This document provides an introduction to nursing research. It defines key terms like research, nursing research, hypothesis, theory, variables, and qualitative and quantitative data. It discusses the purposes of nursing research as description, exploration, explanation, prediction and control. It outlines the scientific process used in research including selecting a topic, stating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data. The document emphasizes that nursing research is a systematic inquiry that develops trustworthy evidence on issues important to nursing practice, education, administration and informatics.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and terminology in nursing research. It defines concepts like theory, concept, construct, conceptual definition, conceptual framework, conceptual model, operational definition, assumption, hypothesis, research design, pilot study, validity, reliability, population, target population, accessible population, sample, variable, dependent and independent variables. It also discusses the nature of qualitative and quantitative research, types of research, characteristics of good research, and the future trends in nursing research including a greater focus on evidence-based practice.
This document discusses various research methodologies used in psychiatry research. It defines key terms like research, thesis, dissertation and describes different types of study designs - descriptive studies, surveys, case studies, correlational studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It also discusses formulating hypotheses and key steps in designing a research protocol like recruiting participants and addressing ethical considerations. Overall, the document provides an overview of important methodological concepts and approaches used in psychiatric research.
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts in nursing research. It defines research and describes the purpose of nursing research as systematically developing knowledge to improve nursing practice and patient care. Several important terminology used in research are explained, including concepts, constructs, variables, hypotheses, and data. The different types of research designs, variables, and evidence-based practice are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase knowledge and understanding. The main objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses. Research must be directed, empirical, carefully designed and recorded. It helps inform decision making by identifying risks, alternatives and helping address problems. The key types of research discussed are descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. The research process involves selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting data, analyzing results and interpreting findings. Observational study designs described include case reports, case series, cross-sectional
This document provides a historical overview of nursing research from 1850 to the present. It discusses how nursing research has evolved from case studies and traditional knowledge to more rigorous quantitative and qualitative methodologies aimed at developing an evidence base for nursing practice. Key developments include the establishment of organizations like the American Journal of Nursing (AJN) and Sigma Theta Tau in the early 20th century, the introduction of research in baccalaureate nursing programs in the 1950s, and the growth of clinical research and federal funding through agencies like the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) from the 1960s onward. The document also outlines various research concepts, designs, and challenges facing the field going forward.
Nursing research is defined as the systematic investigation of issues relevant to nursing practice. It is important for developing an evidence base to guide nursing practice and professionalize the field. Nursing research seeks to answer questions about nursing interventions and patient experiences to improve quality of care. It provides a scientific foundation for nursing knowledge and helps refine nursing education, practices, and administration.
Nursing research is defined as the systematic investigation of issues relevant to nursing practice. It is important for developing an evidence base to guide nursing practice and professionalize the field. Nursing research seeks to answer questions about nursing interventions and patient experiences to improve quality of care. It provides a scientific foundation for the profession and helps refine nursing knowledge, theories, and education.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and terminology in nursing research. It defines concepts like theory, concept, construct, conceptual definition, conceptual framework, conceptual model, operational definition, assumption, hypothesis, research design, pilot study, validity, reliability, population, target population, accessible population, sample, variable, dependent and independent variables. It also discusses the nature of qualitative and quantitative research, types of research, characteristics of good research, and the future trends in nursing research including a greater focus on evidence-based practice.
This document discusses various research methodologies used in psychiatry research. It defines key terms like research, thesis, dissertation and describes different types of study designs - descriptive studies, surveys, case studies, correlational studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It also discusses formulating hypotheses and key steps in designing a research protocol like recruiting participants and addressing ethical considerations. Overall, the document provides an overview of important methodological concepts and approaches used in psychiatric research.
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts in nursing research. It defines research and describes the purpose of nursing research as systematically developing knowledge to improve nursing practice and patient care. Several important terminology used in research are explained, including concepts, constructs, variables, hypotheses, and data. The different types of research designs, variables, and evidence-based practice are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase knowledge and understanding. The main objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses. Research must be directed, empirical, carefully designed and recorded. It helps inform decision making by identifying risks, alternatives and helping address problems. The key types of research discussed are descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. The research process involves selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting data, analyzing results and interpreting findings. Observational study designs described include case reports, case series, cross-sectional
This document provides a historical overview of nursing research from 1850 to the present. It discusses how nursing research has evolved from case studies and traditional knowledge to more rigorous quantitative and qualitative methodologies aimed at developing an evidence base for nursing practice. Key developments include the establishment of organizations like the American Journal of Nursing (AJN) and Sigma Theta Tau in the early 20th century, the introduction of research in baccalaureate nursing programs in the 1950s, and the growth of clinical research and federal funding through agencies like the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) from the 1960s onward. The document also outlines various research concepts, designs, and challenges facing the field going forward.
Nursing research is defined as the systematic investigation of issues relevant to nursing practice. It is important for developing an evidence base to guide nursing practice and professionalize the field. Nursing research seeks to answer questions about nursing interventions and patient experiences to improve quality of care. It provides a scientific foundation for nursing knowledge and helps refine nursing education, practices, and administration.
Nursing research is defined as the systematic investigation of issues relevant to nursing practice. It is important for developing an evidence base to guide nursing practice and professionalize the field. Nursing research seeks to answer questions about nursing interventions and patient experiences to improve quality of care. It provides a scientific foundation for the profession and helps refine nursing knowledge, theories, and education.
This document discusses descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and describe phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation. It can be used to identify problems, justify practices, and develop theories. Descriptive studies describe characteristics like frequency, percentages, averages without relating variables. Types include univariate, exploratory, and comparative designs. Limitations include inability to determine causation and potential for bias. The document provides an example of a descriptive study evaluating nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about Alzheimer's disease.
Research can take many forms but generally involves systematically investigating a topic to establish facts or reach new conclusions. The document outlines different types of research including basic research driven by curiosity, correlational research which studies relationships between variables, applied research which seeks practical solutions, and descriptive research which provides accurate descriptions of individuals, situations or groups. Experimental research establishes cause-and-effect through manipulation of variables while qualitative research explores non-quantifiable topics like beliefs and meanings.
