The document provides information on theoretical frameworks. It begins by defining a theoretical framework as a summary of a researcher's theory regarding a problem, developed through a review of existing knowledge on related variables. A theoretical framework identifies the plan for investigating and interpreting findings. It establishes the structure to support a research study's theory and explains why the problem exists. The document discusses the importance of a theoretical framework in strengthening a study and its significance in demonstrating that relationships proposed are based on previous research rather than personal guesses. It provides guidance on developing, presenting, and applying a theoretical framework.
Theoretical and Conceptual framework in ResearchIkbal Ahmed
A presentation on Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of a research.From this presentation you can know -
1) About theory and 4 types of theory
2) How to choose a suitable theoretical framework for your research
3) How to make a good conceptual framework for your research
4) Find out Independent variable and dependent variable of your problem statement
5) Relation between TF & CF relative to Quantitative and Qualitative methodology
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
Theoretical and Conceptual framework in ResearchIkbal Ahmed
A presentation on Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of a research.From this presentation you can know -
1) About theory and 4 types of theory
2) How to choose a suitable theoretical framework for your research
3) How to make a good conceptual framework for your research
4) Find out Independent variable and dependent variable of your problem statement
5) Relation between TF & CF relative to Quantitative and Qualitative methodology
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
In this lecture you will learn about the importance of research questions, how they related to research problems, the properties of good research questions, and the differences between quantitative and qualitative research questions.
In this lecture you will learn about the importance of research questions, how they related to research problems, the properties of good research questions, and the differences between quantitative and qualitative research questions.
Frameworks in Legal Research: Theoretical and ConceptualPreeti Sikder
Lesson Objective: After this lesson students will be able to -
a) comprehend the necessity of using frameworks while conducting legal research;
b) distinguish between theoretical and conceptual framework, and
c) use theoretical and conceptual frameworks within their research
Unit 7. Theoritical & Conceptual Framework.pptxshakirRahman10
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS:
objectives:
1. Discuss the different types of models and frameworks used in research framework
2. Discuss the use of theoretical/conceptual frameworks and models in the research.
3. Differentiate theoretical/conceptual frameworks and models
4. Recognize the best suit theory or theoretical model/framework for particular research study
5. Develop conceptual models/framework, best suit for particular research study.
What is a theoretical framework?
A theoretical framework is a summary of the researcher’s theory regarding a particular problem that is developed through a review of previously tested knowledge of variables involved. It identifies a plan for investigation and interpretation of the findings.
It relates to philosophical basis on which the research takes place and form the link between the theoretical aspects and practical components of the investigation undertaken. Therefore it’’ has implications for every decision made in the research process".
Theoretical framework can be considered as a conceptual model that establishes a sense of structure that guides the research process. It includes the variables a researcher intends to measure and relationships he/she seeks to understand. Essentially, this is where a researcher develops a “theory” and build his/her case for investigating that theory.
The theoretical framework is the researcher’s presentation of a theory that explains a particular problem and it is not based on his/her suspicions alone.
Theoretical framework is presented in the early section of a dissertation mainly in chapter two of the report and provides the rationale for conducting your research to investigate a particular research problem.
It involves a well-supported rationale and is organized in a manner that helps the reader understand and asses the perspective of the researcher.
When developing a theoretical framework:
The researcher start by describing what is known about the variables involved, what is known about their relationship, and what can be explained thus far.
One need to investigate other researchers’ theories behind these relationships and identify a theory (or a combination of theories) that explain his/her major research problem.
The researcher need to consider alternative theories that might challenge his/her perspective.
One also considers the limitations associated with his/her theory and quite possibly that problem could be better understood by other theoretical frameworks.
Significance of a theoretical framework:
It helps the researcher to consider other possible frameworks and to reduce biases that may sway the researcher’s interpretation.
It clarifies researcher’s implicit theory in a manner that is more clearly defined.
It demonstrates that the relationships proposed by the researcher are not based on his/her personal instincts or guesses, but rather formed from facts obtained from authors of previous research.
How to Develop Mathematical Theorems Based on Literature Survey for PhD Thesi...PhD Assistance
The main aim of framing any theory is to explain, predict and understand occurrences. Theorem Development Literature Review is designed to hold or support a theory of any research.
A theory gives a complete and complex conceptual understanding of things which cannot be listed down like how societies work, how certain organization functions and why people interact in a particular way. Theories provide a Researcher with a different angle, from which they can look at complex problems and social issues, allow them to focus their attention on a different aspect of data and provide them with a framework within which they can conduct their analysis. All scientific theory starts as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a recommended solution for an undiscovered occurrence which does not fit into a currently acknowledged scientific theory.
