This document provides information on several viral diseases including mumps, measles, rubella, flaviviruses, yellow fever, Kyasanur forest disease, and dengue fever. It describes the causative viruses, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prophylaxis of each disease. The key points are: - Mumps, measles, and rubella are viral diseases typically affecting children. They are transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Common symptoms include fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serological tests. Prophylaxis is through MMR vaccination. - Flaviviruses cause mosquito-borne encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers

1. MUMPS VIRUS
RATHEESH R.L

2. • It belongs to paramyxoviridae family
• RNA virus
• Helical symmetry

4. PATHOGENESIS
• It is the disease of childhood
• Mainly affecting children in the age group of
5-9 years.
• The disease transmitted by droplet spread or
by direct contact with infected saliva.

5. • The primary site of viral multiplication is the
epithelium of upper respiratory tract or GI
tract or eyes.
• Then it reaches to lymphatic system and
reaching to the blood and causes primary
infection.
• Then spreads to different organs like salivary
glands, testes, ovaries, kidney, pancrase and
brain.

6. • The most common site is parotid gland and
and causes parotitis.

7. CLINICAL FEATURES
• The incubation period is 16-18 days .
Features are,
– Symptoms of mumps usually appear within two weeks
of exposure to the virus. Flu-like symptoms may be
the first to appear, including:
– fatigue
– body aches
– headache
– loss of appetite
– low-grade fever

8. DIAGNOSIS
• Direct demonstration of virus:
from the throat secretions or saliva by
immunofluorescence technique.
• Isolation of virus:
from the CSF, the viruses can be isolated
• Serological tests
it includes ELISA, CFT, RIA and
neutralization test.

9. PROPHYLAXIS
• MMR VACCINE

10. MEASLES
(RUBEOLA) VIRUS

11. • It is one of the viral disease of the childhood
and is the common cause of childhood fevers.
• Unlike other viral diseases it can leads to
severe complications
• It is highly infectious in nature.

13. PATHOGENESIS
• The virus is spreads through respiratory route
via droplets and respiratory secretions.
• The infection is acquired through the upper
respiratory tract or conjunctiva.
• The virus enters the body and localizes then
spreads to regional lymphoid tissue of
respiratory tract, where the multiplication
occurs.

14. • This leads to primary viraemia and then the
virus localizes on the RES. From the RES it
causes secondary viraemia involving skin,
kidney and bladder.

15. CLINICAL FEATURES
• The incubation period is 10-11 days.
• Symptoms of measles generally appear within 14
days of exposure to the virus. Symptoms include:
– cough
– fever
– red eyes
– light sensitivity
– muscle aches
– runny nose
– sore throat
– white spots inside the mouth

16. COMPLICATIONS
• Secondary bacterial infection
• Measles pneumonia
• Acute measles encephalitis
• Sub Acute measles encephalitis
• Myocarditis
• Thrombocytopenic puerpera

17. DIAGNOSIS
• MICROSCOPY:
the viruses can be observed under a microscopy
from the nasopharyngeal secretions.
• ISOLATION OF VIRUS:
virus can be isolated from the throat or
conjunctival washings, sputum and urine
• IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE
• SEROLOGICAL TESTS:
It includes CFT, Neutralization test and ELISA

18. PROPHYLAXIS
• MMR VACCINE

19. RUBELLA ( RUBI )
VIRUS

20. • Rubella or germen measles is the only
member of genus rubivirus.
• It is pleomorphic with the size 50-70nm in
diameter.

22. PATHOGENESIS
• It is primarily a mild childhood fever
• Infection can be occur either post natally or
congenitally.

23. POSTNATAL RUBELLA
• Rubella is transmitted through respiratory route.
• When the virus enters to the body it reaches to
the cervical lymph nodes and the growth and
multiplication takes place.
• The incubation period is 13-20 days and viraemia
occurs after that

24. • In children the onset is abrupt with the
appearance of the rashus.
• In adults fever and malaise will develop before
the rash appearance.

25. CONGENITAL RUBELLA
• Rubella virus can cross the placental barrier
during the maternal viraemic stage.
• The fetal cells are not destroyed but their
growth rate is slowed down resulting in less
number of cells in the affected organs.

26. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Mild fever of 102 F (38.9 C) or lower
• Headache
• Stuffy or runny nose
• Inflamed, red eyes
• Enlarged, tender lymph nodes at the base of the
skull, the back of the neck and behind the ears
• A fine, pink rash that begins on the face and
quickly spreads to the trunk and then the arms
and legs, after disappearing in the same
sequence
• Aching joints

27. DIAGNOSIS
• Diagnosis of post natal rubella
– Isolation of virus
• The virus can be isolated from the throat swab and
urine.
– Serological test
• Includes ELISA, Haemagglutination inhibition test, RIA,
Latex agglutination test

28. • Diagnosis of congenital rubella
– Isolation of rubella from infected infants in the
first few months of life.
– Detection of rubella antibodies at the time when
matternal antibodies are disappeared.
– Presence of rubella IgM in cord blood.

29. PROPHYLAXIS
• MMR vaccination

30. FLAVI VIRUS

31. • These flavi virus is divided into two types
– Flavi virus producing encephalitis
• Mosquito borne encephalitis
• Tick borne encephalitis
– Flavi virus producing haemorrhagic fever.
• Yellow fever
• Kyasanur forest disease
• Dengue fever

32. Mosquito borne encephalitis
• St. louis encephalitis:
most important Mosquito borne infection
 Wild birds act as reservoir and mosquito act as
reservoir.
 The incubation period is 21 days and children
are more likely to get the infection

33. • Japanese encephalitis:
natural infection of Japanese encephalitis
in japan occurs in adreid birds and bird to bird
transmission occurs through culex tritaeniorhynchus.
o Human infection occurs because of these birds.
o In india it was first recognized in 1995.
o This disease has abrupt onset with fever, head
ache and vomiting.
o After 1-6 days of infection signs of encephalitis will
occur.
o No specific treatment is available

34. • Other disease
it include
West nile fever
Murray valley encephalitis
ilheus

35. Tick borne encephalitis
• TBE viruses can be transmitted to a wide
range of animals by ticks.
• Hedgehogs and bats are the reservoir of virus

36. • The man can be get infected via tick bites or
via drinking milk of infected animals such as
goat, cows and sheep.
• Only supportive treatment is available to
reduce the symptoms.

37. YELLOW FEVER
• Yellow fever is a serious, potentially deadly
flu-like disease spread by mosquitoes.
• There are two major forms of yellow fever
– Urban yellow fever
– Jungle yellow fever

38. PATHOGENESIS
• Once the virus is inoculated into the human
skin, local multiplication occurs and affecting
to the lymph nodes and the enters to blood
causing primary viraemia.
• The targetted organs are lymph nodes, liver,
spleen, heart and kidney.

39. • Yellow fever develops quickly, with symptoms
occurring three to six days after exposure. The
initial symptoms of the infection are similar to
those of the influenza virus. They include:
– headaches
– muscle aches
– joint aches
– chills
– Fever
– a fever
– flushing
– a loss of appetite
– shivers
– backaches

40. Kyasanur forest disease
• KFD is an indian hemorrhagic disease that was
first demonstrated in kyasanur forest of
karnataka.
• Incubation period is 3-7 days after that clinical
features will develop like fever, headache,
vomiting, mayalgia etc

41. DENGUE FEVER
• It is a mosquito borne infection transmitted by
aedes aegypti.
• The disease is mainly occurring in rainy seasons.
• The virus become established in the salivary
glands of mosquito and transmitted to susceptible
individuals.
• Incubation period is 2-7 days.
• Mainly affecting liver, spleen, bone marrow and
lymph nodes
• Some times heart, lungs and GI tract also involved.

42. CLINICAL FEATURES
The disease occurs in two forms.
1. Classical dengue fever
2. Dengue hemorrhagic fever

43. Classical dengue fever
• It is a type which is mainly affecting older children
and adults.
• Incubation period is 5-8 days
• Symptoms will be like fever, severe muscle ache,
bone & joint pain, chills, frontal headache, altered
taste sensation lyphadenopathy and formation of
rashus.

44. Dengue hemorrhagic fever
• It is a serious form of dengue with bleeding
among children in 6-8 years.
• At first it resembles classical dengue fever
• Then the severe symptoms will develop like
general malaise, headache, anorexia, vomiting
with frequent cough.
• After 2-5 days shock will begins.

45. DIAGNOSIS
• Isolation of virus
virus can be isolated from the
specimens
• Serological tests
CFT test