Chroomonas
17. 6.Dinophyceae:
Occurrence: Both in marine and fresh water and These are benthic.
Reserve food: Starch and oil.
Pigments: Chl a, b, Chromaophores are brown colour etc.
Structure: Unicellular motile (possess two dissimilar flagella.) simple to
branched filamentous.
Reproduction: Asexual by binary fission.
Sexual reproduction is of isogamous type.
Example: Dinoflagellate
18. 7. Class: Chloromonadineae (Raphidophyceae):
Occurrence: Mostly fresh water forms.
Pigments: Chl a and b, Chromatophores are bright green in
colour and contain an excess of xanthophyll.
All raphidophytes are unicellular, with large cells (50 to 100
μm), but no cell walls.
Reserve food: Oil
Structure: Motile, biflagellate with two almost equal flagella.
19. Class 9. Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae):
Occurrence: Mostly marine.
Pigments: Chl a, c, Beta carotenes, xanthophylls (Fucoxanthin),
not chl b.
Reserve food: Mannitol and fats.
Structure: Simple filamentous to bulky parenchymatous forms.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by zoospores.
Sexual reproduction ranges isogamous to oogamous.
Example: Ectocarpus, Sargassum