Ph.D. Assistance:
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee known about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/2WPwuku
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
How to Develop Mathematical Theorems Based on Literature Survey for PhD Thesi...PhD Assistance
The main aim of framing any theory is to explain, predict and understand occurrences. Theorem Development Literature Review is designed to hold or support a theory of any research.
A theory gives a complete and complex conceptual understanding of things which cannot be listed down like how societies work, how certain organization functions and why people interact in a particular way. Theories provide a Researcher with a different angle, from which they can look at complex problems and social issues, allow them to focus their attention on a different aspect of data and provide them with a framework within which they can conduct their analysis. All scientific theory starts as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a recommended solution for an undiscovered occurrence which does not fit into a currently acknowledged scientific theory.
Ph.D. Assistance:
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee known about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/2WPwuku
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
PSY 560 Final Project Student-Authored Article Guidelines a.docxamrit47
PSY 560 Final Project: Student-Authored Article Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
Your Mission
As a graduate student in a psychology program at this university, you have the opportunity to create scholarship for potential publication of your student-
authored article in a scholarly journal such as the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin or Personality and Social Psychology Review. It is important to note
that in the example journals, all student-authored papers that are accepted for publication in these journals are automatically eligible to receive a student
publication award from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Take the time to examine some quality sample publications from previous winners,
which can be found here:
Ma-Kellams, C., Spencer-Rodgers, J., & Peng, K. (2011). I am against us? Unpacking cultural differences in ingroup favoritism via dialecticism. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 15–27.
Shu, L. L., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. H. (2011). Dishonest deed, clear conscience: When cheating leads to moral disengagement and motivated forgetting.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 330–349.
Babbitt, L. G., & Sommers, S. R. (2011) Framing matters: Contextual influences on interracial interaction outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37,
1233–1244.
The final project for this course is the creation of a scholarly, student-authored article that is ready for potential submission to a real-world organization or
publication that focuses on this subfield of psychology. For purposes of this course, we will focus on the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP), an
organization founded in 1974 when the leadership of the American Psychological Association decided to incorporate an independent organization to focus on
this subfield. Remember, this is an article for potential publication in one of these journals. You are NOT required to submit your completed article to the
publication as part of this project. However, you are strongly encouraged to continue to develop your article and conduct further research upon completion of
this course as you move forward in your academic work for possible future submission.
In this component, this assessment will measure student competency with respect to the following course outcomes:
Defend a position on the role personality psychology plays in the broader field of psychology and its relevancy to practical issues
Propose appropriate solutions to complex problems that draw upon contemporary principles and current research in personality psychology
Analyze foundational theories of personality for their historical context, theorist’s biases, research methods, and relevance to current thinking in the
field
Evaluate the continued relevancy and accuracy of classic theories of psychology in the context of contemporary research findings
Assess personality psychology practices in terms of th ...
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
3. By the end of the session the learner should be able
to:
1. Explain the concept of theoretical framework
2. Develop a theoretical framework in research
3. Describe the significance of a theoretical
framework in research.
4. Describe a conceptual framework
5. Distinguish between a theoretical framework and a
conceptual framework.
6. State the features of a conceptual framework.
Session objectives
4. Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand
phenomena and, in many cases,to challenge and extend
existing knowledge, within the limits of the critical bounding
assumptions.
5. 1. A theoretical framework is a summary of the researcher’s
theory regarding a particular problem that is developed
through a review of previously tested knowledge of variables
involved. It identifies a plan for investigation and
interpretation of the findings.
2. It relates to philosophical basis on which the research takes
place and form the link between the theoretical aspects and
practical components of the investigation undertaken.
Therefore it’’ has implications for every decision made in the
research process’’(Mertens,1998,3)
What is a theoretical framework?
6. • Thetheoretical framework is the structure
that can hold or support atheory of a
research study. Thetheoretical framework
introduces and describes the theorywhich
explains why the research problem under
study exists.
7. What is a theoretical
framework?
● Theoretical framework can be considered as a
conceptual model that establishes a sense of
structure that guides the research process. It includes
the variables a researcher intends to measure and
relationships he/she seeks to understand.
Essentially, this is where a researcher develops a
“theory” and build his/her case for investigating that
theory.
● The theoretical framework is the researcher’s
presentation of a theory that explains a particular
problem and it is not based on his/her suspicions
alone.
