The document discusses infectious diseases including measles, rubella, chickenpox, diphtheria, meningitis, and vector-borne diseases like dengue hemorrhagic fever. It provides details on the causative agents, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention strategies for controlling outbreaks of these infectious diseases. For dengue hemorrhagic fever specifically, it describes the occurrence in the Philippines, clinical manifestations through different stages, diagnostic tests and grading of severity. Controlling mosquito vectors and immunization were identified as key prevention strategies.
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
Dengue virus rarely causes death. However, the infection can progress into a more serious condition known as severe dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever. Symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever include: bleeding under the skin. frequent vomiting.
Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI.
Scrub typhus is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites).
Most cases of scrub typhus occur in rural areas of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, and northern Australia. Anyone living in or travelling to areas where scrub typhus is found could get infected
Scrub typhus is not transmitted directly from person to person; it is only transmitted by the bites of vectors
Chiggers are abundant in locales with high relative humidity (60%–85%), low temperature (20°C–30°C), low incidence of sunlight, and a dense substrate-vegetative canopy.
Occupational risk is higher in farmers (aged 50–69 years), females.
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
Dengue virus rarely causes death. However, the infection can progress into a more serious condition known as severe dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever. Symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever include: bleeding under the skin. frequent vomiting.
Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI.
Scrub typhus is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites).
Most cases of scrub typhus occur in rural areas of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, and northern Australia. Anyone living in or travelling to areas where scrub typhus is found could get infected
Scrub typhus is not transmitted directly from person to person; it is only transmitted by the bites of vectors
Chiggers are abundant in locales with high relative humidity (60%–85%), low temperature (20°C–30°C), low incidence of sunlight, and a dense substrate-vegetative canopy.
Occupational risk is higher in farmers (aged 50–69 years), females.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough, coryza (rhinitis) and conjunctivitis.
Before the widespread use of measles vaccines, it was estimated that measles caused between 5 million and 8 million deaths worldwide each year.
Epidemiology and Control Measures for Diphtheria AB Rajar
Hi
This lecture is about the Epidemiology and Control Measures for Diphtheria,I do believe that this one will be helpful for undergraduate medical students.
Meningitis is a severe CNS pathology and early and appropriate intervention is needed to prevent adverse outcome including mortality and long term complications. This presentation focuses on the different types of meningitis and the appropriate management options
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. OUTBREAK
Main Characters:
General Plot:
Synopsis:
Trace the Pathogenesis of the disease which served as the main theme of the
movie.
What strategies were employed to control the epidemic.
Suggest ways and means on how a highly contagious disease be prevented
from being contacted by people in your family or community.
3. MEASLES, RUBEOLA, 7 DAY FEVER,
HARD RED MEASLES
• Paramyxo virus
• MOT = droplets and airborne
• PC 4 days before and 5 days after rash
• HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
• IP 7-14 days
• IMMUNITY
• Active = measles vaccine, MMR
• Passive = measles Ig
• Natural = lifetime
8. DIAGNOSTIC TEST
• Nose and throat swabbing
• u/a
• Blood chemistry
• Confirmatory test is complement fixation on or
