This presentation provides an overview of Cell senescence, Aging, Theories of Aging,principle of senescence, Mechanism of action, Factors, Diseases caused due to this action, Senescence and cancer, Insulin signalling cascade, Telomere shortening.
Just regarded to those who trying to learn somethings.. . thanks to those who read this slide... Just pray for me , for my parents and for my teachers...
Introduction
Definition
History
Evolution and origin of apoptosis
Significance
Purpose of apoptosis
Steps /process
Morphological and biochemical changes
Mechanism of apoptosis
Caspases
Regulation of apoptosis
Disorders of apoptosis
Application
Conclusion
Referances
Introduction
History
Tumor suppressor gene- pRB
- RB gene
- Role of RB in regulation of cell cycle
- Tumor associated with RB gene mutation
Tumor suppressor gene- p53
- What is p53 gene?
- Function of p53 gene
- How it regulates cell cycle
- What happen if p53 gene inactivated
- Cancer associated with p53 mutation
- Conclusion
- References
Molecular diagnosis of genetic disease ppt for studentsthirupathiSathya
DEFINITION:
Dna analysis can be used for the identification of carriers of hereditary disorders.
For prenatal diagnosis of serious genetic conditions yearly diagnosis before the onset of symptoms is done MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISEASE
CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that affect mostly lungs and also the pancreas.
Screening test:
It is a complex process
Large number of genetic alterations have to be done.
For eg : It is the one of the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder in Europe.
It is caused by mutations to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR) gene .
Screening individuals who may be at risk for cystic fibrosis for 500 different mutations is a daunting task.
Diagnosis test that screen for a large number of mutations of a single gene in one assay being developed.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA:
It is a disorder where red blood cells become rigid and sticky and are shaped like “sickle”.
This irregularly shaped cells stucks in small blood vessels which can slow and block the blood flow and oxygen to all the parts of the body.
There’s no cure for sickle cell anemia.
Screening for sickle cell anemia:
SCA is a genetic disease that is the result of a single nucleotide change in the codon for the sixth aminoacid of the β- chain of the hemoglobin molecule.
The anemia is caused by the inability of the mutated hemoglobin to carry sufficient oxygen.
Target – probe hybridasation is done.
Dna methylation ppt
definition of Dna methylation ppt
discovery of Dna methylation ppt
types of Dna methylation ppt
history of Dna methylation ppt
process of Dna methylation ppt
mechanism of Dna methylation ppt
methylation in cancer
cytosine methylation
genomic imprinting
Just regarded to those who trying to learn somethings.. . thanks to those who read this slide... Just pray for me , for my parents and for my teachers...
Introduction
Definition
History
Evolution and origin of apoptosis
Significance
Purpose of apoptosis
Steps /process
Morphological and biochemical changes
Mechanism of apoptosis
Caspases
Regulation of apoptosis
Disorders of apoptosis
Application
Conclusion
Referances
Introduction
History
Tumor suppressor gene- pRB
- RB gene
- Role of RB in regulation of cell cycle
- Tumor associated with RB gene mutation
Tumor suppressor gene- p53
- What is p53 gene?
- Function of p53 gene
- How it regulates cell cycle
- What happen if p53 gene inactivated
- Cancer associated with p53 mutation
- Conclusion
- References
Molecular diagnosis of genetic disease ppt for studentsthirupathiSathya
DEFINITION:
Dna analysis can be used for the identification of carriers of hereditary disorders.
For prenatal diagnosis of serious genetic conditions yearly diagnosis before the onset of symptoms is done MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISEASE
CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that affect mostly lungs and also the pancreas.
Screening test:
It is a complex process
Large number of genetic alterations have to be done.
For eg : It is the one of the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder in Europe.
It is caused by mutations to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR) gene .
Screening individuals who may be at risk for cystic fibrosis for 500 different mutations is a daunting task.
Diagnosis test that screen for a large number of mutations of a single gene in one assay being developed.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA:
It is a disorder where red blood cells become rigid and sticky and are shaped like “sickle”.
This irregularly shaped cells stucks in small blood vessels which can slow and block the blood flow and oxygen to all the parts of the body.
There’s no cure for sickle cell anemia.
Screening for sickle cell anemia:
SCA is a genetic disease that is the result of a single nucleotide change in the codon for the sixth aminoacid of the β- chain of the hemoglobin molecule.
The anemia is caused by the inability of the mutated hemoglobin to carry sufficient oxygen.
Target – probe hybridasation is done.
Dna methylation ppt
definition of Dna methylation ppt
discovery of Dna methylation ppt
types of Dna methylation ppt
history of Dna methylation ppt
process of Dna methylation ppt
mechanism of Dna methylation ppt
methylation in cancer
cytosine methylation
genomic imprinting
Basic of geriatrics and internal medicine for physiotherapistDoha Rasheedy
collection of lectures for physiotherapy undergraduate students including notes of common health issues (frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, neuropsychiatric issues, constipation, metabolic syndrome and its components, orthostatic hypotension, CLD, CKD, anemia, immobilization, dizziness, falls, fatigue) and how to handle in practice.
summary of age related changes and geriatric pharmacology, safe analgesic prescription in elderly
This presentation provides an overview of What is a transposon,different types of transposons, their mechanism of action, examples for each type of transposons, changes caused due to insertion of transposon into the target gene and applications of Transposons. They are controlling factors in gene expression. Jumping genes is a special area of interest in Genetic research.
Expression and purification of recombinant proteins in Bacterial and yeast sy...Shreya Feliz
This presentation gives the information about bacterial and yeast system as host for expressing recombinant proteins, suitable vectors, strains of host, Pros and cons of this system, different purification techniques and commercially available proteins produced so far by this system.