8. Theoretical framework in a research report
● Theoretical framework is presented in the
second chapter of the research paper. t and
provides the rationale for conducting your
research to investigate a particular research
problem.
● It involves a well-supported rationale and is
organized in a manner that helps the reader
understand and asses the perspective of the
researcher.
9. Formulatingthe Theoretical Framework
Purpose:
•
•
• It helps the researcher see clearly the
variables of the study;
It can provide him with a general framework
for data analysis;
It is essential in preparing a research proposal
using descriptive and experimental methods.
J199 lecture, R.E.Khan
10. Thetheory provides apoint of focus
for attacking the unknown in a
specific area.
If arelationship is found betweentwo
or more variables atheory shouldbe
formulated to explain why the
relationship exists.
11. Importance of Theory
Atheoretical framework consists of
concepts, together with their definitions, and
existing theory/theories that are used foryour
particular study.
Thetheoretical framework must
demonstrate an understanding of theories and
concepts that are relevant to the topic of your
research paper and that will relate it to the
broader fields ofknowledge in the classyou are
taking.
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=618409
12. Importance of Theory
Thetheoretical framework isnot somethingthat isfound
readilyavailable in the literature. Youmust review course
readings and pertinent research literature for theories and
analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you
are investigating. Theselection of atheory should depend onits
appropriateness, easeof application, and explanatorypower.
Thetheoretical framework strengthensthe studyin the
followingways.
An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the
reader to evaluate them critically. to act in more informed and
effective ways.
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=618409
13. Thetheoretical framework strengthens
the studyin the following ways.
•
•
• Anexplicit statement of theoretical assumptions permitsthe
reader to evaluate themcritically.
Thetheoretical framework connects the researcher to
existing knowledge. Guided by arelevant theory, youare
given abasisfor your hypotheses and choice of research
methods.
Articulating the theoretical assumptions of aresearch study
forces you to address questions of why and how. It permits
you to move from simply describing aphenomenon
observed.
14. Thetheoretical framework strengthens the
studyin the following ways.
•
•
Having atheory helps you to identify the limits to those generalizations.
Atheoretical framework specifies which key variables influence a
phenomenon of interest. It alerts you to examine how those key
variables might differ and underwhat circumstances.
Byvirtue of its application nature, good theory in the social sciences is
of value precisely because it fulfills one primary purpose: to explain the
meaning, nature, and challenges of a phenomenon, often experienced
but unexplained in the world in which we live, sothat we may usethat
knowledge and understanding
http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=618409
15. Significance of a theoretical framework
● It helps the researcher to consider other possible
frameworks and to reduce biases that may sway
the researcher’s interpretation.
● It clarifies researcher’s implicit theory in a manner
that is more clearly defined.
16. Significance of a theoretical framework
● It demonstrates that the relationships proposed by
the researcher are not based on his/her personal
instincts or guesses, but rather formed from facts
obtained from authors of previous research.
● The theoretical framework allows a researcher to
present the research problem in light of summary of
the literature.
17. Significance of a theoretical framework
● It shows the reader why the researcher thinks that
the variables involved are related and the inclusion
of previous research and theories that support
researcher’s belief are essential to defending the
rationale.
● It determines how the researcher perceives, make
sense of, and interpret his/her data. Explanation of
theoretical framework helps the reader understand
the researchers' perspective and context.
18. Placement of atheory inquanti research only
General guide:
• Introduce the theory early in the study:
• In the intro, in the review of lit,
• Immediately after the hypotheses orresearch ?s
(asarationale for the connection among the
variables)
• Or asaseparate section of the study (ideal so
that researcher canclearly identify the theoryvis-
à-vis the study)
Source:LEONARDOR.ESTACIOJR,MPH,PHD
19. When developing a theoretical framework:
● The researcher start by describing what is
known about the variables involved, what is
known about their relationship, and what can
be explained thus far.
● One need to to investigate other researchers’
theories behind these relationships and
identify a theory (or a combination of theories)
that explain his/her major research problem.
20. When developing a theoretical framework: (cont’d)
● The researcher need to consider alternative theories that
might challenge his/her perspective.
● One also considers the limitations associated with his/her
theory and quite possibly that problem could be better
understood by other theoretical frameworks.
