AMBA_APB_pst
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This document discusses the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) which is part of the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA). It provides three key points: 1. The APB is optimized for low power consumption and reduced complexity by interfacing with low bandwidth peripherals. It uses a single clock edge to simplify timing analysis. 2. The APB bridge acts as the bus master, latching the address and controlling data transfer direction. It generates control signals to select the peripheral and indicate the transfer type (read/write). 3. APB peripherals use a simple interface, latching write data on the clock edge or enable signal. Reads return data when the peripheral is selected and transfer is
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Usart 8251
The document describes the architecture of the USART 8251 chip, including its transmitter and receiver sections that convert parallel and serial data, as well as its modem control section. It details the functions of the data bus buffer, transmitter section, receiver section, and modem control signals. The transmitter and receiver sections allow for synchronous and asynchronous communication and contain logic for baud rate generation, parity checking, and error detection.
mod 3-1.pptx
The ARM processor uses a 3-stage pipeline with fetch, decode, and execute stages. It has a register bank, barrel shifter, ALU, address register, data registers, and instruction decoder. In the 5-stage pipeline, the stages are fetch, decode, execute, buffer/data, and write-back. Data processing instructions use two operands from registers or immediates, while data transfer instructions compute a memory address. The core components are optimized for speed, including carry look-ahead adders and a crossbar barrel shifter. Control logic decodes instructions and controls the datapath. The coprocessor interface supports up to 16 coprocessors with private registers.
DRAM Cell - Working and Read and Write Operations
DRAM stores each bit in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. It is volatile memory that loses its data when power is removed. DRAM uses row and column address lines to access individual memory cells for read/write operations. During reads, the charge level of the capacitor is amplified and transmitted on the column line. Writes override the charge level using a write driver. DRAM must periodically refresh all cells in a row to restore charge levels before they dissipate. Modern DRAM improves performance using techniques like banking, pipelining, and prefetching multiple data words on each memory access.
Arm organization and implementation
ARM Organization and Implementation
>Architecture overview
>Pipelining
>Clocking Scheme
>Datapath timing
>ARM6 ALU Organization
>barrel Shifter
>Register Bank
>Register Cell
>Register Bank floorplan
>ARM datapath buses
>Control Logic
>Datapath Processing Instructions
>Datapath Activity
>Data Transfering Instructions
DMA controller intel 8257
The Intel 8257 is a 4-channel DMA controller that allows peripheral devices to directly access memory without involving the CPU. It has priority logic to handle requests from peripherals and issues memory addresses for read/write operations. Each channel has programmable address and count registers and can perform read, write, or verify transfers of up to 64kb of data independently. It uses a master/slave mode and rotating or fixed priority schemes to efficiently manage DMA requests and bus access for high-speed data transfers between peripherals and memory.
8051d
The instruction set of the 8051 microcontroller supports 8-bit operations and direct bit manipulation well suited for control applications. It has 256 instructions that use various addressing modes including register, direct, indirect, immediate, relative, and others. The instruction set includes arithmetic, logical, data transfer, boolean, and branching instructions. Conditional jumps and operations on individual bits allow for efficient programming of control flow and logic.
I2C introduction
This document provides an overview of the I2C communication protocol. It describes that I2C is a serial communication protocol used to connect slow devices like EEPROMs and ADCs. It can operate at speeds from 100 kbps to 5 Mbps and supports both single master-multi slave and multi master-multi slave configurations. The document outlines the electrical characteristics, bus features, data frame structure, data transfer process, clock synchronization, arbitration and advantages of the I2C protocol.
8251 USART.pptx
The document discusses asynchronous and synchronous data transfer using the 8251A USART chip. It describes the basics of serial communication including synchronous vs asynchronous transmission. It provides details on the sections and functioning of the 8251A chip, including its transmitter, receiver, and modem control sections. The pin diagram and functions of the pins are also explained.
Serial Peripheral Interface(SPI)
The SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a synchronous serial communication protocol used for communication between devices. It uses a master-slave architecture with a single master device initiating data transfer. Key features include using separate clock and data lines, operating in full duplex mode, and allowing multiple slave devices through individual chip selects. It provides a lower pin count solution than parallel buses at the cost of slower communication speeds.
I2 c communication protocol
I2C is a serial communication protocol used to connect low-speed peripherals like sensors and microcontrollers. It uses just 2 wires for bidirectional communication between a master and multiple slave devices. The presentation covers the key features and operation of I2C including start/stop signaling, addressing modes, arbitration, and common issues like excess bus capacitance interfering with communication. Analyzer tools are used to monitor the I2C bus and test hardware.
