The document provides definitions and key characteristics of algae. It begins by defining algae as chlorophyll-containing primitive plants that can be both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, ranging from unicellular to multicellular organisms. It then discusses definitions of algae provided by various phycologists. The document outlines distinguishing features of algae such as being photoautotrophs, primarily inhabiting aquatic habitats, and showing progressive complexity in reproduction. It also summarizes characteristics of algal cells, thallus organization, pigments, nutrition, and reproduction. The document provides an overview of the classification and features of algae.
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
The Topic discussed in the slides is the Kingdom Protista and its major groups. The characteristics of the group along with their structure has been discussed. Moreover the pathogenic forms which cause disease in humans have been discussed extensively.
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
Introduction of algae and general characteristics
Fossil history of algae
Endosymbiosis Theory
Where are algae abound? Ecology
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
How are algae similar to higher plants?
How are algae different from higher plants?
Variations in the pigment constitution
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic algae...............
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
The Topic discussed in the slides is the Kingdom Protista and its major groups. The characteristics of the group along with their structure has been discussed. Moreover the pathogenic forms which cause disease in humans have been discussed extensively.
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
Introduction of algae and general characteristics
Fossil history of algae
Endosymbiosis Theory
Where are algae abound? Ecology
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
How are algae similar to higher plants?
How are algae different from higher plants?
Variations in the pigment constitution
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic algae...............
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. • The term algae (Latin — seaweeds) was first
introduced by Linnaeus in 1753, meaning the
Hepaticeae.
• The algae comprise of a large heterogeneous
assemblage of plants which are diverse in habitat,
size, organisation, physiology, biochemistry, and
reproduction.
• It is an important group of Thallophyta (Gr. Thallos
— a sprout; phyton — a plant), the primitive and
simplest division of the plant kingdom.
• The orderly systematic study of algae is called
Phycology (Gr.phycos — seaweeds; logos — study or
discourse).
3. The algae are chlorophyll-containing primitive
plants, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, with wide
range of thaifi starting from unicellular to
multicellular organisations.
Autophytic (which can manufacture their own food)
and thalloid plant bodies are also found in Bryophytes.
ఆల్గే క్ల
ోరోఫిల్ కలిగిన ప్రాచీన మొకక లు,
ప్రొకాఫిో టిక్ మరియు యూకారియోటిక్ రెండూ,
విస్తృత ప్రేణి థైఫీలు ఏకకణాల నెండి బహుళ
సెలుో లార్ స్ెంస్థల వరకు ప్రారెంభమవుతాయి.
ఆటోలటిక్ (ఇది వారి స్వ ెంత ఆహారాన్ని
తయారు చేయగలదు) మరియు థాలాిడ్
మొకక ల శరీరాలు కూడా ప్రబయోఫైట్స్ లో
కన్నపిస్త
త ి.
4. Definitions of Algae:
The definitions of algae as given by some phycologists are:
1. Fritsch, F. (1935) defined algae as the holophytic organisms
(as well as their numerous colourless derivatives) that fail to
reach the higher level of differentiation characteristic of the
archegoniate plants.
2. Smith, G. M. (1955) defined algae as simple plants with an
autotrophic mode of nutrition.
ఆల్గే యొకక న్నరవ చనాలు: కెంతమెంది ఫైకాలజిక్ల
ులలు
ఇచ్చి న ఆల్గే యొకక న్నరవ చనాలు:
1. ప్రలట్స్, ఎఫ్. (1935) ఆల్గేన హోలోఫైటిక్ జీవులు
(అలాగే వాటి రెంగుల్గన్న ఉతప నాి లు) గా న్నరవ చ్చెంచారరు,
ఇవి ఆరిక గోన్నయేట్స మొకక ల యొకక అధిక క్ల
స్త
థ ి
భేదాతమ క లక్షణాన్ని చేరుోవడెంలో విఫలమవుతాయి. 2.
