gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
BIOGRAPHY OF FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH, AS AN EDUCATOR AND RESEARCHER, INFLUENCED FAYE ANDELLAH IN THE DEVELOPMENT HER OWN MODEL OF
NURSING, ABDELLAH’S TYPOLOGY OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS, ASSUMPTION, CONCEPT, STEPS TO IDENTIFY THE CLIENT’S PROBLEM, 11 NURSING SKILLS, USE OF 21 PROBLEMS IN THE NURSING PROCESS AND LIMITATIONS
Anyone who has been in the nursing field for an extended period of time will tell you that a lot has changed. In fact, the twentieth century brought – literally – a technological “invasion” to nursing.
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
BIOGRAPHY OF FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH, AS AN EDUCATOR AND RESEARCHER, INFLUENCED FAYE ANDELLAH IN THE DEVELOPMENT HER OWN MODEL OF
NURSING, ABDELLAH’S TYPOLOGY OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS, ASSUMPTION, CONCEPT, STEPS TO IDENTIFY THE CLIENT’S PROBLEM, 11 NURSING SKILLS, USE OF 21 PROBLEMS IN THE NURSING PROCESS AND LIMITATIONS
Anyone who has been in the nursing field for an extended period of time will tell you that a lot has changed. In fact, the twentieth century brought – literally – a technological “invasion” to nursing.
The Population Health Management Market 2015Lifelog Health
Population health management is a problem term because it can mean something different to each person who hears it. However, I believe that the words capture the overall spirit and energy of healthcare reform in a unique way. Providers are thinking big when it comes to a patient’s engagement, responsibility, and preventative care, and they’re leveraging technology to do it. I discuss an overall picture of PHM, present some useful technology, and tell a few PHM stories herein.
Dr. Lithgow, from the Buck Institute, presents evidence from his lab that multiple age-related diseases share a common root in cellular aging processes, and furthermore that interventions designed to affect the aging process could prevent or delay such diseases.
Training presentation on how to perform a community health assessment. Topics include basics on how to: plan an assessment, collect and analyze quantitative and qualitative data, produce and report findings.
Empowered Use, Health Consciousness and Prescription Drugs with Special Focus On Parents And The WorkplaceNational data show prescription drug abuse is growing at rates that wellness/lifestyle practitioners can no longer ignore. Coaches and wellness coordinators can benefit from knowledge about prescription misuse in topical areas the presenter will discuss: neuroscience, motivators (pain, mood energy), at-risk populations, and policy as well as mind-body practices as antidotes to the growing epidemic. The presenter will share a presentation developed for Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and that participants can use in their own setting. This presentation has a focus on the workplace and working parents. As this is a relatively new topic not often discussed in wellness practice, participants will be asked to complete a brief follow-up survey asking about the relevance and utility of this topic to their work in the wellness profession.
My Original PostIn healthcare, big data is referred to as the ma.docxroushhsiu
My Original Post
In healthcare, big data is referred to as the magnitude of data that is connected to patient healthcare and physical well-being. Most of this data is derived from public sources, information collected and keyed in by the patients, stakeholders, and the medical practitioners. Some examples of these systems include genetic data bases, electronic health records (EHRs), patient portals, clinical data warehouses, claim data from clients, patient registries,research studies, public records, social media, financial transactions, and the Internet of Things(Hilbert, 2016). These sources were initially used as traditional methods of collecting clinical data before the advancement of data management programs. It is important to note that accessing this information may be a violation of privacy; hence the need to generate an algorithm that only collects information relevant to patient healthcare.
EHRs are used in data collection and are important because they give basic information such as patient demographics, medical history, known medical conditions, allergies, medication, tests and results from radiology and laboratory consults and pathology reports, among others. Patient registries are vital in monitoring patient care within hospital institutions, and are often constrained to a specific facility. The importance of a patient portal is the access of patient information relevant in patient care and for secure communication with the healthcare team. Data collected from patient claims is important in making sure that cases such as claim fraud and are easily mitigated, and also for easier recovery of this data(Manogaran, Thota, Lopez, Vijayakumar, Abbas, &Sundarsekar, 2017). Data collected from research studies is crucial in managing treatments and specialized care relevant to patient care such as cancer clinical trials and disease management in the event of an epidemic. Such is possible through granular information such as patient profiles and demographic patterns. For example, genetic testing may be used to discover what foods react depending on the biological composition of saliva. Such a project could help in food administration in general, preventing food related allergies (Manogaran, Thota, Lopez, Vijayakumar, Abbas, &Sundarsekar, 2017).