hemagglutination inhibition tests
9. PHARMACOLOGY
• Sulfadiazine – bacteriostatic
• Guaifenesin – sympromatic management of cough
• Cephalexin – treatment of skin and skin infection, pneumonia and otitis
media
• Paracetamol – anti pyretic
10. GERMAN MEASLES, RUBELLA,
ROTHELIN DISEASE, 3 DAY MEASLES
• RNA rubella virus
• MOT = droplets and airborne
• PC 5 days before and 5 days after rash
• HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
• IP = 10-21 days
• IMMUNITY
• Active = MMR
• Passive = rubella Ig
• Natural = lifetime
15. CHICKEN POX, VARICELLA
• Herpes Zoster Virus
• Varicella Zoster Virus
• MOT = droplets and airborne
• PC one day before rash and 6 days after first crop of vesicles
• HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
• IP 14-21 days
• IMMUNITY
• Active = varicella vaccine
• Passive = xxx
• Natural = lifetime
16. • Rashes: Maculopapulovesicular (covered areas),
Centrifugal, starts on face and trunk and spreads to
entire body
• Leaves a pitted scar (pockmark)
• PS Maculo Papular rashes
17. • Dx = Tzanck smear (scraping of ulcer for staining)
• Rashes:
• Maculopapulovesicular (covered areas)
• Centrifugal
• Leaves a pitted scar (pockmark)
• CX furunculosis, erysipelas, meningoencephalitis
• Dormant: remain at the dorsal root ganglion and may recur as
shingles
18. • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
• Klebsloeffler’s bacillus (bacteria)
• MOT = droplets and airborne
• HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
• IP 2-5 days
• IMMUNITY
• Active = DPT
• Passive = DAT
• Natural = xxx
DIPHTHERIA
20. Nursing Considerations:
OBSERVE CNS, CARDIAC AND KIDNEY COMPLICATIONS
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS MAY LEAD TO RESP. OBSTRUCTION
ISOLATION UNTIL 2 NEGATIVE CULTURE AT 24 HOUR INTERVAL
F&E RESUSCITATION
PARENTS OR SIBLINGS WHO HAVE NEVER IMMUNIZED SHOULD RECEIVE A DOSE OF
DIPH. ANTI-TOXIN
• ATTENTION TO NASOPHARYNGEAL DISCHARGE
• ANTIBIOTICS-PENICILLIN, ERYTHROMYCIN IF ALLERGIC TO PENICILLIN
•
•
•
•
•
21. DIPHTHERIA KEY POINTS!
•
•
•
•
•
Highly contagious
Pseudomembrane and bullneck
Immunization best intervention PREVENTION
Obstruction and myocarditis
Isolation technique
24. ACUTE PYOGENIC BACTERIAL
MENINGITIS
• Most important
• Can be fatal if untreated
• Organisms:
E.coli ---------- neonates
Streptococci B ---------- neonantes
H. influenzae-------------adolescents
Neisseria meningitidis------------- young adults
Streptococcus pneumonia--------- elderly
25. CLINICAL SIGNS
• Signs of infection (fever,malaise,rigor….)
• Signs of meningeal irritation:
1.headache
2.neck stiffness
3.photophobia
4.irritability
C.S.F by lumbar puncture shows :
a.cloudy purulent csf
b.abundant neutrophils > 90,000/mm3
c.high protein level and
d.reduced glucose level.
26. COMPLICATIONS
• Antibiotic treatment------ full recovery
• Delayed or untreated cases--- can be fatal
• Healing by fibrosis cause obliteration of subarachenoid space--HYDROCEPHALUS
• Brain abscess
• Septic shock and skin rashes, why ?
27. SKIN RASHES
•
•
•
•
Is due to small skin bleed
All parts of the body are affeced
The rashes do not fade under pressure
Pathogenesis:
a. Septicemia
b. wide spread endothelial damage
c. activation of coagulation
d. thrombosis and platelets aggregation
e. reduction of platelets (cosumption )
f. BLEEDING 1.skin rashes
2.adrenal hemorrhage
Arenal hemorrhage is called Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome.It cause acute adrenal
insufficiency and is uaually fatal
28.
29.
30. ACUTE ASEPTIC (VIRAL )
MENINGITIS
• Can follow any viral infection
• Less danger
• CSF shows :
1.lymphocytes
2. mild increase in protein
3. normal glucose level
Viral meningitis is usually self-limiting and treated
symptomatically.
31. BRAIN ABSCESS
• Causes :
1. complication of bacterial meningitis
2. bacterial endocarditis
3. pulmonary sepsis : peumonia……etc
4. other sepsis
Brain abscess cause a space occupying lesion in the brain
38. IINTRODUCTION:
Philippine Hemorrhagic Fever was first reported in 1953. In
1958, hemorrhagic became a notifiable disease in the
country and was later reclassified as Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever.