21. Quanti Theory Perspectives(Cresswell,
2009:59)
“The theory that I will use is (name of theory). Itwas
developed by (identify the origin, source or
developer of the theory), and itwasused to study
(identify the topics where one finds the theory being
applied). Thistheory indicates that (id the
propositions of hypotheses in the theory). Asapplied
to my study, this theory holds that I would expect my
independent variable/s (state independent
variables) to influence or explain the dependent
variable/s (state dependentvariables) because
(provide arationale based on the logic of thetheory)
Source:EONARDOR.ESTACIOJR,MPH,PHD
22. ADMINISTRATIVE
CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS IN THE
CORDILLERAS
ROGELIOD. MERCADO,DPA
Thisinvestigation substantially depended on the
capability approach originally developed by Sen(1993).
Thecapability approach, according to Robeyns (2003) is a
broad normative framework for the evaluation of
individual well- being and social arrangements, the design
of policies and proposals about social change in society.
Sheclaimed the capability approach is used in awide
range of fields, most prominently in development
thinking, welfare economics, social policy and political
philosophy. It canbe used to evaluate awide variety of
aspects of people’s well-being, suchasindividual well-
being, inequality and poverty. It can also be used asan
alternative evaluative tool for social cost-benefit analysis,
or to design and evaluate policies, ranging from welfare
state design in affluent societies, to development policies
by governments and non-governmental organisations
(NGOs)in developing countries.
23. ADMINISTRATIVE
CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS IN THE
CORDILLERAS
ROGELIOD. MERCADO,DPA
This inquiry also relied on the
Theory of Organizational Performance
Management. Davis (2013) held that
performance management is a set of
techniques used to measure success
in meeting goals of an organization.
Performance management can be
used to evaluate specific processes
and systems, the performance of
departments or the performance of
individual employees. The theory of
organizational performance
management, known as OPM, applies
this approach to an organization as a
whole, assessing progress toward
goals and identifying and adjusting
factors which hinder progress.
24. collective theory was first proposed as
asolution to the problem offree- riding
in collective action byMancur Olson's
seminal work, entitled “The Logicof
Collective Action” in1965.
Heis credited with initiating a paradigm
shift in the study of the challenges
facing collective action. Olson argues
that group benefits that are difficult or
impossible to exclude allow individuals
to access these benefits, even though
they have not contributed their
proportional or appropriate shareof
the resources needed to supply the
benefits
Management Performance of Pangasinan
Credit Cooperatives in the Context of
Collective Action and GoodGovernance
Edwin BR.Gbargaye, DPA
25. The governancetheory has a bearing to the present
study. Originally, it was in
Britain when corporate governance entered the
mainstream through the publication of the
Watershed Cadbury Committee Report in 1992. .
The term “governance” is used in a variety of ways and a
variety of meanings (Rhode, 1996 and Stoker 1997).
There is however, a baseline agreement that the
development of governance styles in which boundaries
between and within government and public sectors have
become blurred. The essence of “governance” is its
focus on governing mechanisms does not rest on option
to the authority and sanctions of the government. The
“governance” concept points to a creation of a structure
or an order which cannot be externally imposed but as a
result of the interaction of the multiplicity of governing
and each other influencing actors (Kooiman and Van
Vliet, 1993).
Management Performance of Pangasinan
Credit Cooperatives in the Context of
Collective Action and GoodGovernance
Edwin BR.Gbargaye, DPA
26. The theory that the researcher
will use in this study organizational
theory, performance theory and
Theory of Service Delivery.
Organizational
theory is being used in
this study to relate
performance of PNP
based on their
organizational structure,
financial resources,
human resources,
equipment; and facilities.
Theprovision of services
provided by the membersof
the Women and Children
Protection Deskof the
Philippine National Police
Cordillera Administrative
Region (WCPD,PNP-CAR).
Melyrita A. Davis, DPA
27. Another theory which has a bearing
to this study is the theory of performance.
(Chandler:
Accordingly,
organization in misfit fail to make
1962; Donaldson: 1987).
it is assumed that an
the
adaptive changes that would move them
into fit if they underwent a crisis of low
performance. This is consistent with Simon
boundedly rational that organizations
not maximize their performance
(1976) that management decisions are
do
but
satisfies. Managerial decision making is
problem solving that is activated when
organizational performance falls below
deemed to be satisfactory (i.e.satisficing).
Thus, low performance of an organization
that whose structure misfits, contingency
variables lead into a change in the
organizational structure to bring it into fit. In
addition high performance feedback can
increase the contingency variables.