This document discusses various epidemiological study designs. It begins by defining descriptive studies, which involve systematically collecting and presenting data to describe a situation, and analytical studies, which attempt to establish causes or risk factors by comparing exposed and unexposed groups. The main types of descriptive studies covered are cross-sectional (examining a population at a single point in time), longitudinal (following a population over time), and ecological (examining population-level associations between exposures and outcomes). Advantages and disadvantages of each design are provided.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in dentistry. It defines research and describes the various steps in the research process, including formulating a research problem/question and hypothesis, study design types, sampling methods, outcome measures, and statistical analysis. Ethical considerations in research involving human subjects are also discussed. The hierarchy of evidence is explained, with randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews considered the strongest levels of evidence.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in dentistry. It defines research and describes the various steps, including formulating a research problem or question, developing a hypothesis, different study designs (observational and experimental), types of experimental designs, controls, blinding, and writing a report. Observational designs include correlational studies, case reports, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, and ecological studies. Experimental designs include randomized controlled trials.
Research Variables types and identificationaneez103
This document defines research and different types of research methods. It discusses quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Quantitative research uses measurement and focuses on numbers while qualitative examines human behavior and decision-making. Experimental research actively introduces interventions while non-experimental research observes without intervening. Key concepts in research are also defined such as variables, subjects, researchers, theories and data. Variables are levels that are measured, manipulated or controlled and can be classified by form, causal relationships or study design. The document provides operational and conceptual definitions of variables and identifies variables for a proposed study on the effects of earplugs and eye masks on sleep for patients in critical care.
This document provides an overview of epidemiological studies and different study designs. It begins by defining epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in human populations. The major goal of epidemiologic research is to explain patterns of disease occurrence and causation.
It then describes qualitative and quantitative research approaches. For quantitative studies, it distinguishes between descriptive and analytical designs. Descriptive studies summarize disease patterns by time, place and person to generate hypotheses, while analytical studies aim to establish causal links between exposures and outcomes.
The document outlines different epidemiological study designs including experimental, observational, and quasi-experimental designs. It provides examples of randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other designs, discussing their
This document discusses data collection and measurement. It defines different levels of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. It explains the data collection process and questions to consider like what, how, who, where and when to collect data. Common data collection methods are identified like surveys, interviews and physiological measures. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection instrument are discussed like practicality, reliability and validity. The document provides examples to illustrate key concepts.
This document discusses different types of study designs used in medical research, including qualitative and quantitative methods. It covers observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, as well as experimental designs like randomized controlled trials. For each study type, it outlines their purpose, strengths, weaknesses and the types of research questions they can help answer. The goal is to help researchers choose the most appropriate design based on their specific research question and aims.
1. unit 3 part I- intro with (a) Observational studies – descriptive and anal...Ashesh1986
This document provides an overview of epidemiological study designs and research ethics. It begins by acknowledging the sources used to prepare the presentation. The objective is to understand epidemiological study design types, including observational and interventional studies. Observational studies are further broken down into descriptive and analytical designs, as well as ecological studies. Descriptive designs aim to simply describe health-related events, while analytical designs seek to establish relationships between exposures and outcomes. Ecological studies analyze data at the group level rather than the individual level. The document discusses various study design considerations and limitations. It emphasizes the importance of choosing appropriate study designs and addressing potential biases and confounding. Finally, it recommends further readings on epidemiological study design topics.
- Cohort studies follow groups of individuals over time to determine the incidence of an outcome. Prospective cohort studies enroll participants before the outcome occurs, while retrospective cohort studies enroll participants who already have the outcome.
- Case-control studies compare cases who have an outcome to controls who do not, and look back to examine risk factor exposure between the groups. This design is useful for rare outcomes or those with long latency periods.
- Both study designs can estimate relative risks but cohort studies directly measure incidence, while case-control studies estimate odds ratios to examine relationships between risk factors and outcomes. Selection bias, information bias, and incomplete control of variables are challenges for both.
Research is defined as a systematic, scientific process of investigating problems through collecting and analyzing data to discover facts and develop knowledge. It can involve either quantitative or qualitative methods and aims to identify, describe, explore, explain or predict phenomena. Nursing research specifically seeks to answer questions that are relevant to nursing practice, education, administration and informatics.
Unit -1 Introduction of Nursing Research.pptxnareshsoni31
This document provides an overview of nursing research. It defines research as the systematic investigation of phenomena to discover new knowledge. Nursing research aims to develop the scientific knowledge base for nursing practice. Some key points:
- Nursing research focuses on understanding human health and responses to illness. It takes a holistic perspective on the individual or community.
- There are various types of research including basic, applied, descriptive and experimental. Nursing research covers areas like education, practice, and administration.
- The scientific method involves identifying problems, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Ethics and obtaining consent are important.
- Challenges include lack of time, support and standardized tools. Nursing research aims to
This document provides an overview of research methods. It defines research as a systematic, careful examination aimed at discovering and establishing facts or principles. Research is classified in several ways, including by purpose (predictive, directive, illuminative), goal (basic/pure vs applied), level of investigation (exploratory, descriptive, experimental), scope (action research), choice of answers to problems (evaluation research, developmental research), and statistical content (quantitative vs qualitative). The key aspects of various research types are outlined at a high level.
This document discusses different types of observational studies and experimental trials used in research methodology. It defines observational studies as those that involve collecting data without intervening or altering the course of events. The main types of observational studies covered are case-control studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and ecological studies. Experimental trials involve manipulating a variable and measuring the effects. Randomized controlled trials are described as the gold standard for determining causation. Key aspects of randomized controlled trial design and methodology are outlined.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses various qualitative research designs including case studies, comparative studies, retrospective studies, and longitudinal qualitative studies. It also covers qualitative research sampling techniques like theoretical sampling and purposive sampling. Common qualitative study designs such as ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and participatory action research are defined. The document also discusses principles of qualitative research including saturation, appropriateness of the approach, and fitting the approach into the research process.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines key terminology related to research such as population, sample, variables, and statistics. It discusses different types of research designs including observational studies like cross-sectional and case-control studies as well as experimental designs like randomized clinical trials. The document also covers topics like formulating research questions and hypotheses, sampling methods, levels of evidence in clinical research, and the various steps involved in the research process from data collection to interpretation and reporting of findings.
