This document describes the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) 2.0 specification. It details features of AHB such as burst transfers, split transactions, and single-cycle bus master handover. It also explains typical components in an AMBA AHB system including masters, slaves, arbitration, and bus operation with different transfer types.
AMBA AHB is a bus interface suitable for high-performance synthesizable designs. It defines the interface between components, such as masters, interconnects, and slaves.
The Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is part of the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) protocol family. It defines a low-cost interface that is optimized for minimal power consumption and reduced interface complexity.
AMBA AHB is a bus interface suitable for high-performance synthesizable designs. It defines the interface between components, such as masters, interconnects, and slaves.
The Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is part of the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) protocol family. It defines a low-cost interface that is optimized for minimal power consumption and reduced interface complexity.
AXI is an on-chip, point to point communication protocol. It is used as a high-performance bus in various IP or SoC Systems. It is used for connecting high-performance processors with memory.
UVM RAL is an object-oriented model for registers inside the design. To access these design registers, UVM RAL provides ready-made base classes and APIs
Advance Microcontroller Bus Architecture(AMBA).
this is a advance bus architecture. it is defined by ARM.
all the content is taken from http://infocenter.arm.com/ website.
AXI is an on-chip, point to point communication protocol. It is used as a high-performance bus in various IP or SoC Systems. It is used for connecting high-performance processors with memory.
UVM RAL is an object-oriented model for registers inside the design. To access these design registers, UVM RAL provides ready-made base classes and APIs
Advance Microcontroller Bus Architecture(AMBA).
this is a advance bus architecture. it is defined by ARM.
all the content is taken from http://infocenter.arm.com/ website.
Design and Analysis of Xilinx Verified AMBA Bridge for SoC Systemsidescitation
ARM introduced the Advanced Microcontroller Bus
Architecture (AMBA) 4.0 and its specifications define five
buses/interfaces: Advanced eXtensible Interface Bus (AXI),
Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB), Advanced System Bus
(ASB), Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) and Advanced Trace
Bus (ATB). That means more and more existing Intellectual
Property (IP) must be able to communicate with AMBA4.0
bus. This paper presents an IP core design of APB Bridge, to
provide interface between AXI-Lite bus and APB bus operating
at different frequencies. The maximum operating frequency
of the module is 168.464MHz. Test cases are run to perform
multiple read and write operations. Synthesis and Simulation
is done using Xilinx ISE and Modelsim.
Design and Implementation of Axi-Apb Bridge based on Amba 4.0ijsrd.com
ARM introduced the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) 4.0 specifications in March 2010, which includes Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) 4.0. AMBA bus protocol has become the de facto standard SoC bus. That means more and more existing IPs must be able to communicate with AMBA 4.0 bus. Based on AMBA 4.0 bus, we designed an Intellectual Property (IP) core of Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) bridge, which translates the AXI4.0-lite transactions into APB 4.0 transactions. The bridge provides an interface between the high-performance AXI bus and low-power APB domain.
Diagnostic Access of AMBA-AHB Communication Protocolsidescitation
In this paper a diagnostic access of AMBA AHB communication protocols is
designed and implemented. AMBA AHB communication protocols are designed using
master slave topology. A core is designed for implementation of communication protocols
between master and slave device to perform efficient write operation. The process involves
design and implementation of a master unit and a slave unit. Further a test bench is
designed to simulate the communication between master and slave. A synthesis report of the
process is generated using VHDL and XILINX. The process is configured for Address and
Data bus of 32 bit width. The designed AMBA AHB communication protocol between
master and single slave supports technology independent data transfer between high band
width and high clock frequency multiprocessors and multi-CPU based embedded systems
like arm processors and low bandwidth peripherals like IC based processors, standard
macro cells, flash memory etc. The features required for high performance, high clock
frequency systems including burst transfers, single clock edge operations, non–tristate
implementation and wider data bus configuration are implemented in the design.