What is Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever?
• A severe mosquito transmitted viral illness endemic
in the tropics.
• It is characterized by increased vascular
permeability, hypovolemia and abnormal blood
clotting mechanisms.
39. Occurrence:
Dengue occurrence is sporadic throughout the year.
Epidemic usually occurs during the rainy seasons June
– November.
Peak months are September and October.
DHF are observed most exclusively among children of
the indigenous population under 15 years of age.
Occurrence is greatest in the areas of high Aedis
Aegypti prevalence.
40. • The DOH reported 70,204 dengue cases for week ending September 10, 2011.
This was over 24,000 cases less or 25.87% lower than for the same period last
year. In addition, the number of cases in July and August (the peak months
for dengue) was 52% lower than last year. A total of 396 deaths were reported
for this year, which is lower than last year’s number of 620.
41. Reservoir / Source of Infection:
• Some source is a vector mosquito, the Aedes
Aegypti or the common household mosquito
• The infected person
42. Mode of Transmission:
Mosquito bite (Aedis Aegypti)
Incubation Period:
Probably 6 days to one week
Period of
Communicability:
Presumed to be on the 1st week
of illness – when virus is still
present in the blood
Susceptibility and
resistance:
All persons are susceptible. Both
sexes are equally affected. The age
groups predominantly affected are
the preschool age and school age.
Adults and infants are not
exempted. Peak age affected 5-9
years. Susceptibility is universal.
Acquired immunity may be
temporary but usually permanent.
43. Diagnostic Test:
1.) Tourniquet Test (Rumpel Leads Tests)
• Inflate the blood pressure cuff on the upper arm to
a point midway between the systolic and diastolic
pressure for 5 minutes
• Release cuff and make an imaginary 2.5 cm
square or 1 inch just below the cuff, at the
antecubital fossa
• Count the number of petechiae inside the box
• A test is (+) when 2 or more petechiae per 2.5 cm
square or 1 inch square are observed
2.) A con firmed diagnosis is established by
culture of the virus, polymerase-chain-reaction
(PCR) tests, or serologic assays.
44. Clinical Manifestations (Public Health Nursing in
the Philippines, 2007):
An acute febrile infection of sudden onset with 3 stages:
• 1st-4th day (febrile or invasive stage)
-high fever, abdominal pain and headache; later flushing which
may be accompanied by vomiting, conjunctiva infection and
epistaxis.
• 4th-7th day (toxic or hemorrhagic stage)
-lowering of temperature, severe abdominal pain, vomiting and
frequent bleeding from gastrointestinal tract in the form of
hematemesis or melena. Unstable blood pressure, narrow pulse
pressure and shock. Death may occur. Tourniquet test which may be
positive may become negative due to low or vasomotor collapse.
45. • 7th-10th day (convalescent or recovery
stage)
-generalized flushing with intervening areas of
blanching, appetite regained and blood
pressure already stable.
• Dengue shock syndrome is defined as dengue
hemorrhagic fever plus:
*Weak rapid pulse,
*Narrow pulse pressure (less than 20 mm Hg) or,
*Cold, clammy skin and restlessness
46. Grading of Dengue Fever:
The severity of DHF is categorized into four grades:
• grade I, without overt bleeding but positive for tourniquet test
• grade II, with clinical bleeding diathesis such as petechiae, epistaxis and
hematemesis
• grade III, circulatory failure manifested by a rapid and weak pulse with
narrowing pulse pressure (20 mmHg) or hypotension, with the presence of
cold clammy skin and restlessness; and
• Grade IV, profound shock in which pulse and blood pressure are not
detectable. It is note-worthy that patients who are in threatened shock or
shock stage, also known as dengue shock syndrome, usually remain
conscious.