This document provides an introduction and overview of nursing research. It defines research as a systematic, planned process of investigating problems to increase knowledge. Nursing research specifically aims to solve nursing problems, evaluate practices, and advance scientific nursing knowledge. The purposes of nursing research include identifying and describing phenomena, exploring relationships, explaining underlying causes, and making predictions to control phenomena. Research is important for validating nursing as a profession, providing a scientific basis for practice, improving accountability and standards of care.
This document provides guidance on developing research problems, variables, hypotheses, and introducing a research study. It discusses how to formulate a good research question and identifies the key characteristics of good questions. The document outlines the different types of research questions and variables that can be studied. It also provides tips for writing hypotheses and introducing a research paper, including starting with a hook, reviewing literature, and stating the purpose and methodology. The overall document aims to help readers understand the key components of developing and introducing a research study.
This document provides an overview of nursing research. It begins by defining research and nursing research. The objectives of the document are then outlined, which include defining key terms, discussing the role of nurses in research, and describing the nursing research process. An overview of the history of nursing research is also provided, highlighting important milestones from 1859 to present. The importance of nursing research in developing an evidence-based practice and advancing the nursing profession is discussed.
This document discusses descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and describe phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation. It can be used to identify problems, justify practices, and develop theories. Descriptive studies describe characteristics like frequency, percentages, averages without relating variables. Types include univariate, exploratory, and comparative designs. Limitations include inability to determine causation and potential for bias. The document provides an example of a descriptive study evaluating nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about Alzheimer's disease.
Research can take many forms but generally involves systematically investigating a topic to establish facts or reach new conclusions. The document outlines different types of research including basic research driven by curiosity, correlational research which studies relationships between variables, applied research which seeks practical solutions, and descriptive research which provides accurate descriptions of individuals, situations or groups. Experimental research establishes cause-and-effect through manipulation of variables while qualitative research explores non-quantifiable topics like beliefs and meanings.
This document discusses various epidemiological study designs. It begins by defining descriptive studies, which involve systematically collecting and presenting data to describe a situation, and analytical studies, which attempt to establish causes or risk factors by comparing exposed and unexposed groups. The main types of descriptive studies covered are cross-sectional (examining a population at a single point in time), longitudinal (following a population over time), and ecological (examining population-level associations between exposures and outcomes). Advantages and disadvantages of each design are provided.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in dentistry. It defines research and describes the various steps in the research process, including formulating a research problem/question and hypothesis, study design types, sampling methods, outcome measures, and statistical analysis. Ethical considerations in research involving human subjects are also discussed. The hierarchy of evidence is explained, with randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews considered the strongest levels of evidence.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in dentistry. It defines research and describes the various steps, including formulating a research problem or question, developing a hypothesis, different study designs (observational and experimental), types of experimental designs, controls, blinding, and writing a report. Observational designs include correlational studies, case reports, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, and ecological studies. Experimental designs include randomized controlled trials.
Research Variables types and identificationaneez103
This document defines research and different types of research methods. It discusses quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Quantitative research uses measurement and focuses on numbers while qualitative examines human behavior and decision-making. Experimental research actively introduces interventions while non-experimental research observes without intervening. Key concepts in research are also defined such as variables, subjects, researchers, theories and data. Variables are levels that are measured, manipulated or controlled and can be classified by form, causal relationships or study design. The document provides operational and conceptual definitions of variables and identifies variables for a proposed study on the effects of earplugs and eye masks on sleep for patients in critical care.
This document provides an overview of epidemiological studies and different study designs. It begins by defining epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in human populations. The major goal of epidemiologic research is to explain patterns of disease occurrence and causation.
It then describes qualitative and quantitative research approaches. For quantitative studies, it distinguishes between descriptive and analytical designs. Descriptive studies summarize disease patterns by time, place and person to generate hypotheses, while analytical studies aim to establish causal links between exposures and outcomes.
The document outlines different epidemiological study designs including experimental, observational, and quasi-experimental designs. It provides examples of randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other designs, discussing their
This document discusses data collection and measurement. It defines different levels of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. It explains the data collection process and questions to consider like what, how, who, where and when to collect data. Common data collection methods are identified like surveys, interviews and physiological measures. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection instrument are discussed like practicality, reliability and validity. The document provides examples to illustrate key concepts.
This document discusses different types of study designs used in medical research, including qualitative and quantitative methods. It covers observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, as well as experimental designs like randomized controlled trials. For each study type, it outlines their purpose, strengths, weaknesses and the types of research questions they can help answer. The goal is to help researchers choose the most appropriate design based on their specific research question and aims.
1. unit 3 part I- intro with (a) Observational studies – descriptive and anal...Ashesh1986
This document provides an overview of epidemiological study designs and research ethics. It begins by acknowledging the sources used to prepare the presentation. The objective is to understand epidemiological study design types, including observational and interventional studies. Observational studies are further broken down into descriptive and analytical designs, as well as ecological studies. Descriptive designs aim to simply describe health-related events, while analytical designs seek to establish relationships between exposures and outcomes. Ecological studies analyze data at the group level rather than the individual level. The document discusses various study design considerations and limitations. It emphasizes the importance of choosing appropriate study designs and addressing potential biases and confounding. Finally, it recommends further readings on epidemiological study design topics.
- Cohort studies follow groups of individuals over time to determine the incidence of an outcome. Prospective cohort studies enroll participants before the outcome occurs, while retrospective cohort studies enroll participants who already have the outcome.
- Case-control studies compare cases who have an outcome to controls who do not, and look back to examine risk factor exposure between the groups. This design is useful for rare outcomes or those with long latency periods.
- Both study designs can estimate relative risks but cohort studies directly measure incidence, while case-control studies estimate odds ratios to examine relationships between risk factors and outcomes. Selection bias, information bias, and incomplete control of variables are challenges for both.