Design and Implementation of SOC Bus Based on AMBA 4.0ijsrd.com
ARM introduced the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) 4.0 specifications in March 2010, which includes Advanced extensible Interface (AXI) 4.0. AMBA bus protocol has become the de facto standard SoC bus. That means more and more existing IPs must be able to communicate with AMBA 4.0 bus. Based on AMBA 4.0 bus, we designed an Intellectual Property (IP) core of Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) Bridge, which translates the AXI4.0-lite transactions into APB 4.0 transactions. The bridge provides an interface between the high-performance AXI bus and low-power APB domain.
In this session we will look at the options for replicating content between Alfresco repositories. Starting with a re-cap of the existing functionality of version 3.3, we will then introduce the new replication features of Alfresco 3.4 including some more advanced scenarios. If you have been paying attention to recent SVN commits then you can't have failed to notice that Alfresco folders can be invaded by aliens. Find out what that means in this session!
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Protocol specification v1.0 of ESIstream.
ESIstream is the Open and Efficient Serial Interface, when just serialising is not enough, when effective data rate needs to be optimised.
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2. AMBA AHB Bus 2.0
AHB is a new generation of AMBA bus which is
intended to address the requirements of highperformance synthesizable designs.
High-performance system bus that supports
multiple bus masters and provides highbandwidth operation.
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3. Features
Burst transfers
Split transactions
Single-cycle bus master handover
Single-clock edge operation
Non-tristate implementation
Wider data bus configurations (64/128 bits).
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4. Typical AMBA AHB Based
System
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11. Transfer Type Encoding
HTRANS[1:0
]
Type
Description
00
IDLE
•No data transfer is required
• Used when the master is granted the bus without
performing transfer.
• The slave must provide a zero wait state OKAY
response
01
BUSY
•Allow master to insert IDLE cycle in the middle of
bursts of transfers
• Address and control signals must reflect the next
transfer in the burst
• The slave must provide a zero wait state OKAY
response.
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NONSE
Q
•Indicate the first transfer of a burst or a single transfer
• Address and control signals are unrelated to previous
transfer
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Technologies
•Indicate a remaining transfer in a burst
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•Address = Address of previous transfer + size in
13. Burst Operation
4/8/16-beat bursts, as well as undefined-length
bursts
Burst size indicates the number of beats in the
burst
Valid data transferred = (# of beats) x (data size
in each beat)
Data size in each beat is indicated in HSIZE[2:0]
Incrementing bursts
Access sequential locations with the address of each
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transfer in the burst being an increment of the previous
address
An incremental burst can be of any length, but the upper
limit is set by
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boundary
14. Burst Operation
contd..
Wrapping bursts
If the start address of the transfer is not aligned to the total
number of bytes in a burst (size x beats) then the address of
the transfers in the burst will wrap when the boundary is
reached
A 4-beat wrapping burst of word (4-byte) access
If start address is 0x38 -> 0x38, 0x3C, 0x30, 0x34
Transfers within a burst must be aligned to the
address boundary equal to the size of the
transfer
Word transfers must have A[1:0] = 00
Halfword transfers must have A[0] = 0
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15. Burst Operation
contd..
Early burst termination
Slave can monitor transfer type to detect early burst
termination
Burst is started with a NONSEQ transfer followed by
SEQ/BUSY transfers
A NONSEQ/IDLE transfer in a burst indicates the start of a
new transfer
Master shall complete the burst transfer using
undefined-length bursts after it next gains
access to the bus.
