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Genetic manipulation of animals.pptx
- 2. Introduction Genetic manipulationin animal for higherproductivity is also called geneticengineering, refers to the alteration of the genes of an organism. It involves manuallyadding new DNA toan organism to add new traits. Examplesof genetically engineered organisms include plants that are resistant tocertain insects, plants that tolerate herbicides and crops with altered oil content Genetic engineering is the name of agroup of techniques used to identify, replicate, modifyand transfer thegenetic material of cells, tissues orcomplete organisms.
- 3. The objectiveofthis technology is to increase disease resistance, productivityand product quality in economically important animals by adding information of DNA markers to phenotypes and genealogies for selection decisions Animals containing of a foreign gene are termed as transgenic animal, used forvarious purpose of producing
- 4. What is agenetically manipulated animal? Agenetically engineered or “transgenic” animal is an animal that carries a known sequence of recombinant DNA in its cells, and which passes that DNA onto its offspring. Recombinant DNA refers to DNA fragments that have been joined together in a laboratory. used to produce serum biopharmaceutical products such as antibodies that can be used for the treatment of infections, cancer, organ transplant rejections, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis17-19. The current production system forsuch blood products is donated human blood, and this is limiting because of disease concerns (e.g. HIV/AIDS),
- 5. Transgenic methods Microinjectionof DNA and now nuclear transfer, are two methods used to produce transgenic livestock successfully The technology of transgenesis is potentially useful to modify characters of economic importance in a rapid and precise way Identify an organism that contains a desirable gene.
- 6. Extract theentire DNA from the organism. Remove this gene from the rest of the DNA. One way to do this is by using a restriction enzyme. These enzymes search for specific nucleotide sequences where they will "cut" the DNA by breaking the bonds at this location. Insert the new gene to an existing organism's DNA. This may be achieved through a numberof different processes
- 9. Why are animalsbeing genetically engineered? Genetic engineering is a useful technology because it enables animals to produce useful novel proteins Genetically-engineered animals are being produced for two distinct applications: human medicine and agriculture Many therapeutic proteins for the treatment of human disease require animal-cell specific modifications to be effective, and at the present time they are almostall produced in mammalian cell-based bioreactors
- 10. Genetically engineeredanimals, such as cattle carrying human antibody genes which are able to produce human polyclonal antibodies17, have the potential to provide a steady supply of polyclonal antibodies for the treatment of a variety of infectious and other diseases. Genetically engineered cows producing human immunoglobulin (Hematech, Sioux Falls, S.D.) may providean important source of polyclonal antibodies for the treatment of avarietyof medical conditions including organ transplant rejection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases Transgenic mice have also become increasingly important for biological and biomedical research and have generated avast amount of vital information about human diseases
- 11. to manipulategene sequences in plants, animals and otherorganisms to express specific traits. To increase efficiency in utilizng feed Ability to give leaner meat Ressistant to certain disease/insects Secretion of pharmaceuticals in to milk, blood and urine which can be used for manufacturing drugs.
- 12. How is thegenetic engineering of animals regulated? Is the new animal drug safe for the animal Is the new animal drug effective If the drug is fora food-producing animal, is the resulting food safe to eat? Although premarket regulatory review of genetically engineered animals is mandatory,
- 13. Applications of geneticmanipulation In 2006, the first human therapeutic protein, Anti- thrombin III (ATryn®, GTC Bio-therapeutics, Framingham, MA), derived from the milk of genetically engineered goats was approved by the European Commission for the treatment of patients with hereditary anti-thrombin deficiency Transgenic animals are also being used to produce serum biopharmaceutical products such as antibodies thatcan be used for the treatmentof infections, cancer, organ transplant rejections, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
- 14. Genetic engineering applicationsin animal breeding The objectiveof this technology is to increase disease resistance, productivityand productquality in economically importantanimals
- 15. Genetic engineering applications To growth and meat traits- alter growth rates and patterns have included production of transgenic swine and cattle expressing a foreign c-ski oncogene, which targets skeletal muscle Wool production- first approach was to increase its production through transfer of cystein biosynthesis from bacterial genes to sheep genome Milk composition- Milk proteins are coded by unique copy genes that can be altered to modify milk composition and properties
- 16. Genetic manipulation applications Rumen Manipulation to Improve Animal Productivity - increase of desired activities such as cellulolysis and detoxification or reduction of undesirable activities such proteolysis, deamination and mthanogenesi as Introductions of diverse genes into gut microorganisms introduce new species or strains of microorganisms into the gut (Stewart et al., 1988). Application of the said two approaches has a great potential to increase digestibility of feedstuffs and to improve animal production
- 17. Ethical aspects ofgenetically engineering animals? Public opinion surveys have reported that some people are ethically uncomfortablewith the idea of genetically engineering animals. There are two central ethical concerns associated with the genetic engineering of animals. The first has to do with breaching species barriers or playing God. Proponents of this view suggest that life should not be regarded solelyas if it were a chemical product subject to genetic alteration and patentable foreconomic benefit. The second majorethical concern is that the genetic engineering of animals interferes with the integrity of the animal.
- 18. Safety: Thisgenerally arises in the case of GMO foods. Are the foods safe for human consumption? Is GMO feed healthy for animals? Environmental Impact: Consider thatgenetic engineers have the ability tocreate trees thatgrow fasterthan theirunmodified counterparts. This seems likea great deal for the lumber industry, but might some unintended consequences result? Humans: Should humans be geneticallyengineered? Doing socould have medical applications that reduce or preventgenetic disorders such as Down'ssyndrome.
- 19. Animal Ethics ofgenetic manipulation Whatabout theethical aspects of genetically engineering animals? What about the ethical aspects of genetically engineering animals? Invasiveness of procedures Large number of animals required Unanticipated welfare concern
- 20. References . World HealthOrganisation (OIE) Definition of animal we lfare, glossary. 2010. Terrestrial Animal Health Code; www .teachengineering.org www .scq.ubc.ca Web.eusl.info http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/animalbiotech Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.9 No.2, Issue of April 15, 2006 © 2006 by PontificiaUniversidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile p. xiv. Received March 17, 2005 / Accepted October 25, 2005
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