Research is defined as a systematic, scientific process of investigating problems through collecting and analyzing data to discover facts and develop knowledge. It can involve either quantitative or qualitative methods and aims to identify, describe, explore, explain or predict phenomena. Nursing research specifically seeks to answer questions that are relevant to nursing practice, education, administration and informatics.
Unit -1 Introduction of Nursing Research.pptxnareshsoni31
This document provides an overview of nursing research. It defines research as the systematic investigation of phenomena to discover new knowledge. Nursing research aims to develop the scientific knowledge base for nursing practice. Some key points:
- Nursing research focuses on understanding human health and responses to illness. It takes a holistic perspective on the individual or community.
- There are various types of research including basic, applied, descriptive and experimental. Nursing research covers areas like education, practice, and administration.
- The scientific method involves identifying problems, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Ethics and obtaining consent are important.
- Challenges include lack of time, support and standardized tools. Nursing research aims to
This document provides an overview of research methods. It defines research as a systematic, careful examination aimed at discovering and establishing facts or principles. Research is classified in several ways, including by purpose (predictive, directive, illuminative), goal (basic/pure vs applied), level of investigation (exploratory, descriptive, experimental), scope (action research), choice of answers to problems (evaluation research, developmental research), and statistical content (quantitative vs qualitative). The key aspects of various research types are outlined at a high level.
This document discusses different types of observational studies and experimental trials used in research methodology. It defines observational studies as those that involve collecting data without intervening or altering the course of events. The main types of observational studies covered are case-control studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and ecological studies. Experimental trials involve manipulating a variable and measuring the effects. Randomized controlled trials are described as the gold standard for determining causation. Key aspects of randomized controlled trial design and methodology are outlined.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses various qualitative research designs including case studies, comparative studies, retrospective studies, and longitudinal qualitative studies. It also covers qualitative research sampling techniques like theoretical sampling and purposive sampling. Common qualitative study designs such as ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and participatory action research are defined. The document also discusses principles of qualitative research including saturation, appropriateness of the approach, and fitting the approach into the research process.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines key terminology related to research such as population, sample, variables, and statistics. It discusses different types of research designs including observational studies like cross-sectional and case-control studies as well as experimental designs like randomized clinical trials. The document also covers topics like formulating research questions and hypotheses, sampling methods, levels of evidence in clinical research, and the various steps involved in the research process from data collection to interpretation and reporting of findings.
This document provides an introduction and overview of nursing research. It defines research as a systematic, planned process of investigating problems to increase knowledge. Nursing research specifically aims to solve nursing problems, evaluate practices, and advance scientific nursing knowledge. The purposes of nursing research include identifying and describing phenomena, exploring relationships, explaining underlying causes, and making predictions to control phenomena. Research is important for validating nursing as a profession, providing a scientific basis for practice, improving accountability and standards of care.
This document provides guidance on developing research problems, variables, hypotheses, and introducing a research study. It discusses how to formulate a good research question and identifies the key characteristics of good questions. The document outlines the different types of research questions and variables that can be studied. It also provides tips for writing hypotheses and introducing a research paper, including starting with a hook, reviewing literature, and stating the purpose and methodology. The overall document aims to help readers understand the key components of developing and introducing a research study.
This document provides an overview of nursing research. It begins by defining research and nursing research. The objectives of the document are then outlined, which include defining key terms, discussing the role of nurses in research, and describing the nursing research process. An overview of the history of nursing research is also provided, highlighting important milestones from 1859 to present. The importance of nursing research in developing an evidence-based practice and advancing the nursing profession is discussed.
Nrusing Research 1 Scope and limitation Significance of the study.pptxNhelia Santos Perez
This document discusses the scope and limitations of research. It defines scope as the parameters of a study, including its general purpose, population, time frame, topics, and location. Limitations refer to influences outside a researcher's control that restrict methodology and conclusions. The example scope outlines a study examining how specialized wound care training affects nurses' competence and pressure injury prevention. Potential limitations mentioned include limited generalizability and need for long-term follow-up. Researchers should thoroughly acknowledge limitations to interpret results and suggest future research.
This document discusses ethics in nursing research. It defines ethics in nursing research as following moral principles to ensure the rights and welfare of individuals and groups being studied. It emphasizes the importance of ethics in protecting vulnerable populations from harm, safeguarding participants from exploitation, and establishing risk-benefit ratios. The key ethical principles discussed are beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice. Beneficence involves establishing a positive risk-benefit ratio. Respect for human dignity focuses on informed consent and respecting participants' autonomy. Justice relates to fair treatment and selection of participants.
This document provides guidance on developing research problems, variables, hypotheses, and introducing a research study. It discusses how to formulate a good research question and identifies the key characteristics of good questions. The document outlines the different types of research questions and variables that can be studied. It also provides tips for writing hypotheses and introducing a research paper, including starting with a hook, providing background, stating the research problem, highlighting significance, and reviewing literature. The overall purpose is to guide researchers in properly planning and introducing their research studies.
This research proposal examines the career development and advancement patterns of Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) executives. It aims to investigate how career advancement influences professional growth for BJMP leaders and the impact of development programs. The study will survey and interview BJMP directors, chiefs, and regional directors about their careers and perceptions. Results may provide insights on strategies to enhance advancement and opportunities to benefit future executives. In summary, the proposal explores the relationship between career progression and leadership development within the BJMP to support its goals of ensuring secure custody and rehabilitation services.
This document proposes a feasibility study for a livelihood project that would produce a lemongrass and ginger liniment for PDLs (persons deprived of liberty) at the General Santos City Jail. The project aims to provide income for incarcerated individuals to support their families. It analyzes market demand, production costs, financial projections, and management structure. If viable, the project could help rehabilitation efforts and reduce recidivism through job skills and financial independence.
This document proposes an organic mosquito repellent business called "BugBust Enterprise" to be run by inmates at a jail facility. The repellent would be made from lemongrass, guava leaves, kakawate leaves, and coconut oil. It would be a safe, natural alternative to synthetic repellents. A feasibility study found that the raw materials are easily accessible and production would require $180,000 startup costs. Financial projections estimated annual profits of $153,504 after 5 years. The project aims to provide job skills training and income opportunities for inmates while inside the facility.
