Ethical issues of genetic engineering
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This document discusses the ethical issues related to genetic engineering in agriculture. It describes how genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are used in agriculture by modifying plant DNA to introduce new traits. Some key ethical issues discussed are the unpredictability of introducing GMOs into ecosystems, concerns over biopiracy by multinational companies, potential damage to the environment from GM crop production, and risks to the food web from pesticides or herbicides harming other organisms.
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Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering. This document discusses what GMOs are, how they are produced through inserting or deleting genes, and some existing models including crops, microbes, mammals, and fish. The principles and objectives of genetic engineering are outlined, such as adding new genetic material. Both the pros and cons of GMOs are discussed. Benefits include production of useful goods like pharmaceuticals, while risks include unpredictable effects and disruption of natural genetic information.
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genetically modified organisms (related to IPR) by Tahura Mariyam
genetically modified organisms (related to IPR) by Tahura Mariyam
GMO Technology - Understanding the Evidence of Risks and Benefits
GMO Technology - Understanding the Evidence of Risks and Benefits
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Cancer staging
Cancer staging describes the size and extent of a cancer and is important for determining the appropriate treatment. There are two main staging systems - TNM and number staging. TNM describes the size of the tumor (T), whether it has spread to lymph nodes (N), and presence of metastases (M). Number staging uses TNM to divide cancers into 4 stages based on tumor size and spread, with higher stages indicating greater extent of disease. Accurate staging allows doctors to standardize treatment and compare outcomes across studies.
Biodiversity of pakistan
Pakistan has high biodiversity due to its varied landscapes including mountains and forests. It is home to over 7% of the world's plant species as well as many endemic animal species. However, biodiversity is under threat from deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity, waterlogging, and hunting. The government has established protected areas covering 11.4% of the country and enacted legislation to promote conservation. NGOs also support measures to protect Pakistan's biodiversity and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
Antibacterial & anticoagulant activity of seed extract of aesculus indica
Antibacterial & anticoagulant activity of seed extract of aesculus indicaMirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur AJK
This document summarizes research on the antibacterial and anticoagulant activity of seed extracts of Aesculus indica. The study found that methanol extracts of A. indica seeds showed antibacterial effects against four bacterial strains, including Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, in disc diffusion assays. Extracts also demonstrated significant anticoagulant activity in prolonging prothrombin time in a dose-dependent manner compared to controls. Overall, the research concluded the seed extracts have potential medicinal value as antibacterials and anticoagulants, warranting further investigation.Vitamins and its classifications
This document provides an overview of vitamins, including their classification and sources. It discusses fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and water-soluble vitamins including the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, etc.) and vitamin C. Each vitamin is defined and its role, deficiency symptoms, toxicity risks, and major food sources are outlined. The document categorizes vitamins based on whether they are fat-soluble and can accumulate in the body or water-soluble and excreted in urine.
Pandoraviruse Salinus
Pandoravirus salinus is the largest known virus discovered to date, measuring 1 μm long and 0.5 μm across. It was discovered by researchers in France and has a genome of over 2.5 megabases containing 2556 genes, only 7% of which match existing databases. Pandoravirus salinus belongs to the group of dsDNA viruses and the family Pandoraviridae. It replicates within 10-15 hours in its amoeba host cell through a lytic life cycle, assembling new virions in cytoplasmic factories before cell lysis.
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservation
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservationMirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur AJK
The document discusses wildlife and conservation efforts in Pakistan. It provides information on the types of wildlife found in Pakistan, including 188 mammal species and 666 bird species. It then outlines several major threats facing Pakistani wildlife, such as habitat loss due to deforestation, agriculture, and urban growth. The document also describes Pakistan's national parks system and the 21 national parks established to protect the country's biodiversity and wildlife. It emphasizes that conservation is important to preserve Pakistan's biological heritage for future generations.‘Poliomyeliti’ or Polio
Poliomyelitis, commonly called polio, is caused by the poliovirus. It spreads through fecal-oral transmission and can cause paralysis in rare cases. Children under 5 are most at risk. While outbreaks were once common, vaccination efforts have led to polio being eradicated in most countries. Both inactivated and live attenuated polio vaccines provide effective immunity, though the live version has advantages of lower cost and stronger intestinal immunity. With continued vaccination, polio can be eliminated worldwide.