Public records are vital especially since they give information on marital status, births, deaths, and immigration status that also help in data security and management. Through information gathered during Census, medical providers are able to cross-reference the data received and deduce the number of citizens within their area based on age group, occupational status, and number of children, enabling hospitals to operate to best satisfy their clients(Groves, Kayyali, Knott, &Kuiken, 2016). Web searches and social media equally provide information that can alert healthcare providers on disease outbreaks and their trends, giving room to create a contingency plan.
References
Gro ...
FAMILY ASSESSMENT 1
FAMILY ASSESSMENT
Institution Affiliation
Student Name
Date
Family-Focused Functional Assessment
The questions asked in the interview with the family that agreed to participate were based on the eleven functional health patterns. The family that participated in the family health assessment program was a single parent structure, a mother with two children. The questions were directed towards the personal life of the respondent; therefore, their names will not be mentioned. It was an African American parent who is single, middle class income. The family is religious, Christians and live in the Chicago neighbourhood. It is a mother who is always there for her daughters and works hard to meet their needs.
The overall health behaviour of the family include eating healthy meals, drink plenty of fluids, and children are given junk once in a while. The children snore and the mother works two jobs and gets time to sleep for only 5hours in a day because she works in the afternoon and evening. The family’s bowel movements are normal and temporary changes are experienced but it’s nothing to worry about. The mother creates time to engage in physical activities, twice a week and the types of exercises she does are morning runs and home work-out just to keep fit. She makes all the decisions that involve her children’s schooling and future plans, and she reported that she doesn’t get confused. She has healthy eyesight. She feels that the future will be great because she has done several investments that will yield positive outcomes.
Children are disciplined using praise positive behaviour because she wants her children to grow into a functional family that does not instil fear and reflect negative behaviour when they become adults. She has started seeing someone recently and has never experienced any sexual dysfunction. The most recent stressful event she experienced is increased pressure from work and creating time to spend with her children. Unfortunately, coping strategies were not well defined. The current health of the family is moderate considering the constraints that the single parent has to undergo to ensure that the children are happy and safe. The family eats a healthy diet that includes vegetables and fruits with less junk food.
Based on the findings of the role relationship, I saw this as strength because the parent disciplines her daughters through praise positive behaviour. Descriptive praise is what she mentioned that works best for her children. Descriptive praise means that a parent takes the initiative to tell their children exactly what they like. Praise helps change a child’ negative behaviour and based on what I observed her children are disciplined, they have confidence and self-esteem, (Campbell-Salome, et.al, 2019). At times, she has to use rewards to encourage her two daughters to perform well in academics and at home. The healthy diet and drinking more fluids habit is another strength t.
FAMILY ASSESSMENT 1FAMILY ASSESSMENTIn.docxmglenn3
FAMILY ASSESSMENT 1
FAMILY ASSESSMENT
Institution Affiliation
Student Name
Date
Family-Focused Functional Assessment
The questions asked in the interview with the family that agreed to participate were based on the eleven functional health patterns. The family that participated in the family health assessment program was a single parent structure, a mother with two children. The questions were directed towards the personal life of the respondent; therefore, their names will not be mentioned. It was an African American parent who is single, middle class income. The family is religious, Christians and live in the Chicago neighbourhood. It is a mother who is always there for her daughters and works hard to meet their needs.
The overall health behaviour of the family include eating healthy meals, drink plenty of fluids, and children are given junk once in a while. The children snore and the mother works two jobs and gets time to sleep for only 5hours in a day because she works in the afternoon and evening. The family’s bowel movements are normal and temporary changes are experienced but it’s nothing to worry about. The mother creates time to engage in physical activities, twice a week and the types of exercises she does are morning runs and home work-out just to keep fit. She makes all the decisions that involve her children’s schooling and future plans, and she reported that she doesn’t get confused. She has healthy eyesight. She feels that the future will be great because she has done several investments that will yield positive outcomes.