This study aimed to determine the relationship between body image perception and self-esteem in patients with breast cancer undergoing radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery. The researchers conducted a quantitative study using surveys to collect data on body image perception and self-esteem from breast cancer patients. Statistical tests were used to analyze the data and determine if there were significant relationships between body image perception, self-esteem, and demographic factors. The results showed no significant relationships between body image perception and self-esteem or between body image perception and factors like age, marital status, and treatment type. The researchers concluded that body image perception did not significantly impact self-esteem in breast cancer patients based on this study.
This document provides an introduction to nursing research. It defines key terms like research, nursing research, hypothesis, theory, variables, and qualitative and quantitative data. It discusses the purposes of nursing research as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, and identification of relationships. Nursing research is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions and solve problems in nursing practice, education, administration and informatics in order to develop trustworthy evidence and expand the body of nursing knowledge.
The document provides information on theoretical frameworks. It begins by defining a theoretical framework as a summary of a researcher's theory regarding a problem, developed through a review of existing knowledge on related variables. A theoretical framework identifies the plan for investigating and interpreting findings. It establishes the structure to support a research study's theory and explains why the problem exists. The document discusses the importance of a theoretical framework in strengthening a study and its significance in demonstrating that relationships proposed are based on previous research rather than personal guesses. It provides guidance on developing, presenting, and applying a theoretical framework.
JINSP JOHN ALADIN
Production Manager: JINSP JOHN ALMORADIE
Marketing Manager: JINSP JOHN BUENO
Finance Manager: JINSP JOHN EBORA
Human Resource Manager: JINSP JOHN FOSTER
Quality Control Manager: JINSP JOHN UMALI
Production Staff
Marketing Staff
Finance Staff
Human Resource Staff
Quality Control Staff
Production Workers
This document outlines a study that aims to assess the need for an isolation center for emerging diseases in Cagayan de Oro City Jail Male Dormitory. It notes that overcrowding in Philippine jails has led to the fast spread of infectious diseases. The study will survey jail personnel and inmates to understand disease prevalence, awareness of health issues, and necessary corrective measures. Results will be used to propose a strategic health protection plan for the jail.
The document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks. It defines a theoretical framework as a summary of a researcher's theory regarding a problem, developed through a review of previous knowledge and variables. It identifies the plan for investigation and interpretation. A conceptual framework is a hypothesized model that identifies concepts and relationships between independent and dependent variables. It provides direction for a study and less formal structure when existing theory is insufficient. Both frameworks are important for demonstrating that a study is grounded in previous research and for guiding the research process.
This document discusses identifying and stating the research problem. It covers sources of research topics, identifying the research gap, components to consider in establishing the research gap, criteria for choosing a research problem, and how to write the background, statement, objectives and questions of the research problem. The example provided discusses evaluating the implementation of blended learning for nursing subjects in terms of teachers' and students' perceptions. It lists the specific research questions regarding respondents' profiles and their perceptions of various aspects of blended learning implementation.
The document discusses various sampling methods used in research. It describes sampling as selecting a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. Probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling aim to give all population members an equal chance of selection. Non-probability methods do not allow for estimating sampling errors. The key factors discussed include defining the target population, developing a sampling frame, determining sample size and method, and ensuring a representative sample.
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS acts as the command center that interprets sensory information and issues instructions. The PNS links all parts of the body by carrying signals to and from the CNS. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit nerve impulses through electrical and chemical signals. Glial cells provide support and insulation for neurons in the CNS.
Anxiety disorders are characterized by feelings of unease, dread, and abnormal responses that prevent normal functioning. Common types include panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, and social phobia. Antianxiety medications used to treat these disorders include antidepressants, benzodiazepines, MAOIs, buspirone, and SSRIs. Buspirone has no muscle relaxant or anticonvulsant effects and does not cause sedation, but its effects may take several weeks to be seen. Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, and headache.
This document provides information on opioid analgesics and their use for pain management. It discusses the differences between acute and chronic pain and lists various causes of pain. It then describes different mechanisms for controlling pain, including both non-opioid and opioid options. The rest of the document focuses on opioid analgesics, outlining specific opioid medications, how they work in the body, their indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and considerations for nursing care when administering opioids.
This document discusses the theoretical foundations of nursing. It defines nursing as the promotion of health and care of the ill, disabled, and dying. Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals and families in all settings. The history of nursing is explored from ancient civilizations through modern times, noting key developments like Florence Nightingale's influence. Nursing education pathways are reviewed from diploma programs to doctoral degrees. Major nursing organizations are also outlined.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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2. Trust in the LORD with all your heart; and lean not
to your own understanding. In all your ways
acknowledge him, and he shall direct your paths.
- Proverbs 3:5-6
2
5. ▹ Research
▹ Nursing Research
▹ Hypothesis
▹ Theory
▹ Assumption
▹ Paradigm
▹ Variable
▹ Instrument/tool
▹ Conceptual and
Operational Definition
▹ Quantitative and
Qualitative data
▹ Database Access
5
6. Nursing research
• A systematic, objective, process of analyzing
phenomena of importance to nursing.
Theory
• A set of related statements that describes or
explains phenomena in a systematic way.
7. Concept:
"A general idea referring to a behavior or
characteristic of an individual, group, or nation".
For example, pain, patient care, coping,
happiness, cleanliness, dignity…etc.
8. Construct:
• "A concept specified in such a way that it is
observable in the real world, in order to
facilitate testing of the idea".
• For example, position, in real world has many
different meanings in gynecology, in surgery and
in management.
9. Example of the relationship between
"concept" and "construct":
• Weight
• Weight By electronic scale.
In the morning.
Before breakfast.
Without clothes.
A
construct
A concept
10. Conceptual definition:
"The definition or description of the study variables that is
drawn from the theoretical or conceptual framework“
Conceptual framework
A background or foundation for a study; a less well-
developed structure than a theoretical framework; concepts
are related in a logical manner by the researcher.
11. Conceptual model
• Symbolic presentation of concepts and the
relationships between these concepts.
Operational definition
• The definition of a variable that identifies how
the variable will be observed or measured.