* Grade III and IV are considered to be Dengue Shock Syndrome
47. MALARIA
• Malaria, King of Tropical Disease
• Protozoan plasmodium
• plasmodium ovale - dormant (liver)
• plasmodium vivax - benign
• plasmodium malariae - mild but
resistant
• plasmodium falciparum - malignant
(cerebral malaria)
• P. VIVAX AND OVALE MAY HAVE
RECCURENCE OF SYMPTOMS
• tertian-febrile paroxysm q24H-48H
• quartan-febrile paroxysm q48H-72H
48. • MOT
• Bite from infected anopheles mosquito or minimus flavire (night biting)
• Blood Transfusion
• Sexual cycle
• sporogony (mosquito)
• gametes is the infective stage
• Asexual cycle
• schizogony (human)
• IP (Incubation Period) 5-6 days
49. • Nursing Considerations
• Dx:
• blood extraction (extract blood at the height of fever)
• Fever, chills, profuse sweating-convulsion
• Anemia and fluid and electrolytes imbalance, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly,
rigor, headache and diarrhea.
• Chloroquine and Primaquine drug of choice
• Chloroquine for pregnant women
• For resistant plasmodium-use chemo drug
• RBC is being attack
50. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nursing Considerations
IV FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES
Blackwater Fever – hemolysis and hemoglobinuria
Sickle Cell Trait – provides natural resistance
DECREASE FLUIDS IN CEREBRAL EDEMA
ASSISTED VENTILATION IN PULMONARY EDEMA
DIALYSIS IN RENAL FAILURE
BT IN ANEMIA
51. • TRAVELERS TO MALARIA ENDEMIC area SHOULD FOLLOW PREVENTIVE MEASURES(CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS CHLOROQUINE MAY BE TAKEN 1 WEEK BEFORE ENTERING
ENDEMIC AREA)
• SOAKING OF MOSQUITO NET IN AN INSECTICIDE SOLUTION
• BIO PONDS FOR FISH
• ON STREAM CLEARING (TO EXPOSE THE BREEDING STREAM TO SUNLIGHT)
• VECTORS PEAK BITING AT NIGHT 9PM-3AM
• PLANTING OF NEEM TREE (REPELLENT EFFECT)
• ZOOPROPHYLAXIS (DEVIATE MOSQUITO BITES FROM MAN TO ANIMALS)
• INFECTED MOTHER CAN STILL CONTINUE BREAST FEEDING
52. FILARIASIS, ELEPHANTIASIS, HUMAN
LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
• CAUSATIVE AGENT-NEMATODE PARASITE
•
•
•
•
MICROFILARIAE OR FILARIAL WORMS
WUCHERERIA BRONCOFTI
BRUGIA MALAYI
BRUGIA TIMORI
• MOT
• Bite from aedes poecilius (night biting)
• Invade the lymph vessel, obstructing the lymphatic channel-leads to edema and
may infiltrate the reproductive organs.
• IP 8-16 months
54. • INCIDENCE-REGION 5,8,11 AND CARAGA, MARINDUQUE, SARANGGANI
• Drug: Diethyl Carbamazine Citrate or Hetrazan 6mg/KgBW one dose every year
• Dx:
• NBE nocturnal blood exam (night)
• ICT immunochromatographic test (day)
55. NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MASS TREATMENT-DOSE IS 6mg/KBW, SINGLE DOSE PER YEAR.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
PERSONAL HYGIENE
MOSQUITO NETS
LONG SLEEVES, LONG PANTS AND SOCKS
INSECT REPELLENT
SCREENING OF HOUSES
HEALTH EDUCATION
56. SCHISTOSOMIAS, SNAIL FEVER,
TAKAYAMA
•
•
•
•
•
Blood fluke
Schistosoma japonicum
S. hematobium
S. mansoni
MOT skin entry (cercaria) travel in to the blood stream where they will infiltrate
the liver, from liver to intestines
57. • Cycle: Egg-larvae (miracidium)-intermediary host (oncomelania quadrasi-tiny
snail)-cercaria
• Itchiness at the site
• RUQ pain (hepatomegaly)
• Intestine infiltration-abd’l cramps, diarrhea with blood
• Praziquantel
• Dx COPT (stool exam)