Children are disciplined using praise positive behaviour because she wants her children to grow into a functional family that does not instil fear and reflect negative behaviour when they become adults. She has started seeing someone recently and has never experienced any sexual dysfunction. The most recent stressful event she experienced is increased pressure from work and creating time to spend with her children. Unfortunately, coping strategies were not well defined. The current health of the family is moderate considering the constraints that the single parent has to undergo to ensure that the children are happy and safe. The family eats a healthy diet that includes vegetables and fruits with less junk food.
Based on the findings of the role relationship, I saw this as strength because the parent disciplines her daughters through praise positive behaviour. Descriptive praise is what she mentioned that works best for her children. Descriptive praise means that a parent takes the initiative to tell their children exactly what they like. Praise helps change a child’ negative behaviour and based on what I observed her children are disciplined, they have confidence and self-esteem, (Campbell-Salome, et.al, 2019). At times, she has to use rewards to encourage her two daughters to perform well in academics and at home. The healthy diet and drinking more fluids habit is another strength t.
CUES ED. Children and Young People's National Conference 2017NHSECYPMH
CUES-Ed is committed to supporting the Future in Mind (2015) recommendations and has developed an innovative psycho-education project - ‘Who I Am and What I Can: How to Keep My Brain Amazing’, designed to improve the emotional wellbeing and resilience of primary school children.
Running head: ASSESSMENT METHODS 1
ASSESSMENT METHODS 2
Assessment Methods
PSYCH 628
October 20, 2014
Assessment Methods
Changing bad behavioral can sometimes be a difficult process. One of the best ways to stay on track is to monitor the behaviors. “Self-monitoring is a systematic observation and recording of target behavior and is the most effective technique of behavioral treatment” (Burgard & Gallagher, 2006). A health behavior other than exercise that can help an individual to lead a better lifestyle is improving nutritional intake. A self-monitoring scale is essential in measuring compliance to the dietary plan. The aim of initiating this desirable health behavior is to help me understand my dietary status in order to identify the possible nature, extent, and occurrence of impaired nutritional status. I believe that understanding my dietary status will aid me in preventing the incidence of some lifestyle diseases such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Apart from self-monitoring, other current behavioral assessment techniques include behavioral interviews, self-report behavioral inventories and cognitive behavioral assessment techniques. Articulating my self-monitoring scale for healthy dieting and analyzing some of the behavioral assessment techniques can help to create a better understanding about their effectiveness in promoting the desired health behaviors.
Self-Monitoring Scale for Healthy Dieting
The self-monitoring will entail observing and recording my eating patterns over a period of three months in order to get concrete feedback that I can use to take corrective measures where I feel there is an impaired nutritional status. Throughout the period, I will use labels found on the food packaging to record and monitor the levels of caloric intake in the beverages or food that I consume. The scale highlights the compulsory dietary requirements that I should consume on a daily or weekly basis, and will serve to complement my daily food diaries. Through the scale, I will be able to increase self-awareness about the target behaviors and realization of outcomes.
Compulsory Requirements
Action
Quantity consumed
Time
Bread, potatoes and other cereals (at least one of these not cooked in fat or oil)
Yes/No
Action taken
Fruit and fruit juice
Yes/No
Action taken
Vegetables and Salads
Yes/No
Action taken
Milk and dairy foods (did they consist of lower fat options)
Yes/ No
Action taken
Is fish accessible at least twice in a week? (with one serving being oily fish)
Yes/No
Action taken
Is red meat available, for at least three times a week? What type is served?
Yes/No
Action taken
Is safe drinking water accessible free of charge every day? Other beverages consumed throughout the day
Yes/No
Action taken
· Overall comments
The ...
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Functional Health Pattern
Marjorie Gordon (1987) proposed
functional health patterns as a
guide for establishing a
comprehensive nursing data
base.
These 11 categories make
possible a systematic and
standardized approach to data
collection, and enable the
nurse to determine the
following aspects of health
and human function:
3. Health Perception and
Health Management.
Data collection is focused on the
person's perceived level of
health and well-being, and on
practices for maintaining health.
Habits evaluated includes smoking
and alcohol or drug use.