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16. Example of Undefined Length Burst
Operation
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17. HWDATA and HRDATA
Separate read/write data buses in order not to use
tristate drivers
Minimum width of read/write data buses is 32 bits
HWDATA - driven by the bus master
Hold the data valid until the transfer completes
Drive the appropriate byte lanes
Transfers that are narrower than the width of the bus
Burst transfers will have different active byte lanes for
each beat
A transfer size less than the width of the data bus
HRDATA - driven by the bus slave
Provide valid data only at the end of the final cycle
Provide valid data only on the active byte lanes
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All masters and slaves on the bus shall have the
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same endianness
19. Slave Address Decoding
The select signal HSELx for each slave on the bus
A combinational decode of the high-order address
signals
Slaves must only sample the address and control
signals and HSELx when HREADY is HIGH
The minimum address space for a single slave is 1kB
The incremental transfers shall not cross a 1kB
boundary
Ensure a burst never crosses an address decode
boundary
Default slave provide a response when any of the
nonexistent address locations are accessed
An ERROR response if a NONSEQ or SEQ transfer is
attempted to a nonexistent address location
An OKAY response if an IDLE or BUSY transfer is
attempted to a nonexistent address location
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20. Slave Address Decoding
contd..
A typical address decoding system and slave
select signals
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21. Slave Response
The slave must determine how the transfer
should progress after a master has started a
transfer
Complete the transfer immediately
Insert one or more wait states to allow time to
complete the transfer
Signal an error message indicating that the transfer
has failed
Delay the completion of the transfer, but allow the
master and slave back off the bus, leaving it
available for other transfers
Whenever a slave is accessed it must provide a
response indicating the status of the transfer
21
HREADY
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22. Slave Response
contd..
HREADY signal is used to extend the transfer
Low indicates that the data phase is to be extended
High indicates that the transfer can complete
Every slave must have a predetermined
maximum wait states
Allow the calculation of the latency of accessing the
bus
It is recommended that slaves do not insert more
than 16 wait states
When it is necessary for a slave to insert a
22
number of wait states prior to deciding what
response will be given then it must drive OKAY
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response
23. Slave Response
contd..
OKAY
Work together with HREADY to indicate the success of the
transfer
Also used for any additional cycles (wait states) with HREADY
low
ERROR
Show an error has occurred
Typically used for a protection error, such as an attempt to
write to a read only memory location
RETRY
Show the transfer has not yet completed
The master should continue to retry the transfer until it
completes
SPLIT
Show the transfer has not yet completed
The master must retry the transfer when it is next granted
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access to the bus
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The slave will request access to the bus on behalf of the
master when the transfer can complete
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24. Two-cycle Response
OKAY response can be given in a single cycle
ERROR, SPLIT and RETRY responses require at least
two cycles
Additional cycles (wait states) at the start of the transfer
HREADY will be LOW and the response must be set to OKAY
In the penultimate cycle
The slave drives HRESP[1:0] to indicate these responses
The slave drives HREADY Low to extend the transfer
In the final cycle
HRESP[1:0] remains driven
HREADY is driven High to end the transfer
SPLIT and RETRY
The following transfer must be canceled
ERROR
Optional to cancel the following transfer
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25. Two-cycle Response
contd..
The master starts with a transfer to address A
The master moves the address on to A+4
The slave at address A is unable to complete the transfer
immediately
The RETRY response indicates to the master
The transfer at address A+4 is concealed and replaced by
an IDLE transfer
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26. SPLIT and RETRY
Allow slaves to delay the completion of a transfer
Free up the bus for use by other masters
Used by slaves with long latency
Distinctions between SPLIT and RETRY
RETRY – allow masters with higher priority to access the bus
The arbiter uses normal priority scheme
Masters with higher priority will gain the bus
SPLIT – free the bus for the use by other masters (even with
lower priority)
The arbiter masks the request from the master that has been SPLIT
by a slave
Any other masters requesting the bus will get access
The slave indicates to the arbiter using HSPLIT when it is ready to
complete
The arbiter unmasks the master and the master in due course will
regain the bus
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A bus master should treat RETRY and SPLIT in the12/17/2013
