Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances , including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco.
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances , including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco.
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
This is a presentation about the class Phycomycete of Kingdom fungi. It includes their general characteristics, reproduction and classification in detail.
more chemistry contents are available
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Chlamydomonas
EubacteriaDefinitionBacteria are prokaryotic single-celled or BetseyCalderon89
Eubacteria
Definition
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled or colonial microorganisms
Characteristics of Bacteria
Lack Green Pigment Chlorophyll
Reproduce by Transverse Fission
Morphology
Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes.
Size
0.5 µm diameter
Length 0.5 µm - 80 µm
Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometers in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye—for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimeter long] and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm.] Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometers, as small as the largest viruses.] Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied.
Shape
Spherical – coccus
Rod-shaped - bacillus
Vibrio - Comma shaped
Spiral-shaped -spirillum
Spherical bacteria are known as cocci (singular coccus, Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of other unusual shapes have been described, such as star-shaped bacteria.
Arrangements of Bacterial Cells
Bacteria are unicellular or colonial
Colonial – cells remain together after division
Colony type – depends on plane of cleavage and planes of successive cleavage.
Bacillus – can only divide in one plane, at right angles to the long axis of the cell.
Streptobacillus
Diplobacillus – remain in pairs following division. after 4 chain fragments
Spirillum- (spiral) divides in one plane
2 types:
Strepto spirillum
Diplo spirillum
Spherical (coccus) can initially divide in any plane. Great variation in colony types.
Streptococcus
Cells divide simultaneously
Diplococcus
If after 4 unit, chain fragments into chains of 2 organisms each – diplococcus
Tetrad Gaffkya
Cells divide at right angles to the preceding division
Sarcina – 3 planes of division. Successive planes are at right angles
Sarcina colonies are cuboidal. All dimensions are the same.
Staphylococcus – irregular cluster of spherical cells. Cells divide in any plane. No pattern
Coccus organism –the type of colony is a species characteristic. It can be used to identify an organism. The colony type is often indicated by the generic name. This is not true of bacillus or spirillum. The colony type can be varied by environment or temperature.
Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells; others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria forms diploids (pairs), streptococci form chains, and staphylococci group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also group to form larger multicellular structures, such as the elongated filaments of Actinobacteria species, the aggregates of Myxobacteria species, and the complex hyphae of Streptomyces species. These multicellular structures are often only seen in cert ...
1. Reproduction in Lower and higher plantsBio-Geek
This ppt is for class 12th students of state board as well as CBSE board.
This presentation contain exercise of state board chapter.
it will helpful to NEET aspirants as well as for B.Sc. students also
Holding company first came into existence in the US. It was created to overcome the restrictions imposed by the Anti-trust legislation. They were formed because businessmen wanted to have concerns under common control and within the framework of law.
Under the companies Act, 1956, a holding company is any company which holds more than half of the equity share capital of other companies or controls the composition of the board of directors of other companies. Type of business organization that allows a firm (called parent) and its directors to control or influence other firms (called subsidiaries). This arrangement makes venturing outside one's core industry possible and, under certain conditions, to benefit from tax consolidation, sharing of operating losses, and ease of divestiture. The legal definition of a holding company varies with the legal system. Some require holding of a majority (80 percent) or the entire (100 percent) voting shares of the subsidiary whereas other require as little as five percent.
Account which is prepared in the books of head office related to branch to ascertion branch profit or loss are called branch Account and to record. The Transacetions in the bppk of head office related to branch account is called Branch Accounting.
To help in controlling branch activites.
2. To ascertain the profit or loss each branch separately.
3. To ascertain the financial position of each branch at the end of the accounting period.
4.To arress the progress and performance of each branch.
5. To ascertain the requirement of stock and each for each branch.
6. To ascertain whether the branch should be expanded or closed
The exact knowledge about the interior on the earth still remains an enigma.
Knowledge of the structure, composition, and the process going on within it would currently help scientists answer questions regarding crustal motion, earth quakes, the volcanic eruptions and the origins of the continents and of the earth itself. As the earth gradually solidified, heavier elements slowly sank towards the centre and lighter elements slowly moved upwards to the surface concentrating in the earth’s crust.
Earth’s interior is arranged roughly in concentric layers, each one distinct either in chemical composition or temperature with heat radiating outward from the centre by conduction and then by physical convection in the more plastic levels nearer the surface.
Magnetic properties of matter are their macroscopic behaviour in a magnetic field under varying conditions ; These are : permeability ,susceptibility, hysteresis retentivity and coercivity. Permeability : Suppose that a long unmagnetised bar of a substance is placed in a uniform magnetic field of induction B0. Before the specimen is introduced into the field it is represented by a set of parallel lines known as lines of inducton.