Actual or potential problems
related to safety and health
management may be identified
as well as needs for
modifications in the home or
needs for continued care in the
home.
4. Client’sgeneral health?
Anycoldsin pastyear?
If appropriate:anyabsences fromwork/school?
Most importantthings youdo tokeep healthy?
Use ofcigarettes,alcohol, drugs?
Performself exams,i.e. Breast/testicularself-
examination?
Accidentsathome,work,school,driving?
In past,hasitbeen easytofindwaysto carryout
doctor’sor nurse’ssuggestions?
(If appropriate)Whatdoyouthinkcausedcurrent
illness?
Whatactionshaveyoutakensincesymptomsstarted?
Have youractionshelped?
(If appropriate)Whatthings aremostimportantto
yourhealth?
How canwebemost helpful?
Howoftendoyouexercise?
5. Nutrition and Metabolism
Assessment is focused on the
pattern of food and fluid
consumption relative to
metabolic need.
The adequacy of local nutrient
supplies is evaluated.
Actual or potential problems
related to fluid balance,
tissue integrity, and host
defenses may be identified
as well as problems with
the gastrointestinal system.
6. History (subjective data):
Typical daily food intake? (Describe)
Use of supplements, vitamins, types of
snacks?
Typical daily fluid intake? (Describe)
Weight loss/gain? Height loss/gain?
Appetite?
Breastfeeding? Infant feeding?
Food or eating: Discomfort, swallowing
difficulties, diet restrictions, able to follow?
Healing – any problems?
Skin problems: lesions? Dryness?
Dental problems?
7. Examination (examples of
objective data):
Skin assessment, oral mucous
membranes, teeth, actual
weight/height, temperature.
Abdominal assessment.
8. Elimination.
Data collection is focused
on excretory patterns
(bowel, bladder, skin).
Excretory problems
such as incontinence,
constipation, diarrhea,
and urinary retention
may be identified.
9. History (subjective data):
Bowel elimination pattern
(describe)
Frequency, character, discomfort,
problem with bowel control, use of
laxatives (i.e. type, frequency),
etc.?
Urinary elimination pattern
(describe)
Frequency, problem with bladder
control?
Excess perspiration? Odour
problems?
Body cavity drainage, suction,
etc.?
11. Activity and Exercise.
Assessment is focused on the
activities of daily living
requiring energy
expenditure, including self-
care activities, exercise, and
leisure activities.
The status of major body
systems involved with
activity and exercise is
evaluated, including the
respiratory, cardiovascular,
and musculoskeletal
systems.
12. History (subjective data):
Sufficient energyfor desired and/or
required activities?
Exercise pattern? Type? regularity?
Sparetime (leisure) activities?
Child-play activities?
Perceivedability for feeding,
grooming, bathing, general
mobility, toileting, home
maintenance, bed mobility,
dressing and shopping?
13. Examination (examples ofobjective
data):
Demonstrate ability for above criteria.
Gait.
Posture.
Absent body part.
Range of motion (ROM) joints.
Hand grip - can pick up pencil?
Respiration. Blood pressure.
General appearance.
Musculoskeletal, cardiacand respiratory
assessments.
14. Cognition and Perception.
Assessment is focused on the
ability to comprehend and
use information and on the
sensory functions.
Data pertaining to neurologic
functions are collected to
aid this process.
Sensory experiences such as
pain and altered sensory
input may be identified and
further evaluated.
15. History(subjective data):
Hearing difficulty?
Hearing aid?
Vision?
Wears glasses? Last checked?When last changed?
Anychangein memory?Concentration?
Importantdecisions easy/difficult to make?
Easiest way for youto learn things? Anydifficulty?
Anydiscomfort? Pain? Ifappropriate – PQRST
questions PQRST P – Palliative, Provocative Q -
Quality or quantityR – Regionor radiation S -
Severity or scale T -Timing(Morton, 1977)
COLDSPA C-CharacterO -Onset L -Location D -
Duration S – SeverityP -Pattern A -Associated
factors (Weber, 2003)
16. Examination (examples of
objective data):
Orientation.
Hears whispers?
Reads newsprint?
Grasps ideas and questions
(abstract, concrete)?
Language spoken.
Vocabulary level.