same
27. Bus Arbitration and SPLIT/RETRY
Transfers
Arbitration
Ensure that only one master has bus access at any
one time
Decide which master is of the highest priority
Receive requests from slaves that wish to complete
SPLIT transfers
Arbitration signals
27
HBUSREQx
Used by a bus master to request access to the bus
There can be up to 16 separate bus masters
HLOCKx
Asserted by the master at the same time as HBUSREQx
Indicate that the master is performing a number of indivisible
transfers
HGRANTx
Generated by the arbiter and indicate the master for bus
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access
A master gains ownership of the address bus when
28. Arbitration
Contd…
HMASTER[3:0]
Arbiter indicates which master is currently granted the
bus
Control the central address and control MUX
Required by SPLIT-capable slaves so that they can
indicate to the arbiter which master is able to complete a
SPLIT transaction
HMASTERLOCK
The arbiter indicates that the current transfer is part of a
locked sequence by asserting the HMASTLOCK signal
HSPLIT[15:0]
The 16-bit bus is used by a SPLIT-capable slave to
28
indicate which bus master can complete a SPLIT
transaction
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Required by
30. Arbitration
Contd…
The HGRANTx signal is used by the master to determine
when it owns the address bus
Since a central multiplexor is used, each master can drive
out the address of the transfer immediately and it does not
need to wait until it is granted the bus
A delayed version of the HMASTER bus is used to control
the write data multiplexor
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31. Request Bus Access
A bus master uses the HBUSREQx signal to request bus
at any time
Assert the HLOCKx signal for locked accesses
An undefined length burst
The master asserts the request until it has started the last transfer
A fixed length burst
Not necessary to keep requesting the bus during the burst transfer
The arbiter will sample the request on the rising of the
clock
Normally grant a different bus master when a burst is
completing
If required, the arbiter can terminate a burst early
The master must re-assert HBUSREQx to regain access to
the bus
A master can be granted the bus when it is not requesting
it
31
Occur when no masters are requesting the bus
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The arbiter grants access to a default master
The master must drive the transfer type HTRANS to indicate
32. Data Bus Ownership
Arbiter indicates the bus master for access by HGRANTx
When the current transfer completes (HREADY=High)
The master will become granted
The arbiter will change the HMASTER[3:0] to indicate the
master
The ownership of the data bus is delayed from that of the
address bus
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33. Bus Handover after a BURST
Transfer
Arbiter changes the HGRANTx signals when the
Last but one address has been sampled
The new HGRANTx will then be sampled as the
last address of the burst is sampled
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34. Bus Handover after a BURST
Transfer
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35. SPLIT Transfer
Improve the overall utilization of the bus by separating
The master providing the address to a slave
The slave responding with the appropriate data
Concepts of operations
The arbiter generates the master number on HMASTER[3:0]
The slave makes note of HMASTER[3:0] and signals to the
35
arbiter
The arbiter masks any requests from masters which have
been SPLIT
The arbiter grants other masters use of the bus
The slave is ready to complete the transfer
The slave asserts the appropriate bit on HSPLIT[15:0]
The arbiter restores the priority of the appropriate master
The master eventually will be granted the bus and re-attempt
the transfer
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When the transfer takes place, the slave finishes with 12/17/2013
an
OKAY response
36. Bus Handover after SPLIT
Transfer
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37. Multiple SPLIT Transfers
AHB protocol only allows one outstanding transaction
per master
However, a single module may appear as a number of
masters
A SPLIT-capable slave could receive multiple
requests
A number of masters attempt to access a SPLIT-
37
capable slave
The slave issues a SPLIT for each attempt and records
the master number without latching the address/control
The slave then works through the outstanding requests
in an orderly manner
The slave asserts the appropriate HSPLITx to indicate
that it is ready to complete the transfer
The arbiter in due course grants the associated master
The master retries the transfer with the address and
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control
The slave latches the address/control and may issue
38. RETRY Transfer
Slaves that issue RETRY are mostly peripherals and
must be accessed by just one master at a time
Not enforced by the protocol of the bus
Should be ensured by the system
The slave can check every transfer attempt that is
made to ensure the master number is the same
If the master number is different, then it can take an
alternative course of action, such as:
38
An ERROR response
A signal to the arbiter
A system level interrupt
A complete system reset
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