Map projection is a systematic drawing of parallel of latitudes and meridians of longitude on a plane surface for the whole earth or a part of it on a certain scale so that any point on the earth surface may correspond to that on the drawing.
Maps cannot be created without map projections. All map projections necessarily distort the surface in some fashion.
Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
There is no limit to the number of possible map projections.
Projectile is any object thrown into the space upon which the only acting force is gravity. The motion of a projectile is said to be projectile motion. When we throw a ball into the air (not vertically upwards), it describes a curved path. This curved path is called trajectory.
The golden rules in accounting or rules of debit and creditkaslinsas
Journal Entries cannot be recorded without some rules. The rules which are used to record a journal entry are called Golden rules of Accounting. It means debit the person who receives something from the business
Valuation means an estimation of the worth of something which is carried out by a professional valuer.
In context of finance items that are usually valued are financial asset (marketable securities, patent , goodwill) or liability (bond issued by company)
Taxus baccata commonly known as ‘Yew’, is an evergreen tree attaining a height of 9-20 metres with a massive trunk. Taxus is usually dioecious, but occasionally monoecious trees are also reported.
The reproductive structures become prominent on the plant in February-March. The male and female plants do not show any distinction in their vegetative organization. The differentiation between them can be made only when the plants are in the flowering or fruiting stage. Vegetative reproduction in Taxus is not known.
Bacteria are the simplest, the smallest, and the most successful microorganisms.
They were first discovered by Anton Leeuwenhoek (1676).
In the five kingdom classification, they are placed in Kingdom Monera. Reproduction: Vegetative Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction & Asexual Reproduction.
The genus Coleochaete is represented by about 10 species, out of which 3 species are found in India. They grow in fresh water either as epiphytes on different angiosperms. They show much variation in their heterotrichous nature. Due to well-developed prostrate system, it forms discoid thailus and looks like
pseudo- parenchyma of one cell in thickness.
Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms living on the Earth. They are
unicellular prokaryotes and belong to the kingdom, Archaea. They were first
discovered in 1977 and classified as bacteria. Most archaebacteria appear like
bacteria, when observed under the microscope. However, they are quite
different from bacteria and eukaryotic organisms.
Archaebacteria are found in very harsh conditions such as in the volcanic vents
or at the bottom of the sea. They can easily survive in such extreme
environment as sea vents releasing sulfide-rich gases, hot springs, or boiling
mud around volcanoes.
A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light. The DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Mutations are two types that are Gene mutation and Chromosome mutation. Gene mutation are further divided into Point and frameshift mutation. Point mutation are three types ie. Silent mutation, Missense mutation and Nonsense mutation. Frameshift mutation are of two types that are addition and deletion. Chromosome mutations are further classified into Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.
Potato is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. the leaves can reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. It is grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. It grows best in cooler climates. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27°C (65–80°F) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18°C (55–65°F). Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0–2 weeks after the last frost. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
Ginkgo is known as a Living Fossil.Anatomy of Ginkgo clearly shows primary and secondary structures. sex in Ginkgo is determined by sex chromosomes (XY in male and XX in female). Reproductive bodies of Ginkgo are most primitive among living seed plants except some Cycadales. Ginkgos are dioecious, with separate sexes, some trees being female and others being male. Male plants produce small pollen cones with sporophylls, each bearing two microsporangia spirally arranged around a central axis. Female plants do not produce cones. Two ovules are formed at the end of a stalk, and after pollination, one or both develop into seeds. The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses and algae.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Structure of Chlamydomonas
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae.
The thallus is represented by a single cell.
The shape of thallus can be oval, spherical, oblong,
ellipsoidal or pyriform.
The pyriform or pear shaped thalli are common, they
have narrow anterior end and a broad posterior end.
4. Cell Wall
The cell is surrounded by a smooth, thin and firm cell
wall made of cellulose.
The detailed structure of cell wall shows that it is
multilayered and is made of cellulose fibrils.
Inner to the wall lies the plasma lemma (plasma
membrane).
It is made of two membranes separated by an opaque
zone.
5. Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is present in thallus between the cell wall
and the chloroplast.
The cytoplasmic structure includes the nucleus,
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes,
ribosomes etc.
The thallus contains single large, dark nucleus lying inside
the cavity of the cup shaped chloroplast.
Each cell contains two contractile vacuoles.
6. Flagella
The anterior part of thallus bears two flagella. Both the
flagella are whiplash or acronematic type, equal in size.
The flagella are mostly longer than the thallus but in
some species they can be equal or shorter than the
thallus.
Each flagellum originates from a basal granule and
comes out through a fine canal in cell wall.