స్మమ త్, జి. ఎెం. (1955) ఆల్గేన ఆటోప్రటోలక్ మోడ్ ఆఫ్
న్యో ప్రటిషన్ ఉని స్తధారణ మొకక లుగా న్నరవ చ్చెంచారరు
5. DISTINGUISHING FEATURES:
They are photoautotrophs
They primarily inhabit aquatic habitats
The vegetative body does not show any
differentiation into various tissue systems
They show progressive complexity in
reproduction
They do not develop embryo after fusion of
gamates during sexual reproduction
Range in size from microscopic to single celled
organisms to large seaweed
Many species occur as single cells others as
multicellular
6. Algal cells are eucaryotic
Study of algae is called phycology
Cellwall is thin and rigid
Motile algae such as euglena have flexible cell
membrane called periplasts
Cell walls of many algae are surrounded by a flexible
gelatinous outer matrix
A discrete nucleus is present
Inclusions like starch granules, oil droplets and
vacuoles are present
Chlorophyll and other pigments are present
Chloroplasts may occur one,two or many per cell they
may be ribbon like ,bar like ,net like,or as discrete
discs
7. Characteristics of Algae:
1. Algae are chlorophyll-bearing autotrophic thalloid plant
body.
2. Almost all the algae are aquatic.
3. The plant body may be unicellular to large robust
multicellular structure.
4. The multicellular complex thalli lack vascular tissue and also
show little differentiation of tissues.
5. The sex organs are generally unicellular but, when
multicellular, all cells are fertile and in most cases the entire
structure does not have any protection jacket.
ఆల్గే క్ల
ోరోఫిల్-బేరింగ్ ఆటోట్రటోలక్ థాలాయిడ్ క్ల
ల
రో ిం్ బాడీ. 2. దాదాపు అన్ని
ఆల్గేలు జలచరాలు. 3. మొకక ల శరీరెం పెద్ద బలమైన బహుళ
సెలుో లార్ న్నరామ ణాన్నకి ఏకకణెంగా ఉెండవచ్చి . 4. బహుళ సెలుో లార్
కాెంపెరోక్్ థాలికి వాుక లర్ కణజాలెం ల్గదు మరియు కణజాలాల
యొకక చ్చని భేదాన్ని కూడా చూపిుతెంది. 5. లింగిక అవయవాలు
సాధారణింగా ఏకకణింగా ఉింటాయి, అయితే, బహుళ సెలుు లార్
అయినప్పు డు, అన్ని కణాలు సారవింతమైనవి మరయు చాలా సిందర్భా లలో
మొతతిం న్నర్భా ణాన్నకి రక్షణ జాకె్ ఉిండదు.
8. 6.The zygote undergoes further development either by
mitosis or meiosis, but not through embryo formation.
7. Plants having distinct alternation of generations.
Both gametophyte and sporophyte generations — when
present in the life cycle are independent.
Occurrence of Algae:
The algae are ubiquitous (present everywhere) in
distribution, i.e., they are found in fresh water as well
as marine water, on soil, on rock, as epiphytes or
parasites on plants and animals,
in hot springs, in desert, on permanent snow-fields
etc. But they mainly dwell in aquatic environments.
10. 1) THALLUS ORGANISATION:
a)Unicellular algae:
single cells, motile with flagellate
(like Chlamydomonas and
Euglena) or nonmotile (like
Diatoms).
Occor in all groups except
carophycae of phylum chlorophyta
and pheophyta.
Rhizopodial
Flagellate
Spiral fillamentous
Nonmotile
11. b)Colonial algae:
Motile or non motile algae may form a colony by
aggregation of the products of cell division with in a
mucillagenous mass.
12. Coenobial :
The colony is formed with a definite shape, size
and arrangement of cells.
Ex: volvox
Palmelloid :
Irregular arrangement of cells varying in number
,shape and size.
Ex: Chlamydomonas , Tetraspora
Dendroid:
Looks like microscopic tree due to union of
mucilagenous threads present at base of each cell.
Ex: Chrysodendron
Rhizopodial colony:
Cells are united through rhizopodia
Ex: Chrysidiastrum
13.