Theprovision of services
provided by the members
of the Women andChildren
Protection Deskof the
Philippine National Police
Cordillera Administrative
Region(WCPD,PNP-CAR)
Melyrita A. Davis, DPA
28. The present study anchored on the
theories of Governance and New Public
Management (NPM). The decentralization
of agricultural extension programs from the
Department of Agriculture to the Local
Government Code revealed several issues
associated to policy, program, thrust,
organizational structure,human resources,
operation /implementation and fiscal
resources as a consequence associated
with the transition from centralized the
decentralized system. Thus, the devolution
of agricultural extension function required
local empowerment for self governance .
Thedelivery of
agricultural
extension services
by the local
Government Units in
Pangasinan
RogelioC.Evangelista,DPA
29. The management of internal control system of Millionaire
Multi-Purpose Cooperatives operating in
Region I.
Scientific
Management
Theory. Frederick
Winslow Taylor
(1856-1915), the
Father of Scientific
Management,
assumed that labor
is not the cause of
most problems in
business and it is
only the
management which
can provide solutions
to the problems of
the business.
Behavioral
Management
Theory. This theory
as stated by Robert
Owen, is that
management must
have concern on the
worker's condition
which affects the
quality and quantity
of his work. Mary
Parker Follett is the
psychologist who
first applied
psychology to busi
ness.
Contingency
Management
Theory. The
contingency theory
focuses on the
following: 1.) legal
aspects; 2.) cultural
considerations; and
3.) emerging field of
public administration.
This management
theory attempts to
explain the operation of
the system by
assessing the factors in
a given situation
Social
Management
Theory. This theory
considers the
system of
management as a
system of cultural
interrelationship. It is
also a social
interaction dealing
with other people, as
well as, cultural
relationships
Quantitative
Management Theory.
This theory expresses
mathematical models
and measurable data.
This emphasizes the
creation of models,
which state specific
assumptions, purposes
and necessity. The
quantitative
explanations of the
condition of
assumptions, purposes
and problems become
the foundation for
decisionmaking.
Agustin D. Cortez, Ph.D.
30. 1. specifiesthe theory usedasbasisfor thestudy
2. mentions the proponents of thetheory
3. cites the main points emphasizedin thetheory
4. Supportshis exposition of the theory by ideasfrom other
experts;
5. illustrates his theoretical framework by meansof adiagram;
and,
6. reiterates his theoretical proposition in thestudy.
Basedon the foregoingexample
31. “THEORYOFSOCIALRESPONSIVENESS”
Thisinvestigation also revealed that socialresponsibility hasasignificant
perfect correlation with performance which suggeststhat the sense
of social responsibility of the LGUsis the most significant dimension
of administrative capability that influences their performance while
the lowest in significance is organization structure. Thisfinding not
only affirmed the inclusion of social responsibility asadimension of
administrative capability but also proved that social responsibility is
the most dominant dimension that affects performance. In effect, this
supports another contemplation that a“THEORYOFSOCIAL
RESPONSIVENESS”should be considered. Thistheory posits that as
long asan organization is fully committed to the prosecution of
socially desirable programs and services, no matter how high or flat
its structure is, its performance shall be highly regarded by the
people. For agovernment entity, this is the real essenceof
“Commitment to PublicInterest.”
35. Is composed of discussions of facts
and principles to which the present study
is related. For instance, if the present
study deals with drug addiction, literature
to be reviewed or surveyed should be
composed of materials that deal with
drug addiction.
RELATED
LITERATURE
36. These materials are usually printed
and found in
professional
books,
journals,
encyclopedias,
magazines,
newspapers, and otherpublications.
RELATED
LITERATURE
38. These materials are classifiedas
1.Local, if printed in the Philippines;
and
2. Foreign, if printed in other lands.
RELATED
LITERATURE
39. Studies, inquiries, or investigations
already conducted to which the present
proposed study is relate or has
some bearing or similarity.
They are usually
unpublished materials such as
manuscripts, theses, anddissertations.
RELATED
STUDIES
41. ● They may be classifiedas:
1. Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines;and
2. Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands
RELATED
STUDIES
43. A surveyor review of related
literature and studies is very important
because such reviewed
studies serve as a foundation of
literature and
the
proposed study.
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
45. ● 1.They help or guide the researcher in searching for or selecting
a better research problem or topic. By reviewing related
materials, a replication of a similar problem may be found better
than the problem already chosen. Replication is the study of
research problem already conducted but in another place.
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
46. 2. They help the investigator understand
his topic for research better. Reviewing
related literature and studies may clarify
vague points about his problem.