Attention span.
17. Sleep and Rest.
Assessment is focused on the
person's sleep, rest, and
relaxation practices.
Dysfunctional sleep patterns,
fatigue, and responses to
sleep deprivation may be
identified.
18. History (subjective data):
Generally rested and ready
for activity after sleep?
Sleep onset problems? Aids?
Dreams (nightmares), early
awakening?
Rest / relaxationperiods?
Sleep routine?
Sleep apnea symptoms?
20. Self-Perception and Self-
Concept.
Assessment is focused
on the person's
attitudes toward self,
including identity,
body image, and sense
of self-worth.
The person's level of
self-esteem and
response to threats to
his or her self-concept
may be identified.
21. History (subjective data):
Howdo youdescribe yourself?
Most of the time, feel good (ornot so
good) about self?
Changes in body or things you can do?
Problems for you?
Changes in the way you feel about self
orbody (generally orsince illness
started)?
Things frequently make you angry?
Annoyed? Fearful? Anxious? Depressed?
Not able to control things? What helps?
Everfeel you lose hope?
22. Examination (examples of
objective data):
Eye contact.
Attention span (distraction?).
Voice and speech pattern.
Body posture.
Client nervous (5) or relaxed (1)
(rate scale1-5) Client assertive (5) or
passive (1) (rate scale1-5)
23. Roles and Relationships.
Assessment is focused on the
person's roles in the world
and relationships with
others.
Satisfaction with roles, role
strain, or dysfunctional
relationships may be further
evaluated.
24. History (subjective data):
Livealone?Family?
Family structure?
Anyfamilyproblemsyouhavedifficultyhandling
(nuclear/extendedfamily)?
Family orothersdependon youforthings?
How well areyoumanaging?
If appropriate–How families/othersfeel about
yourillness?
Problemswith children?
Belong tosocial groups?Closefriends? Feel lonely?
(Frequency)
Things generally gowellatwork/ school?
If appropriate–income sufficientforneeds?
Feel partof(orisolatedin) yourneighbourhood?
26. Sexuality and Reproduction.
Assessment is focused on
the person's
satisfaction or
dissatisfaction with
sexuality patterns and
reproductive functions.
Concerns with sexuality
may he identified.
27. History (subjective data):
If appropriate to age and situation –
Sexual relationships satisfying?
Changes? Problems?
If appropriate –Use of contraceptives?
Problems? Female–when did
menstruation begin? Last menstrual
period (LMP)? Any menstrual problems?
(Gravida/Para if appropriate)
28. Examination (examples of
objective data):
None unless a problem is identified
or a pelvic examinationis warranted
aspart of full physicalassessment
(advanced nursing skill).
29. Coping and Stress Tolerance.
Assessment is focused on the
person's perception of
stress and on his or her
coping strategies
Support systems are
evaluated, and symptoms of
stress are noted.
The effectiveness of a person's
coping strategies in terms of
stress tolerance may be
further evaluated.
30. History (subjective data):
Any big changes in your life in last year or
two?
Crisis? Who is most helpful in talking things
over?Available to you now?
Tense orrelaxed most of the time?
When tense, what helps?
Useany medications, drugs, alcohol to
relax?
When (if)there are big problems in your life,
howdo you handle them?
Most of the time, are these ways successful?
31. Values and Belief.
Assessment is focused on
the person's values and
beliefs (including
spiritual beliefs), or on
the goals that guide his
or her choices or
decisions.
32. History (subjective data):
Generally get things you want from
life?
Important plans for future?
Religion important to you?
If appropriate -Does this help
when difficulties arise?
If appropriate – willbeing here
interfere with any religious
practices?
36. APGAR SCORE
The test is generally done at
one and five minutes after
birth, and may be
repeated later if the score
is and remains low. Scores
7 and above are generally
normal, 4 to 6 fairly low,
and 3 and below are
generally regarded as
critically low.