12. Assumption:
"A statement of principles whose correctness
has not been proven, but is taken for granted
on the basis of logical reasoning".
"health is a priority for all people"
13. Hypothesis:
"A statement of predicted or expected
relationships between the variables of the
research (dep. & indep. variables)".
Hypothesis lead to empirical studies that are
seeking to confirm or disconfirm these
predictions.
14. Research design
• The overall plan for gathering data in a research
study.
Pilot study:
"A small scale trial done in preparation of a major
research".
15. Validity:
▹“Degree or extent to which the tool or
instrument measures what it is
supposed to measure".
▹For example, a ruler measures the
height not the weight, while the scale
measures the weight not the height.
16. Reliability:
• Degree or extent of consistency or dependability
with which a study tool measures the variable
over time, by different persons".
17. Population:
• “Group of people who are going to be studied, and to whom
should the study result apply".
• It is the complete set of persons or objects that possess some
common characteristics of interest to the researcher.
For example, in a research studying the factors affecting the
nurse's workload , bed-side nurses are the population .
18. Target population
• The entire group of people or objects to which the
researcher wishes to generalize the findings of a
study.
Accessible population
• The group of people or objects that is available to
the researcher for a particular study.
19. Sample:
• "Are those persons – in the population- from whom
data will be actually collected, and from whom
generalizations about the population will be
made".
• A subset of the population that is selected to
represent the population.
20. Variable:
"A concept that is observable, measurable, and
has a dimension that can vary".
For example, temperature is a variable that is
observable, measurable, and varies from high
to low.
21. Types of Variables
1. Dichotomous variables
2. Attribute variable
3. Active variables.
4. Dependent and independent variables .
5. Extraneous variable
23. 2. Attribute variable / demographic
variables:
A pre-existing characteristic or attribute such as
age, sex …etc. which the researcher simply
observes and measures.
24. 4. Dependent and independent variables
Independent variable: “Variable that is believed to
cause or influence the dependent variable".
Dependent variable: “Variable that is
influenced by the independent variable".
25. Does Smoking Cause Lung cancer ?
Does Nursing care Cause Rapid recovery?
Does Drug (a) Cause Improvement ?
Cause Effect
Independent variable Dependent variable
26. Extraneous variable/ intervening variable
• Variable that confound the relationship between the
dependent and independent variables, thus it needs to be
controlled.
• E.g., "air pollution" is an extraneous variable interferes with
studying the relationship between smoking "independent
variable" and lung cancer "dependent variable".
27. Data:
Pieces of information that are collected as they pertain to
the study".
Limitations:
• "Weaknesses in a research“
• Uncontrolled extraneous variables, that limit the
generalizability of the findings.
28. Measurement
• A process in scientific research that uses rules to assign numbers
to objects.
Abstract
A brief summary of a completed research or a proposal. It contains
purpose, method and major findings of the study, located at the
beginning of a report or a proposal.
29.
30. Sources of evidence for nursing practice
• Unstructured methods
▫ Tradition
▫ Authority
▫ Clinical experience
▫ Trial & error
▫ Intuition
31. • Structured methods
▫ Logical reasoning
Inductive reasoning - generalization from specific
Deductive reasoning -developing specific
prediction from generalization
▫ Assembled information
▫ Disciplined research
▫ Problem solving
34. Scientific methods
Defined as controlled systematic investigations routed
in a objective reality aiming to develop general
knowledge about natural phenomenon.
Characteristics
Orderly & systematic
Attempt to control extraneous variable thatare not
under direct investigation
Findings are based onempirical evidence
Findings can be generalized
Based on assumptions or hypothesis
Conducted to develop or test theories
36. Steps of scientific process
Selecting the
topic &
identifying the
problem
Define
objectives
ROL
Defining
conceptsand
variables
Stating
hypothesis
Identifying
assumptions
and
implications
Determine
ethical
implication
Describe r/s
design &
methods for d/c
Define study
population&
sample
Plan for data
analysis &
discussion
Collecting data
from subjects
Analysing &
interpreting
Communicating
study findings
37. Limitations
• Moral or ethical problem
• Human complexity
• Measurement problems
• Extraneous variable
38. Definition - nursing research
• Research is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions or solve problems
• Goal - to develop, refine & expand knowledge
• Acc to Polit & Beck : - Nsg research is a systematic inquiry
which develop trustworthy evidence issues of importance
to nsg prof.
Nsg .prac, edu., admin, informatics.
39. Purposes
Identification & description
Studying a phenomenon that is little known (quant.)
Indepth probing nature (qual.)
Eg of identification --- X (2009) studied the experiences of women after
breast cancer treatment. She identified through indepth conversation
with 13 women, a unique description of intense loneliness that she called
as survivor loneliness
Eg of description ----- X (2009) undertook a indepth study to describe
how women coped with breast cancer in the period between
diagnosis & surgery.
40. Exploration
▫ The researcher investigates the full nature of the
phenomenon , the manner in which it is
manifested and related factors.
Explanation
▫ Explanatory r/s understands the underpinnings of the natural
phenomenon and explain the
systematic relationship among them.
41. Prediction & Control
• The researcher makes prediction and control a phenomenon
based on research finding.
▫ Eg: a research has shown that the incidence of Down’s syndrome in
infants increase with age of the mother.
We can predict that a women aged 40 yrs is at risk of bearing a child
with Down’s syndrome than a women aged 26 yrs.
▫ We can partially control the outcome by educating the women about
the risk.
42. Purposes linked to EBP
• Treatment , therapy or intervention
▫ Studies are designed to develop evidence based
treatment decision ---- how to prevent a d/s , decide on
a therapy, or compare b/w two therapies.
• Diagnosis & assessment
For development and evaluation of formal instruments to
screen , diagnose and assess pt. conditions.
43. Prognosis
• These type of studies examine the outcome
associated with a disease or health problem , estimate
the probability that they will occur , and indicate when
the outcomes are most likely.
Prevention of harm
• Providing information to patients as how to
avoid potentially harmful exposures.