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
47. 3. They ensure that there will be no
duplication of other studies. There is
duplication if an investigation already
made is conducted again in the same
locale using practically the same
respondents. This is avoided if a survey of
related literature and studies be made
first.
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
48. 4. They help and guide the researcher
in locating
information.
more sources of related
This is because the
bibliography of astudy alreadyconducted
indicate references aboutsimilar studies.
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
49. 5.They help and guide the researcher in
making his research design especially in:
a.the formulation of specific questions to
be researchedon;
b.the formulation of assumptions and
hypotheses if there should be any;
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
50. c. the formulation of conceptual
framework;
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
52. d.the selection and application of the
methods of research;
e.the selection and application of
sampling techniques;
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
53. f.the selection and/or preparation and
validation of research instruments for
gathering data;
g.the selection and application of
statistical procedures;
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
54. h. The analysis, organization,
presentation, and interpretation of data;
i. The making of the summary of
implications for the whole study;
j. The formulation of the summary of findings,
conclusions, and
recommendation; and
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
55. 6. They help and guide the researcher
in making comparison between his
findings of other researchers on similar
studies with the end in view of
formulating generalization or principles
which are the contributions of the study
to fund of knowledge.
Importance, Purposes, andFunctions of
Related Literature and Studies
58. 1. The surveyed materials must be as
recent as possible. This is important
because of the rapid social, economic,
scientific, and technological change.
Findings several years ago may be of little
value today because of the fast changing
life style of the people.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies
59. There are exception, however. Treatises that deal on
universals or things of more or less permanent nature
maybe
still be good
mathematical laws
today.
and
statistical procedures that had
There are
formulas and
been
formulated a long, long time ago which are being use
today with very, verylittle
improvement. This is
natural and physical
also true with laws.
Books on
these, though written a long time ago, are still being
citedtoday.
60. Another exception is when a
comparison or contrast is to be made
between the conditions of today and
those of a remote past, say ten or twenty
years ago. Naturally, literature and
studies about that remote past have to be
surveyed and reviewed.
61. 2. Materials reviewed must be objective
and unbiased. Some materials are
extremely or subtly one sided, either
political, or religious, etc. Comparison
with these materials cannot be made
logically and validity. Distorted
generalizations mayresult.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies
62. 3. Materials surveyed must be relevant
to the study. Only materials that have
some bearing or similarity to the
research problem at hand should be
reviewed.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies
63. 4. Surveyed materials must have been
based upon genuinely original and true
facts or data to make them valid and
reliable. There are cases where fictitious
data are supplied just to complete a
research report (thesis or dissertation).
Of course, this kind of deception is hard
to detect and to prove. Thus, this is a real
problem tohonest researchers.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies
64. 5. Reviewed materials must not be few
or too many. They must only be
sufficient enough to give insight into the
research problem or to indicate the
nature of the present investigation. The
may also depend upon the availability of
related materials.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
andStudies
65. Sometimes there is a paucity of such
materials. Ordinarily, form ten to fifteen
related materials re needed for a master`s
thesis and from fifteen to twenty-five for
a doctoral dissertation depending their
availability, as well as their depth and
length of discussions.
66. For an undergraduate thesis, from
five to
however,
ten may do. The numbers,
are only suggestive and not
imperative nor mandatory. These are only
the average numbers observed from
theses and dissertation surveyed by this
author.
68. The sources of related literature
and studies may include the
following:
69. 1. Book, encyclopedias, almanacs, and
other similarreferences.
2. Articles
journals,
published in professional
magazines, periodicals,
newspapers, and otherpublications.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies
70. 3. Manuscripts, monographs,memoirs, speeches,letters, anddiaries.
4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The Constitution, and laws and statues of theland.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies
71. 6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders
emanating from government offices and
departments, especially from the Office
of the President of the Philippines and the
Department of Education, Culture and
Sports.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies
72. 7. Records
from
schools, public and
private,
especi
ally
report
s
of their
activities.
8. Reports from seminars educational
or otherwise.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies
73. 9. Official reports of all kinds,
educational, social, economic, scientific,
technological, political, etc. from the
government and otherentities.
Sources of Related
Literature and
Studies
75. Generally, the sources of related
literature and studies are located in the
following places:
Whereto LocatetheSources of
Related Literature andStudies
77. 3. TheNational Library
4. The Library of the Department of Education, Culture and
Sports.
Whereto LocatetheSources of Related
Literature andStudies
78. The last
depositories
two are especially rich
of related materials,
particularly unpublished master`s
theses and doctoral
dissertations.