14. c)Filaments algae:
Daughter cells remain attached
after cell division and form a cell
chain
Adjacent cells share cell wall
(distinguish them from linear
colonies!)
May be unbranched (uniseriate
such as Zygnema and Ulthrix) or
branched (regular mutiseriate such
as Cladophora or unreguler
mutiseriate such as Pithophora).
10
Pithophora
Cladophora
15. d) Coenocytic or siphonaceaous:
one large, multinucleate cell
without cross walls such as
Vaucheria
e) Parenchymatous:
mostly macro-scopic algae
with tissue of undifferentiated cells
and growth originating from a
meristem with cell division in three
dimensions such as Ulva
16. 2)CELL STRUCTURE
Eukaryotic characterised by presence of well organised
nucleus and membrane bound organelles like plastids
,mitochondria and Golgi bodies
An intermediate form called mesokaryotic occurs in
Dianophyceae which shows both eukaryotic (nucleus with
nuclear membrane & chromosomes) and prokaryotic
characters( basic proteins are absent)
Some do not has true cell wall Ex: euglena, gymnodinium &
possess a membrane called pellicle around cytoplasm
Motile flagella possess a pigmented spot known as eye-spot or
stigma(swimming)
Cell wall is with mixed carbohydrates and substances like
alginic acid , fucoidin , fucin & hemicelluloses present
Mitochondria, Golgi complex , Endoplasmic reticulum
present.
17. 3)ALGAL FLAGELLA
Found in all algae except Rhotophyceae
The main function is motility
They are of 2 types
Whiplash or acronematic-possess smooth surface
Tinsel or pleuronematic-covered by fine filamentous
appendages called as mastigonemes or flimmers
Tinsel is divided into 3 types
Pantonematic-mastigonemes arranged in two
opposite rows or radially
Pantocronematic-Pantonematic flagellum with a
terminal fibril
Stichonematic-mastigonemes develop only on one
side of the flagellum
18. 4)ALGAL PIGMENTS
-Distinct chlorplast, nuclear region
and complex organelles.
- Thylakoids are grouped into grana
pyrenoids are centers of carbon
dioxide fixation withinthe
chloroplasts of algae. Pyrenoids
are not membrane-bound
organelles, but specialized areas
of the
levels
plastid that contain high
of ribulose-1,5-
bisphosphate carboxylase /
oxygenase
granum with
a
Stack of
thylakoids
pyrenoid
19. The pigments are within membrane bound organelles
called plastids
May be leucoplasts (colourless plastids) or chromoplasts
(coloured plastids)
Chromoplasts- contain chlorophyll a and b
Chromatophores -contain only chlorophyll a
Types - Chlorophylls(5), xanthophylls(20), carotenes(5)
and phycobillins (7)
Chlorophyll a present in all
Xanthophylls(yellow/brown) present in chlorophyceae and
pheophyceae
B carotene present in most algae
Phycobillins are water soluble red(phycoerythrin) and
blue(phycocyanin) confined to rhodophyceae
20. 5)ALGAL NUTRITION:
Photo autotrophic and synthesis their own food
from carbondioxide and water
Aquatic forms obtain carbon dioxide and water by
diffusion and osmosis
Aerials obtain water from damp substratum and
carbon dioxide from air
They also synthesis oil and protiens from
carbohydrates
21. 6)FOOD RESERVES
Food materials accumulated as polysaccharides
True starch-seen in two algal divisions chlorophyta
and charophyta
Floridean starch- found in rhodophyta
Laminarin- found in brown algae
Paramylon- found in euglenoids
Leucosin-peculiar to xanthophyta ,
bacillariophyta & chrysophyta
Fats occur as reserved food in appreciable
amounts in the cells of xanthophyta ,
bacillariophyta & chrysophyta
22. 7)REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE
MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLYAND
ASEXUALLY
Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental
stress
Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Zoospores
Plus and minus gametes
Zygospore
24. ISOGAMY-Both gametes have flagella and similar in size and morphology.
ANISOGAMY-Gametes have flagella but are dissimilar in shape and size. One
gamete is distinctly smaller than the other one.