44. Etiology or causation
▫ To know the cause of a d/s so as to prevent it
▫ To identify the factors that affect or cause illness,
mortality or morbidity
Meaning and processes
▫ r/s provide evidences about what health & illness mean to clients,
what barriers they face to practice positive healthy life style, what
processes they
experience in transisition through a health care crisis.
45. Need of nursing research
Develop, refine & extend the scientific base of knowledge
Enhance the body of knowledge
Provide foundation for EBN
For growth of the profession
Define parameters of the nursing profession
Refine & eliminate the old knowledge
Identify cost effective nursing practices
Develop & refine nursing theories & principles
Solve problems to answer questions related to nursing practice, education
and administration
46. Significance of nursing research
• ALL needs + purposes & to:-
• Build and expand the body of knowledge
• Validate and refine the existing nursing practice
• Make health care efficient and cost effective
47. Characteristics of good research
• Orderly & systematic process
• Based on current professional issue
• Begin with clearly defined objectives
• Emphasize to develop , refine & expand the body of knowledge
• Directed towards developing or testing theories
• Finding solution to a problem
• Dedicated to develop empirical evidence
48. Strive to collect first hand information
Logical process
Generate findings to refine and improve professional practices
Use of appropriate methodology
Conduct on representative sample
Conducted through appropriate use of methods and tools for data collection
Carefully recorded and reported
Adequately & appropriately analyzed research
Patiently carried out
Researcher’s expertise , interest and motivation
Adequately communicated
49. Qualities of a good researcher
R - research oriented
E - efficient
S - scientific
E - effective
A - active
R - resourceful
C - creative
H - honest
E - economical
R - religious
50.
51. Types of research
Based on approach
Quantitative
r/s
Experimental r/s
Quasi experimental
r/s
Non experimental
r/s
Qualitative r/s
Phenomenological
Ethnographic
Grounded theory
Case study
Historical
Based on purpose
Basic r/s
Applied r/s
52. • Comparison of quantitative & qualitative r/s
Parameters Quantitative r/s Qualitative r/s
General nature Obj. approach --numerical form Subj. approach -- narrative form
Knowl. Of
study
variables
Clear understanding in advance Rough understanding in advance
Aims Test / refine the theories & hypo. To develop theories / hyp.
r/s problem Deductively reasoned Inductively reasoned
Planning Designed before data collection Designed as the study emerges
r/s design Exp, quasi, non exp Phen. , g.t , eth., c.s, hist. r/s
Sample Large sample size Small sample size
Data Easier to collect Time consuming
Tools Structured or semi structured Less formally structured tools
Methods r/ser remain separated from
the subj. matter
r/s er become immersed in
the subject matter
Analysis Descriptive and /or
inferential statistics
Descriptive coding,
indexing, narration,
thematic analysis
53. Scope of nursing research
• r/s in clinical nsg. practices
• r/s in nsg. Education
• r/s in nsg administration
• r/s in health systems and outcomes of care
54. r/s in clinical nsg. practice
Areas :
Health promotion, maintenance and disease prevention
Patient safety and quality of health care
Promotion and risk reduction interventions of health of
vulnerable , minority gps and marginalized community
Patient centered care and care co-ordination
Promotion of health and well being of older people
Palliative and end of life care
55. • Care implication of genetic testing and
therapeutics
• Nurse’s working envt.
• Home care and community health care practices
• Treatment compliance and adherence to
treatment
56. r/s in nursing education
Testing effectivity & efficiency of old teaching methods and generating new
methods
Curriculum taught and learning exp. Of nsg. Students at UG &PG level
Extent of strict discipline required for nsg students to improve
learning
Promoting clinical and class room learning among students
Refining & generating evaluation methods
Identifying and managing problems of absenteeism and lack of motivation
57. r/s in nursing administration
• Assessing existing organizational structure , span of
control, communication, staffing pattern, wages,
benefits, performance evaluation practice.
• Refining old know. Regarding nsg administrative
phenomenon
• Developing and testing different administrative methods
to enhance swift administration , employee & customer
satisfaction
58. • Recruitment , deployment, retention, and
effective use of nursing personnel in providing
the quality of nursing care
• Any phenomenon related to nsg administrative
issue.
59. r/s in health systems and outcome of care
• Developing models of health care
• Developing cost effective health care model for
rural and deprived communities
• Effective use of information and technology
from tertiary care centers to remote areas
• Evaluating the effectiveness of existing policies
and programmes
60. Problems & challenges in nursing, health and social
research
Lack of disciplined research
Handling multiple variables
Difficulty in controlling external variable
minimal possibility of laboratory r/s
Lack of standardized tools
Measuring qualitative phenomenon throu’ quantitative means
Lack of interest among researchers
Ethical constraints
Lack of qualitative research expertise
62. Phase 1
The conceptual
phase
• Formulating &
delimiting the
problem
• Reviewing the
related literature
• Undertaking the
clinical field work
• Defining the
framework
• Formulating the
hypothesis
Phase 2
The design and planning
phase
• Selecting the
r/s design
• Developing
intervention
protocols
• Identifying the
population
• Designing the
sampling plan
• Specifying
methods to
measure r/s
variables
• Developing
methods to
safeguard
subjects
• Finalizing the
r/s plan
Phase 3
The empirical
phase
• Collecting
the data
• Preparing
the data
for
analysis
Phase 4
The analyticphase
• Analyzing
the data
• Interpreti
ng the
results
Phase5
The
dissemination
phase
• Communic
ating the
findings
• Utilizing
the findings
in practice
63. Qualitative r/s process
PLANNING THE STUDY
1. Identifying the r/s pblm
2. Doing a ROL
3. Developing an overallapproach
4. Selecting and gaining entry into
r/s site
5.Developing methodsto
safeguard participants
DEVELOPING D/C
STRATEGIES
1. Deciding what type of data to
gather and how to gather
2. Deciding from whom to
collect the data
3. Deciding how to enhance
trustworthiness
DISSEMINATING THE
FINDINGS
1. Communicating he
findings
2. Utilizing findings
in practice
GATHERING & ANALYZING THE DATA
1. Collecting the data
2. Organizing and analyzing the data
3.Evaluating the data : making
modifications to d/c strategies
4. Evaluating the data: determining if
saturation has been achieved
64. Future trends in nsg. r/s
Continued focus on EBP
Development of a stronger base throu multiple, confirmatory
strategies
Greater emphasis on systematic reviews
Expanded local r/s in health care settings
Strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration
Expanded dissemination of research findings
Increasing the visibility of nursing research
Increased focus on cultural issues and health disparities
Shared decision making
65.
