Genetically engineered animals are created through genetic manipulation techniques like DNA microinjection or cloning to introduce new traits. They are being engineered for agriculture and medicine, such as producing human proteins and antibodies in their milk or blood for treating diseases. While this technology aims to increase productivity and quality, it raises ethical concerns about interfering with animal integrity and welfare, as well as potential environmental impacts. Regulations require ensuring modified animals and their products are safe for animal and human consumption.

2. Introduction
 Genetic manipulation in animal for higherproductivity is
also called geneticengineering, refers to the alteration of
the genes of an organism.
 It involves manuallyadding new DNA toan organism to
add new traits. Examplesof genetically engineered
organisms include plants that are resistant tocertain
insects, plants that tolerate herbicides and crops with
altered oil content
 Genetic engineering is the name of agroup of techniques
used to identify, replicate, modifyand transfer thegenetic
material of cells, tissues orcomplete organisms.

3.  The objectiveof this technology is to increase disease
resistance, productivityand product quality in
economically important animals by adding
information of DNA markers to phenotypes and
genealogies for selection decisions
 Animals containing of a foreign gene are termed as
transgenic animal, used forvarious purpose of
producing

4. What is a genetically manipulated animal?
Agenetically engineered or “transgenic” animal is an animal
that carries a known sequence of recombinant DNA in its cells,
and which passes that DNA onto its offspring.
Recombinant DNA refers to DNA fragments that have been
joined together in a laboratory.
used to produce serum biopharmaceutical products such as
antibodies that can be used for the treatment of infections,
cancer, organ transplant rejections, and autoimmune
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis17-19.
The current production system forsuch blood products is
donated human blood, and this is limiting because of
disease concerns (e.g. HIV/AIDS),
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5. Transgenic methods
 Microinjection of DNA and now nuclear transfer, are
two methods used to produce transgenic livestock
successfully
 The technology of transgenesis is potentially useful to
modify characters of economic importance in a rapid
and precise way
 Identify an organism that contains a desirable gene.

6.  Extract the entire DNA from the organism.
 Remove this gene from the rest of the DNA. One way
to do this is by using a restriction enzyme. These
enzymes search for specific nucleotide sequences
where they will "cut" the DNA by breaking the bonds
at this location.
 Insert the new gene to an existing organism's DNA.
This may be achieved through a numberof different
processes

9. Why are animals being genetically
engineered?
 Genetic engineering is a useful technology because it
enables animals to produce useful novel proteins
 Genetically-engineered animals are being produced
for two distinct applications: human medicine and
agriculture
 Many therapeutic proteins for the treatment of human
disease require animal-cell specific modifications to be
effective, and at the present time they are almostall
produced in mammalian cell-based bioreactors

10.  Genetically engineered animals, such as cattle carrying
human antibody genes which are able to produce human
polyclonal antibodies17, have the potential to provide a
steady supply of polyclonal antibodies for the treatment of
a variety of infectious and other diseases.
Genetically engineered cows producing human
immunoglobulin (Hematech, Sioux Falls, S.D.) may
providean important source of polyclonal antibodies for
the treatment of avarietyof medical conditions including
organ transplant rejection, cancer, and autoimmune
diseases
Transgenic mice have also become increasingly important
for biological and biomedical research and have generated
avast amount of vital information about human diseases
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11.  to manipulate gene sequences in plants, animals and
otherorganisms to express specific traits.
 To increase efficiency in utilizng feed
 Ability to give leaner meat
 Ressistant to certain disease/insects
 Secretion of pharmaceuticals in to milk, blood and
urine which can be used for manufacturing drugs.

12. How is the genetic engineering of animals
regulated?
 Is the new animal drug safe for the animal
 Is the new animal drug effective
 If the drug is fora food-producing animal, is the
resulting food safe to eat? Although premarket
regulatory review of genetically engineered animals is
mandatory,

13. Applications of genetic manipulation
 In 2006, the first human therapeutic protein, Anti-
thrombin III (ATryn®, GTC Bio-therapeutics,
Framingham, MA), derived from the milk of
genetically engineered goats was approved by the
European Commission for the treatment of patients
with hereditary anti-thrombin deficiency
Transgenic animals are also being used to produce
serum biopharmaceutical products such as antibodies
thatcan be used for the treatmentof infections,
cancer, organ transplant rejections, and autoimmune
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
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14. Genetic engineering applications in animal
breeding
 The objectiveof this technology is to increase disease
resistance, productivityand productquality in
economically importantanimals

15. Genetic engineering applications
 To growth and meat traits- alter growth rates and patterns
have included production of transgenic swine and cattle
expressing a foreign c-ski oncogene, which targets skeletal
muscle
 Wool production- first approach was to increase its
production through transfer of cystein biosynthesis from
bacterial genes to sheep genome
 Milk composition- Milk proteins are coded by unique copy
genes that can be altered to modify milk composition and
properties

16. Genetic manipulation applications
 Rumen Manipulation to Improve Animal Productivity -
increase of desired activities such as cellulolysis and
detoxification or reduction of undesirable activities such
proteolysis, deamination and mthanogenesi
as
 Introductions of diverse genes into gut microorganisms
 introduce new species or strains of microorganisms into
the gut (Stewart et al., 1988). Application of the said two
approaches has a great potential to increase digestibility of
feedstuffs and to improve animal production

17. Ethical aspects of genetically engineering
animals?
 Public opinion surveys have reported that some people
are ethically uncomfortablewith the idea of genetically
engineering animals. There are two central ethical
concerns associated with the genetic engineering of
animals. The first has to do with breaching species
barriers or playing God. Proponents of this view
suggest that life should not be regarded solelyas if it
were a chemical product subject to genetic alteration
and patentable foreconomic benefit. The second
majorethical concern is that the genetic engineering
of animals interferes with the integrity of the animal.

18.  Safety: This generally arises in the case of GMO foods.
Are the foods safe for human consumption? Is GMO
feed healthy for animals?
Environmental Impact: Consider thatgenetic
engineers have the ability tocreate trees thatgrow
fasterthan theirunmodified counterparts. This seems
likea great deal for the lumber industry, but might
some unintended consequences result?
Humans: Should humans be geneticallyengineered?
Doing socould have medical applications that reduce
or preventgenetic disorders such as Down'ssyndrome.
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19. Animal Ethics of genetic manipulation
 Whatabout theethical aspects of genetically engineering
animals?
 What about the ethical aspects of genetically engineering
animals?
 Invasiveness of procedures
 Large number of animals required
 Unanticipated welfare concern

20. References
. World Health Organisation (OIE) Definition of animal we
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lfare, glossary. 2010. Terrestrial Animal Health Code;
www
.teachengineering.org
www
.scq.ubc.ca
Web.eusl.info
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/animalbiotech
Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458
Vol.9 No.2, Issue of April 15, 2006 © 2006 by
PontificiaUniversidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile
p. xiv.
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Received March 17, 2005 / Accepted October 25, 2005

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