OOGAMY-gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses with a larger, non flagellated
gamete (egg).
25. •Monecious: both gametes produced by the same
individual
•Diecious: male and female gametes are produced by
different individuals
•Homothallic: gametes from one individual can fuse
(self-fertile)
•Heterothallic gametes from one individual cannot fuse
(self-sterile)
•Conjugation: a special type of reproduction. The entire
cell serve as a gametes and the cell content are
transported passively between two cells taking part in
sexual reproduction
26. REPRODUCTION IN MULTICELLULAR
ALGAE
Oedogonium reproduction
Antheridium -release flagellated
sperm that swim to the oogonium
Oogonium - houses the zygote
which is a diploid spore
▪ The spore undergoes meiosis
and produces 4 haploid
zoospores. One of the four
cells becomes a root like
holdfast the others divide and
become a new filament.
oogonium
28. CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
BASED ON SEVEN MAJOR DIVISIONS
1) Nature and properties of pigments
2) Chemistry of reserve food products
3) Morphology of flagella
4) Morphology of cells and thalli
5) Life history reproductive structures and methods
of reproduction
6) Food-storage substance
7) Cell wall composition
29. A famous botanist F.E. Fritsch (1935) classified algae into following
11 classes, based on pigmentation, reserve food material, flagellation
and reproduction.
Class 1. Chlorophyceae (= Isokontae): Important genera are:
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, and Spirogyra.
Class 2. Xanthophyceae (= Heterokontae): Important genera are:
Microspora, Vaucheria, Protosiphon.
Class 3. Chrysophyceae: Example:Chrysosphaera.
Class 4. Bacillariophyceae (= diatoms):Examples: Pinularia, Navicula,
Fragilaria.
Class 5. Cryptophyceae:Example:Cryptomonas.
Class 6. Dinophyceae:Example:Peridinium.
Class 7. Chloromonadineae:Example:Vacuolaria.
Class 8. Eugleninae:Example:Euglena.
Class 9. Phaeophyceae:Examples:Fucus, Sargassum.
Class 10. Rhodophyceae:Examples: Polysiphonia and
Batrachospermum.Class
11. Myxophyceae (= Cyanophyceae):
Examples: Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anahaena, Lyngbya, Plectonema.
30. PHYLUM RHODOPHYCOPHYTA
4000 species of REDAlgae
Most are marine
Smaller than brown algae and are often
found at a depth of 200 meters.
Contain chlorophyll a and rarely d as
well as phycobilins which are important
in absorbing light that can penetrate
deep into the water
Have cells coated in carageenan which is
used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and
some cheeses
Red algae GELIDIUM from which AGAR
is made
31. RED ALGAE
Porphyra - nori use to
wrap uncooked fish &
other food items
Smithora naiadum - a
epiphyte on eel and surf
grass
Pikea robusta
Red Algae
32. PHYLUM XANTHOPHYCOPHYTA
Yellow Green Algae
Xanthophytes walls with cellulose and pectin
Chlorophyll a,c and rarely e are present
Cellular storage product is chrysolaminarin
Flagella unequal in length
Asexual reproduction by cell division and
fragmentation
Vaucheria is a well known member of this division
34. PHYLUM CHRYSOPHYCOPHYTA
Golden Algae
predominately flagellates some are
amoeboid
Chlorophyll a and c present
Reserve food as chrysolaminarin and
their frequent incorporation of silica
Characteristic color due to masking of
their chlorophyl by brown pigments
Reproduction is commonly asexual but
at times isogamous
36. PHYLUM PHAEOPHYCOPHYTA
1500 species of Brown algae
Mostly marine and include seaweed
All are multicellular and large (often
reaching lengths of 147 feet)
Individual alga may grow to a length of
100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade
Chlorophyll a and c present
Used in cosmetics and most ice creams
Many of them have holdfasts and air
bladders which give them buoyancy
39. PHYLUM BACILLARIOPHYCOPHYTA
The Diatoms
Diatoms provide abundant food supply
for aquatic animals
Chlorophyll a and c present
Shells of diatoms are called frustules
Deposits of these shells from centuries
of growth are called diatomite or
diatomaceous earth
41. PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYCOPHYTA
Unicellular and motile by means of flagella
Chl a & b present
1000 species of Euglenoids
Have both plantlike and animal-like
characteristics
Euglena cell with contractile vacoules and
fibrils
Carry out photosynthesis in chloroplast and is
facultatively autotrophic
Reproduction by longitudinal binary fission
Dormant cysts are formed
43. PHYLUM CHLOROPHYCOPHYTA
Green algae
7000 diverse species
green algae contain one chloroplast per cell
which contain pyrenoids
Both green algae and land plants have
chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids and
store food as starch
Both have walls made of cellulose
Reproduction by asexual methods or
isogamous and heterogamous sexual means
44.