66. • Acc to David Sackett : EBP is the integration of
best research evidence with clinical expertise
and patient values.
67. Purposes - EBP
• Specify the way in which a decision has to be
made based on evidence
• Eliminate unsound or excessively risky practices
• Provide highest quality and most cost efficient
nursing care possible
68. Steps of EBP
Formulating a
clear question
based on a
clinical problem
Literature review
to search beat
available
evidence
Analysis of
strengths and
weaknesses of
evidences
Use of best
evidences in
clinical practice
Evaluating the
efficacy of
empirical
evidences
69. Barriers in EBP
Overwhelming amt of information available and contradictory
findings
lack of professional ability to critically appraise r/s
Lack of time, workload pressure, competing priorities of pt care can impede
use of EBP
Lack of knowledge of r/s methods
Lack of support from prof. colleagues and org.
Shortage of r/s in some areas of nsg.
Resistance to change
Lack of CE programs
Lack of interest to create the envt of EBP
Physician’s dominance in clinical practices
70.
71. Definition
• It is the act of moral principles that the
researcher has to follow while conducting
nursing research to ensure the rights and welfare
of individuals, groups or community under
study.
72. Development of ethical codes
• The ten commandments in bible are the best
example of a code of conduct
• Ethical principles frequently change with time
and the development of new knowledge
• The 1947 Nuremberg Code resulted from the
revelations of unethical human behaviour from
World War II
73. • The criteria's of Nuremberg Code:
▫ The researcher must :
Inform subjects about the study
Be based on animal experiments if possible
Try to avoid injury to research subjects
Be qualified to conduct research
Stop the study if problems arise
• In 1978 The National Commission for Protection of
Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioural
Research was formed
• The report by this Commision submitted in 1979- titled
as the Belmont report is now being utilized in the
research ethics.
74. Importance of ethics
• Protect the vulnerable gp - harmful effects of the
experimental interventions
• Safeguard the participants from exploitation by
r/sers
• Establish risk - benefit ratio for study subjects
• Ensure fullest respect, dignity, privacy, disclose
of information and fair treatment for stud
subjects
• Build the capability of the subjects to accept or
reject participation in study
75. Ethical principles for protecting study
participants
Acc to Belmont Report :-
1.Principle of beneficence – research subjects
should be protected from harm
2.Principle of justice – research subjects should get
fair treatment
3.Principle of respect for human dignity - research
subjects must have the autonomy and self
determination
76. 1.Principle of beneficence
• Beneficence - imposes a duty on r/sers to
minimize harm and maximize benefits.
• covers multiple dimension :-
Rt. To freedom from ham & discomfort
Rt to protection from exploitation
77. Rt to freedom from harm &discomfort
r/sers have an obligation to prevent , avoid or minimize harm
to subjects
Harm or discomfort can be physical, emotional, social,
financial.
Establish risk - benefit ratio
Rt. To protection fromexploitation
Involvement in a study must not expose the samples to
damage.
Assure the samples that the information they provide will
not be used against them.
78. 3.Principle of respect for human dignity
• Include the rt to self determination and the right to full
disclosure.
• Rt to self determination
▫ means that the participants can voluntarily decide whether to
take part in the study
▫ People have the rt to ask questions, refuse to give information
and to withdraw from the study.
▫ Also include freedom from coercion - threat of penalty if failing
to participate in the study/ excessive rewards for agreeing to
participate in the study
79. • Rt to full disclosure
▫ Means that the r/ser has fully described the nature of the
study, the persons right to refuse participation , the r/sers
responsibility and the likely risk and benefits.
▫ Full disclosure + self determination = informed consent
▫ Covert data collection (concealment) - collection of data
without the participants knowledge & consent
▫ Deception - deliberately withholding information about the
study / providing false information
80. 3.Rt to justice
• Includes participant’s right to fair treatment and
their right to privacy.
• Rt .to fair treatment
▫ Equitable distribution of benefits and burdens of
research
▫ Distributive justice
81. • Rt to privacy
▫ anonymity of participants & confidentiality of
information must be maintained
▫ No information collected from study participants
can be used for other than r/s purpose
82. Informed consent
• Adequate information about the r/s is given in a
simple & easily understandable unambiguous
language in a document - informed consent
form
83. Content / elements of informed consent form
▹ Participant status
▹ Study goals
▹ Type of data
▹ Procedures
▹ Nature of commitment
▹ Sponsorship
▹ Participant selection
▹ Potential risks
▹ Potential benefits
▹ Alternatives
▹ Compensation
▹ Confidentiality pledge
▹ Voluntary consent
▹ Rt to withdraw & withhold information
▹ Contact information
84. ICMR ethical guidelines for biomedical research
Principles of:
Essentiality
Voluntariness, IC, community agreement
Non exploitation
Privacy and confidentiality
Precaution & risk minimization
Professional competence
Accountability & transparency
Maximization of public interest & distributive justice
Institutional agreements
Public domain
Totality of responsibility
Compliance
85. Code of ethics for nurses in India
• The nurse respects the uniqueness of an
individual in provision of care
• The nurse respects the rights of the individuals
as partners in care and helps in making
informed choices
• The nurse respects individuals’ rt to privacy,
maintains confidentiality and shares
information judiciously
• The nurse maintains competence in order to
render quality nursing care
86. • The nurse is obliged to practice within the frame
work of ethical, professional and legal
boundaries
• The nurse is obliged to work harmoniously with
the members of the health team
• The nurse commits to reciprocate the trust
invested in nursing profession by the society
87. Ethical responsibilities of a nurse
researcher
• Ensures the respect of individuals autonomy in
consenting to participate in r/s
• Adequate protection of the vulnerable group
• Ensure optimum balance b/w benefit risk ratio
• Privacy, confidentiality, anonymity must be
promised
• Maintain competence in identified r/s area