Current trends in pseduogene detection and characterizationShreya Feliz
This presentation gives the insight of the current trends in detecting and characterizing Pseudogenes. Pseudogenes detection by bioinformatics may enhance the understanding of Pseudogenes and take research to the next step.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
2. Aging
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions
necessary for survival and fertility.
The aging process has two major facets . The first is simply how long an organism
lives; the second concerns the physiological deterioration, or senescence, that
characterizes old age.
3. THEORIES OF AGING
Traditionally aging was explained two theories
Programmed theories imply that aging is regulated by biological clocks
operating throughout the life span. This regulation would depend on changes in
gene expression that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair and
defense responses.
Stochastic theories blame environmental impacts on living organisms that induce
cumulative damage at various levels as the cause of aging, examples which range
from damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), damage to tissues and cells by
oxygen radicals (free radicals), and cross-linking.
4. Other theories
Molecular Gene Theory
Codon restriction
Somatic mutation
Gene regulation
Cellular theory
Free radical theory
Wear and tear theory
Apoptosis
Senescence
System theory
Rate of living theory
Neuro endocrine theory
Immunologic theory
Evolutionary theory
Disposable soma
Antagonistic pleiotropy
Mutation accumulation
5. WHAT IS SENESCENCE ?
The process by which a cell loses its ability to divide, grow, and function. This loss of
function ultimately ends in death.
In terms of cancer, it is the response of normal cells to potentially cancer-causing
events.
It is a strictly degenerative process and has no positive features.
It is characterized by the declining ability to respond to stress, increasing homeostatic
imbalance and increased risk of aging-associated diseases.
Senescent cells secrete many inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL6, IL8), growth factors
(e.g., PDGF), proteases (e.g., MMPs)
6. The Hayflick’s paradigm
Hayflick limit or Hayflick phenomenon is the number of times a normal human cell
population will divide until cell division stops.
9. Senescent Cells Accumulate In Vivo
With Increasing Age,
skin, retina, liver, spleen, aorta, kidney, etc.
Venous ulcers
Atherosclerotic plaques
Arthritic joints
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Pre-neoplastic lesions
10. Genes Responsible for Senescence
Klotho gene : responsible for down regulation of insulin signaling and
causes progeria.
p53 : important regulator of cell division, stops cell cycle causing cell
senescence, provides protection against cancer, “guardian of the genome”.
sirtuin gene : encode histone deacetylation enzymes and blocks
chromosomal rearrangement, sirtuin proteins prevent aging.
11. According to the
GenAge database of
aging-related genes there
are over 700 genes
associated with aging
in model organisms
12. Senescence morphology
Senescent cells become flattened, enlarged and have increased β-galactosidase
activity
Increased size of nucleus and nucleoli
Increased number of multinucleated cells
Increased number of lysosomes, Golgi and cytoplasmic microfilaments
'Young'
Pre-senescent
'Aged'
Senescent
13. Markers of a senescent cell
p16 expression
Heterochromatic foci damage
Telomeric-DNA damage
DNA damage foci
Human skin,
stained for SA-Bgal
Dimri et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995
15. Telomers and Senescence
Telomere shortening causes cell senescence
Somatic cells usually lack telomerase activity, which means that telomeres shorten
with each cell division.
cells may go into crisis as the result of reaching zero telomere length.
Reactivation of telomerase enables cells to survive crisis and to become immortal.
Eroded telomeres generate a persistent DNA damage response (DDR), which initiates
and maintains the senescence growth arrest .
This in turn activates the p53/p21 pathway.
18. In most somatic tissues, telomerase is expressed at very
low levels or not at all -- as cells divide, telomeres shorten
Short telomeres signal cells to senesce (stop dividing)
19. Oxidative stress and Senescence
Oxidative metabolism produces highly reactive free radicals that subsequently damage protein
and DNA.
Oxygen free radicals generated cause cumulative oxidative damage, resulting in structural
degeneration, apoptosis, functional decline, and age-related diseases.
Evidence from model organisms
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) transgenes can extend the life span of Drosophila.
peroxidase activity can extend C. elegans life span.
Catalase activity increases lifespan of C. elegans
20.
21. Cell senescence and cancer
Cellular senescence is an important tumour suppressor mechanism.
The senescence response may be an example of evolutionary antagonistic pleiotropy.
The rationale for antagonistic pleiotropy rests on the fact that most organisms evolve in
environments that are replete with fatal extrinsic hazards.
The age-related increase in senescent cells occurs in mitotically competent tissues, which, of
course, are those that give rise to cancer
23. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes encoding- p53 and pRB proteins =
most common.
p53 and pRB proteins – control expression of other genes, halt cell cycle
progression in response to inducers of senescence, respond to senescent
signals, allow normal cells to sense
Mutations that dampen cellular senescence greatly increase susceptibility
to cancer
24. The presence of telomerase in cancer cells allows them to
maintain telomere length while they proliferate
25.
26. Progeria
Progeria is a premature aging syndrome in humans that appears to be caused by
mutations in DNA repair enzyme
In humans, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is a rapid-aging syndrome;
children born with this condition age rapidly, dying (usually of heart failure) as
early as 12 years of age.
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is the result of a dominant mutation in the gene that
encodes lamin A, a nuclear membrane protein, and these same mutations can be
seen in age-related senescence
p53 can be activated by the absence of lamin A, thereby suggesting a mechanism
for Hutchinson-Gifford progeria
27. Symptoms
All symptoms are the characteristics of the human senescent phenotype.
skin with age spots,
resorbed bone mass,
hair loss, and
arteriosclerosis