Appearance (skin color),
Pulse (heart rate),
Grimace(reflex irritability),
Activity (muscle tone), and
Respiration
38. Newborn Screening
RepublicAct 9288
Newborn screening (NBS) is a public health program aimed at the early
identification of infants who are affected by certain genetic/metabolic/
infectious conditions. Earlyidentification and timely intervention can lead to
significantreduction of morbidity, mortality, and associated disabilities in
affected infants. NBS in the Philippines started in June 1996 and was integrated
into the public healthdelivery system with the enactment of the Newborn
Screening Actof 2004 (Republic Act 9288). From 1996 to December 2010, the
program hassaved 45 283 patients. Five conditions are currently screened:
Congenital Hypothyroidism, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Phenylketonuria,
Galactosemia, and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency.
40. Height and Length
Growth is not only a
result of nutrition but also
a result of inherited
factors. Ethnicitycan
influence a child’s growth
patterns, and so some
countries have their own
growth charts.
42. How to take measurements
Typical measurements taken for children 0-
24 months include:
Head circumference
Length
Weight
43. Measurements should be taken at regular
intervals in order to observe reliable
trends. Recommendations for
measurement intervals include:
Infants (0-12 months): every 2 months
Young Children: at 15, 18, 24 and 30
months
Ages 3+: every year
45. Head Circumference
Head circumference is a measurement
taken around the largest part of a child’s
head. This measurement is typically
taken with children ages 0-3 years old.
The measurement should be taken with a measuring tape
that cannot be stretched. This is typically a flexible,
metal measuring tape. To measure, securely wrap the
tape around the widest possible circumference of the
head. Typically, this is from 1-2 finger-widths above
the eyebrow on the forehead to the most prominent
part of the back of the head. Take the measurement
three times and select the largest measurement to the
nearest 0.1cm.
47. Height
- it is good determination of health and
normal nutrition as weight
-male infant is an average of 2-3cm longer
than of female at birth
-During first year of the life the infant HT
should increase by 25-30 cm
- by age 2 yrs , the child will be an average of
12.5 cm taller -most toddlers have reached
approximately 12 of their adult height.
-AT birth: 46-56cm , average( 50cm)
48. Length
Length is the linear measurement for
infants up to 24 months. Length
measurements (instead of height) are
also taken for children 24 to 36 months
who cannot stand without assistance.
49. Length
Length is measured when children are in a
recumbent (lying down) position. The
most accurate way to measure length is
by using a calibrated length board.
Length boards should have a fixed
headpiece and a moveable foot piece
perpendicular to the surface of the
board.
To measure, lay the child on the board with their head against the fixed
headpiece. Make sure the child is not wearing shoes or a hairpiece. An
assistant may be helpful to hold the child still and centered on the
board. Straighten the child’s legs and adjust the moveable foot piece
so the soles of the feet are against the foot piece. Record the length
to the nearest 0.1 cm.
51. Weight
Weight is a measurement taken throughout
the lifespan to help determine trends
and current nutritional status.
52. Weight
Infant weight can be accurately measured using one
of several different pieces of equipment. If
available, a pan-type pediatric scale allows a
child to be weighed while lying down. These
pediatric scales are either electronic or beam
scales with non-detachable weights, and are
accurate to the nearest 10 gram. Another option
is a hanging scale. A hanging scale needs to be
attached to a sturdy structure (e.g. building
rafter, door frame) and the child is suspended
from the scale in weighing pants.
53. Weight
To measure, make sure the child is wearing
as little clothing as possible and that no
one is touching the child. Read the scale
at eye-level and record weight to the
nearest 10 gram. Repeat the
measurement three times, exclude
values that appear skewed, and find the
average.
55. In the event a baby scale is unavailable, an
adult standing scale can be used to
measure infant weight. Weigh an adult
first, and then weigh the same adult
while holding a child. Find the difference
between the two weights – this is the
infant’s weight.
Weight-for-age is an important indicator of
a child’s nutritional status over time,
such as trends in underweight.
56. Weight:
Average newborn boy weight=3400g,
and girl= 3200g
- infant lose 5-10% of birth weight at
age 3-4 days to gain it back in 2
weeks with a steady growth rate.
infant double birth Wight by 6 month
they triple the body weight by 12
month= 10 kg.
59. head circumference and chest circumference :
Measure at birth and routinely until age 3 yrs.
HC measures directly skeletal growth (skull),
and indirectly cerebral growth.