Biodiversity in pakistan
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, and notes that it is the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution. It then covers topics like the levels of biodiversity (genetic, species, ecosystem), tools to measure biodiversity, the current status and decline of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity like habitat loss and climate change, and ways to prevent further biodiversity loss through research, legislation, education and sustainable practices. The conclusion emphasizes that conserving biodiversity and the environment is important for human survival.
Bio piracy and bio prospecting farmers rights and plant breeder rights biodiv...
Bio piracy and bio prospecting farmers rights and plant breeder rights biodiv...Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur AJK
1. Biopiracy refers to the unauthorized commercial use of genetic resources and traditional knowledge. It occurs when biological material or traditional knowledge is collected without permission from the indigenous community and then patented.
2. Farmers' rights and plant breeders' rights aim to protect the contributions of farmers and plant breeders. Farmers' rights recognize the role of farmers in conserving biodiversity, while plant breeders' rights provide legal protection for new plant varieties.
3. Biopiracy can negatively impact biodiversity and food security by altering the environment and reducing genetic diversity. The loss of biodiversity also means a loss of future options.Challenges faced in gene therapy
Gene therapy involves introducing normal genes into cells to replace missing or defective genes and correct genetic disorders. There are two main types of gene therapy: somatic cell therapy and germline therapy. The document discusses four main challenges of gene therapy: 1) delivering genes to the right tissues and cells and ensuring gene activation, 2) immune responses against foreign genes, 3) disrupting important genes in target cells, and 4) the commercial viability of treating rare genetic disorders given the high costs of clinical trials.
Immunology roll no 26 (1)
There are three main types of transplant rejection: hyperacute rejection, acute rejection, and chronic rejection. Hyperacute rejection occurs within minutes when the recipient has pre-existing antibodies against the donor tissue. Acute rejection normally happens days to weeks after transplantation and is triggered by donor dendritic cells. Chronic rejection presents as blood vessel occlusion in vascularized organs and eventually leads to organ ischemia. The major prevention methods are donor-recipient antigen matching and immunosuppressive drug regimens that block the immune response.
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Antibacterial & anticoagulant activity of seed extract of aesculus indica
Antibacterial & anticoagulant activity of seed extract of aesculus indica
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Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
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This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
一比一原版(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：6496090】【(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证成绩单学位证】【微信：6496090】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
学历顾问：微信：6496090
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
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Ethical issues of genetic engineering
- 1. Ethical Issues of Genetic Engineering related to Agricultural Biotechnology Syed Dawood Shah Mirpur university of Science & Technology Azaad Kashmir Paksitan
- 2. Genetic Modified Organism It is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
- 3. Why Genetic Engineering so Important? • GMOs are source of medicines, genetically modified foods, are widely used in scientific research & to produce other goods.
- 4. Agricultural Genetic Engeenring • Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species.
- 5. Ethical issues related to Agriculture • Genetic modification of organisms can have unpredictable results when such organisms are introduced into the ecosystem. • Patent having been given to many underrated companies which increased the anger of public because most of depend on agriculture
- 6. Ethical issues related to Agriculture • Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organizations without proper authorization from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.
- 7. Ethical issues related to Agriculture • Our environment mostly depend on plants, Damage to the environment is another ethical fear with regards to Agricultural Genetic engineering. Unfortunately, the technology is still new enough that there is much we do not know about the effect of GM crop production on the environment. Long- term studies take decades to complete and most studies of GM crop production involve short-term effects of the technology
- 8. Ethical issues related to Agriculture • Risks to the food web are a very real ethical concern around GM technology. Any pesticide or herbicide from the crop could harm animals and other organisms in the environment. For example, GM sugar beets that were produced to be resistant to herbicides did successfully reduce weeds. However, Skylark birds that consume the seeds from this particular weed would now be required to find a new food source, thereby endangering their existence.