7. Chloroplast
In Chlamydomonas generally a large, cup shaped parietal
chloroplast is present in cytoplasm.
The chloroplast is generally associated with pyrenoid
covered with starch plates.
The pyrenoids are concerned with synthesis of starch.
In chloroplast there are 2-6 thylakods which join to form
a granum.
8. Stigma or Eyespot
The anterior side of the chloroplast contains a tiny spot
of orange or reddish colour called stigma or eyespot.
It is photoreceptive organ concerned with the direction
of the movement of flagella.
11. By zoospores
The protoplast contracts. The parent cell loses flagella.
The contractile vacuoles and the neuro-motor
apparatus disappear.
The protoplasm divides longitudinally by simple
mitotic division forming two daughter protoplasts.
The second longitudinal division of protoplasm takes
place at right angle thus making four daughter
protoplasts.
Sometimes the protoplasm may further divide to make
8-16-32 daughter protoplasts.
12. The contractile vacuoles also develop in daughter protoplasts.
Each daughter cell develops cell wall, flagella and transforms into
zoospore.
The zoospores are liberated from the parent cell.
The zoospores are identical to the parent cell in structure but
smaller in size.
The zoospores simply enlarge to become mature Chlamydomonas.
Under favourable conditions the formation of zoospores can take
place every 25 hours.
13.
14. Aplanospores
The aplanospores are formed slightly under
unfavorable conditions.
The parent cell loses flagella.
The protoplast rounds off and secretes a thin wall
outside but does not develop.
These non-motile structures are called aplanospores.
On approach of favourable conditions aplanospores
may germinate either directly or divide to produce
zoospores.
15. Hypnospores
In extreme unfavorable conditions the protoplast
develops thick wall and the structure developed is
called Hypnos pore.
The hypnospores also germinate like aplanospores on
approach of favourable conditions.
17. Palmella Stage
The palmella stage is formed under unfavorable conditions as shortage
of water, excess of salts etc.
The protoplast of parent cell divides to make many daughter
protoplasts but they do not form zoospores.
The daughter protoplasts develop gelatinous wall around themselves
but do not develop flagella. These protoplast segments are called
palmellospores.
The division and red visions of these protoplast ultimately forms
amorphous colony with indefinite number of spores and it is called
palmella stage.
When favourable conditions return the gelatinous wall is dissolved,
palmellospores develop flagella, and the spores are released to make
new thalli.
20. Isogamy
Most of the Chlamydomonas species are isogamous in nature.
In isogamous reproduction the fusion of gametes, which are similar in size,
shape and structure, take place. These gametes are morphologically similar but
physiologically dissimilar.
These are vegetative cells which may directly function as gametes without
undergoing any division.
The two gametes fuse by their anterior ends and later fusion proceeds to lateral
sides. The contact wall dissolves and fertilization occur which leads to the
formation of quadriflagellate zygote.
The zygote later on loses flagella and gets covered by a thick wall and is now
called zygospore.
21.
22. Anisogamy
In anisogamous reproduction the gametes are unequal in size.
The male gametes or microgametes are smaller, the female gametes
or macrogainetes are larger.
The macrogametes are formed in female gametangium in which the
protoplast divides to make 2 to 4 gametes only.
The microgametes are formed in male gametangium where the
protoplast divides to make 8-16 gametes. The microgametes are
more active than macrogametes.
The microgametes come close to the macrogamete, the protoplast of
microgamete enters into macrogamete and after fusion a diploid
zygote is formed. The zygote secretes a thick wall and transforms
into zygospore.
24. Oogamy
The oogamous sexual reproduction takes place in C. coccifera and C.
ooganum.
The vegetative thallus functioning as female cell withdraws its
flagella and directly functions as non-motile macrogamete or egg.
The microgametes are formed by four divisions of protoplast as in
case of anisogamous reproduction.
The microgamete reaches the female gamete and unites by anterior
ends.
The contact wall between the two dissolves. After plasmogamy and
karyogamy a diploid zygote is formed.
The zygote secretes a thick wall and transforms into zygospore.
26. Zygote/Zygospore
The zygote is resting diploid spore. The zygote secretes a thick wall which is
smooth or ornamented.
The zygote accumulates large amount of oils and starch.
The zygospore survives long period of unfavorable conditions and germinates
on approach of favourable season.
When the resting period is over and the favourable conditions reappear the
zygospore germinates.
Its diploid nucleus divides by meiosis to make four haploid nuclei which are
called as haploid zoospores or meiozoospores.
Each zoospore contains neuro-motor apparatus, eye spot, two flagella and
contractile vacuoles.
In 4 zoospores two may be of (+) type and two (-) type in heterothallic forms.