Measurement at birth = 33-35 cm
Chest circumference : CC = 31-33 cm at birth
Ratio of head to chest circumference:
birth : HC is larger than CC2 cm
1 yrs-18 month : HC=CC
2-3 yrs HC slightly smaller than CC
> 3 yrs :HC is smaller than CC by 5-7 cm
60. Metro Manila Development Screening
Test (MMDST)
Developed for health professionals (MDs,
RNs, etc)
It is not an intelligence test
It is a screening instrument to determine if
child’s development is within normal
Children 6 ½ years and below
62. 4 sectors of development
Personal-Social – tasks which indicate
the child’s ability to get along with
people and to take care of himself
Fine-Motor Adaptive – tasks which
indicate the child’s ability to see and use
his hands to pick up objects and to draw
Language – tasks which indicate the
child’s ability to hear, follow directions
and to speak
Gross-Motor – tasks which indicate the
child’s ability to sit, walk and jump
63. MMDST KIT.
Preparation for test administration involves the nurse ensuring
the completeness of the test materials contained in the
MMDST Kit. These materials should be followed as specified:
MMDST manual
test Form
bright red yarn pom-pom
rattle with narrow handle
eight 1-inch colored wooden blocks (red, yellow, blue green)
small clear glass/bottle with 5/8 inch opening
small bell with 2 ½ inch-diameter mouth
rubber ball 12 ½ inches in circumference
cheese curls
pencil
65. What is the Barthel Index?
The Barthel Index consists of 10 items that
measure a person's daily functioning
specifically the activities of daily living
and mobility. The items include feeding,
moving from wheelchair to bed and
return, grooming, transferring to and
from a toilet, bathing, walking on level
surface, going up and down stairs,
dressing, continence of bowels and
bladder.
66. How is the Barthel Index used?
The assessment can be used to determine a baseline level
of functioning and can be used to monitor
improvement in activities of daily living over time. The
items are weighted according to a scheme developed
by the authors. The person receives a score based on
whether they have received help while doing the task.
The scores for each of the items are summed to create
a total score. The higher the score the more
"independent" the person. Independence means that
the person needs no assistance at any part of the
task. If a persons does about 50% independently
then the "middle" score would apply.
67. KATZ INDEX
WHY: Normal aging changes and health problems
frequently show themselves as declines in the
functional status of older adults. Decline may
place the older adult on a spiral of iatrogenesis
leading to further health problems. One of the
best ways to evaluate the health status of older
adults is through functional assessment which
provides objective data that may indicate future
decline or improvement in health status,
allowing the nurse to plan and intervene
appropriately.
68. BEST TOOL: The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily
Living, commonly referred to as the Katz ADL, is the most
appropriate instrument to assess functional status as a
measurement of the client’s ability to perform activities of
daily living independently. Clinicians typically use the tool to
detect problems in performing activities of daily living and to
plan care accordingly. The Index ranks adequacy of
performance in the six functions of bathing, dressing,
toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding. Clients are
scored yes/no for independence in each of the six functions.
A score of 6 indicates full function, 4 indicates moderate
impairment, and 2 or less indicates severe functional
impairment.
69. BMI
Your BMI is based on your height and
weight. It's one way to see if you're at a
healthy weight.
Underweight: Your BMI is less than 18
Healthy weight: Your BMI is 18.5 to 24.9
Overweight: Your BMI is 25 to 29.9
Obese: Your BMI is 30 or higher
70. HOW TO CALCULATE YOUR BODY
MASS INDEX OR BMI
BMI is your weight (in kilograms) over your
height squared (in centimeters). Let’s
calculate, however, using pounds and
inches.
For instance, the BMI of a person who is
5’3" and weighs 125 lbs is calculated as
follows:
71. 1. Multiply the weight in pounds by
0.45 (the metric conversion factor)
125 X 0.45 = 56.25 kg
2. Multiply the height in inches by
0.025 (the metric conversion factor)
63 X 0.025 = 1.575 m
72. 3. Square the answer from step 2
1.575 X 1.575 = 2.480625
4.Divide the answer from step 1 by
the answer from step 3
56.25 : 2.480625 = 22.7
•1.575 X 1.575 = 2.480625
73. The BMI for a person who is 5’3"
and weighs 125 lbs is 22.7 or
practically, 23