45. PHYLUM CRYPTOPHYCOPHYTA
Cryptomonads are biflagellate organisms
Cells are slipper shaped and flattened occur
singly
Some with cellulose wall others naked
There are 1 or 2 plastids with or without
pyrenoids
Reproduction by longitudinal cell division or by
zoospores or cysts
47. PHYLUM PYRROPHYCOPHYTA
Flagella are inserted in the girdle and arranged
with one encircling the cell and other trailing
Many are covered only by plasmalemma and in
some there is a wall made of cellulose
Some have a series of cellulose plates with in
plasmalemma termed thecal plates
Dianoflagellates a diverse group of
biflagellated uni cellular organisms present
49. Food for humans
Food for invertebrates and fishes in mariculture
Animal feed
Soil fertilizers and conditioners in agriculture
Treatment of waste water
Diatomaceous earth (= diatoms)
Chalk deposits
Phycocolloids (agar, carrageenan from red algae;
alginates from brown algae)
Drugs
Model system for research
Phycobiliproteins for fluorescence microscopy
Beneficial Aspects of Algae
50. ROLE OF ALGAE TO DETECT
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Indicator of pollution - algae blooms can occur when too
much nitrogen and phosphorus enter a waterway.
Algae are ideally suited for water quality assessment
because they have rapid reproduction
rates and very short life cycles, making them valuable
indicators of short-term impacts.
51. Algae can be used to treat both municipal and
industrial wastewater.
Algae play a major role in aerobic treatment of
waste in the secondary treatment process.
Algae - based municipal wastewater treatment
systems are mainly used for nutrient removal
(removal of nitrogen and phosphorous).
Algae have the ability to accumulate the heavy
metals and thereby remove toxic compounds from
the wastewater. In some cases, algae also play a
role in the removal of pathogens in the tertiary
treatment stage.
ALGAE USAGE IN SEWAGE
TREATING PLANTS
52. ALGAE IN FILTER PLANTS
An algae scrubber filters water by moving water
rapidly over a rough, highly illuminated surface,
which causes algae to start growing in large
amounts.
As the algae grow, they consume nutrients such as
inorganic nitrate,
inorganic phosphate, nitrite, ammonia,
and ammonium from the water.
53. ALGAEROLEIN TREATING HEALTH PROBLEMS
Ulva Can be used to treat goiter; reduce fever,
ease pain, induce urination
Codium Can be used to treat urinary diseases,
treat edema,
SargassumCan be used to treat cervical
lymphadenitis, edema;
Porphyra Can be used to treat goiter, bronchitis,
tonsillitis and cough
Gelidium Laxative; can be used to treat tracheitis,
gastric diseases and hemorrhoids; can be used to
extract agarinishes inflammation; reduces fever;
54. HARMFUL EFFECTS OF ALGAE
Several species are parasitic on higher plants
Green algae cephaleuros attacks leaves of
tea,coffee,pepper causing considerable damage
Some algae live in the roots and fleshy parts of
higher plants but not harmed
Acrylicacid is produced by a unicellular algae in
plankton act as extracellular inhibitors its shown by
chemical analysis
Some planktonic algae produce toxins which are
lethal to fish and other animals these toxins are
extracellular liberated from algae by bacterial
decomposition of algal blooms