8251 USART
The document discusses asynchronous and synchronous serial communication using the 8251A USART chip. It describes the basics of serial communication including synchronous vs asynchronous transmission. It provides details on the components and functioning of the 8251A USART chip, including its transmitter, receiver, control logic and modem control sections. The chip allows for full-duplex serial communication and can operate in both synchronous and asynchronous modes. It converts parallel data from the microprocessor to serial data for transmission and vice versa on reception.
Load Balancing
In the context of parallel computing, Load Balancing is the distribution of a set of tasks over different computing units (or related resources), to make the overall process easier to execute and much more efficient. Ensuring no single server bears too much of demand and evenly spreading the load, it improves the responsiveness and availability of applications or websites for the user.
Fpga implemented ahb protocol
This document describes the implementation of an Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) protocol using an FPGA. It provides an overview of the AHB protocol which allows for communication between multiple bus masters and slaves. The AHB protocol supports features like split transactions, burst transfers, and arbitration. The document implements an AHB system with three masters and four slaves on an FPGA. It presents waveform results showing the arbiter prioritizing requests from multiple masters and handling the transfer of data between masters and slaves using the AHB protocol. In conclusion, the AHB protocol implemented on an FPGA provides benefits like avoiding deadlocks, minimizing lost resources, and adding flexibility.
Similar to AMBA_APB_pst (20)
AMBA_APB_pst
- 1. B.VAMSI KRISHNA ID:185 Under the guidance of Mrs.BHAVANI,Senior faculty,IIVDT.
- 2. •An AMBA-based microcontroller typically consists of a high-performance system backbone bus. •Bus can sustain CPU and DMA devices •Like Direct Memory Access (DMA) devices ,high performance arm processors or high band width memory interface. •Bridge to a narrower APB bus on which the lower bandwidth peripheral devices are located.
- 4. •The Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is part of the AMBA. •APB is optimized for minimal power consumption and reduced interface complexity. •The AMBA APB should be used to interface to any peripherals which are low bandwidth and do not require the high performance of a pipelined bus interface.
- 5. •APB ensures that all signal transitions are only related to the rising edge of the clock. •This improvement means the APB peripherals can be integrated easily into any design flow.
- 7. • State diagram • Write transfer • Read transfer • Error response
- 9. • Idle:The default state for the peripheral bus. • Setup:When a transfer is required the bus moves into the SETUP state. • Pselx is asserted • The bus only remains in the SETUP state for one clock cycle and will always move to the access state(enable is asserted) on the next rising edge of the clock. • Access: The address, write select, and write data signals must remain stable during the transition from the SETUP to ACCESS state.
- 10. • PREADY:Exit from the ACCESS state is controlled by the PREADY signal from the slave: • If PREADY is held LOW by the slave then the peripheral bus remains in the ACCESS state. • If PREADY is driven HIGH by the slave then the ACCESS state is exited and the bus returns to the IDLE state if no more transfers are required. • Alternatively, the bus moves directly to the SETUP state if another transfer follows.
- 12. • There are two types of write transfer • With no wait states • With wait states
- 13. With wait states With no wait states
- 15. •With no wait states•With wait states
- 16. Read transfer Write transfer
- 17. Master Slave
- 18. • The APB bridge is the only bus master on the AMBA APB. In addition, the APB bridge is also a slave on the higher-level system bus. • The bridge unit converts system bus transfers into APB transfers and performs the following functions: • Latches the address and holds it valid throughout the transfer.
- 19. • Decodes the address and generates a peripheral select, PSELx. Only one select signal can be active during a transfer. • Drives the data onto the APB for a write transfer. • Drives the APB data onto the system bus for a read transfer. • Generates a timing strobe, PENABLE, for the transfer.
- 20. • APB slaves interface very simple and flexible. • For a Write transfer the data can be latched at the following points: • on either rising edge of PCLK, when PSEL is HIGH • on the rising edge of PENABLE, when PSEL is HIGH. • The select signal PSELx, the address PADDR and the write signal PWRITE can be combined to determine which register should be updated by the write operation.
- 21. • For Read transfers the data can be driven on to the data bus when PWRITE is LOW and both PSELx and PENABLE are HIGH. While PADDR is used to determine which register should be read
- 22. Read Transfer TO AHB Write Transfer from AHB
- 23. • From AHB to APB PSLVERR is mapped back to HRESP[1:0] = ERROR for both reads and writes. This is achieved by mapping PSLVERR to the AHB signal HRESP[1:0]. • HRESP[1:0]:OKAY,ERROR,RETRY,SRLIT.
- 24. •performance is improved at high-frequency operation. •static timing analysis is simplified by the use of a single clock edge. •no special considerations are required for automatic test insertion. •many Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) libraries have a better selection of rising edge registers. •easy integration with cycle based simulators.