This document presents the results of a corpus-based analysis of terminology in the social sciences and humanities fields of legal science and administrative science in Indonesia. Keywords and word clusters were identified from specialized corpora in these fields to extract term candidates based on their linguistic components. Collocation analysis was then used to further examine two term candidates, "LINGKUNGAN HIDUP" and "BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN", to recognize their specific meanings based on habitually co-occurring words, fulfilling the cognitive component for terminology. This analysis demonstrated how corpus linguistics can be integrated with the communicative theory of terminology to study terminology from its linguistic and cognitive perspectives.
Differences in Frequencies between Linking Verbs and Relative Pronouns in Wri...CSCJournals
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This study was conducted primarily to investigate two areas of linguistic analysis. The study aimed to analyze two types of associations: lexical-grammatical associations and grammatical-grammatical associations. The method used in this study was descriptive and analytic. With regard to lexical-grammatical associations, four linking verbs were selected to explore differences among them with respect to their occurrences in the selected texts. Concerning grammatical-grammatical associations, two relative pronouns were selected to identify differences among them with respect to their occurrences in the selected texts. The pronouns were specifically selected in terms of their use as a subject in essential (restrictive) adjective clauses. For purposes of the current research, seventeen articles were selected from Internet databases. The topics of all articles involved health-life problems. The Simple Concordancer Program was applied to find collocations and frequencies of the target words. The study was delimited to four linking verbs: be, seem, look, and feel. It was also delimited to two relative pronouns used as a subject in restrictive adjective clauses. The findings of the study revealed no significant differences between occurrences of the linking verbs. However, the verb (be) occurred relatively more frequently than (seem, look, and feel). On the other hand, the verb (look) was the least frequent verb among all verbs. The findings also showed significant differences between occurrences of the subject relative pronouns. More specifically, the pronoun (who) occurred more frequently than the pronoun (that).
THE WAYS OF ANALAZYING THE NEW MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYindexPub
Â
This article delves into the intricate process of analyzing new medical terminology, offering healthcare professionals, researchers, and students a comprehensive guide to navigate the evolving landscape of medical language. The exploration encompasses various methodologies, including root analysis, prefix and suffix identification, etymology exploration, contextual analysis, and breaking down lengthy terms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Differences in Frequencies between Linking Verbs and Relative Pronouns in Wri...CSCJournals
Â
This study was conducted primarily to investigate two areas of linguistic analysis. The study aimed to analyze two types of associations: lexical-grammatical associations and grammatical-grammatical associations. The method used in this study was descriptive and analytic. With regard to lexical-grammatical associations, four linking verbs were selected to explore differences among them with respect to their occurrences in the selected texts. Concerning grammatical-grammatical associations, two relative pronouns were selected to identify differences among them with respect to their occurrences in the selected texts. The pronouns were specifically selected in terms of their use as a subject in essential (restrictive) adjective clauses. For purposes of the current research, seventeen articles were selected from Internet databases. The topics of all articles involved health-life problems. The Simple Concordancer Program was applied to find collocations and frequencies of the target words. The study was delimited to four linking verbs: be, seem, look, and feel. It was also delimited to two relative pronouns used as a subject in restrictive adjective clauses. The findings of the study revealed no significant differences between occurrences of the linking verbs. However, the verb (be) occurred relatively more frequently than (seem, look, and feel). On the other hand, the verb (look) was the least frequent verb among all verbs. The findings also showed significant differences between occurrences of the subject relative pronouns. More specifically, the pronoun (who) occurred more frequently than the pronoun (that).
THE WAYS OF ANALAZYING THE NEW MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYindexPub
Â
This article delves into the intricate process of analyzing new medical terminology, offering healthcare professionals, researchers, and students a comprehensive guide to navigate the evolving landscape of medical language. The exploration encompasses various methodologies, including root analysis, prefix and suffix identification, etymology exploration, contextual analysis, and breaking down lengthy terms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
this article deals with describing methodological terms and phrases with their definitions, as well as the actual meanings of them. Moreover, the increase in use of methodological terms in scientific spheres show them the role in it. On the top of that methodological terms development and sequence enhance the rate of researching process. Usmonova Dona | Ergasheva Khulkaroy "Methodological Terms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40068.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/40068/methodological-terms/usmonova-dona
This article is a continuation of our researches on the
competency-based approach (CBA). It presents the ways that can
facilitate and generalize the understanding of CBA, its adoption
and its implementation in the educational system of Morocco.
The work described in this paper aims of the final stages of an
ontologyâs development, when consensus is reached. More
precisely, the stage of operationalization: the process that allows
the transforming from the conceptual representation of
knowledge in an ontology regardless of use, to one operational
representation appropriate to its use. This article gives an
overview of the constraints that characterize this stage and
opportunities that can be offered by the ontologyâs
implementation. It outlines a functional draft of a learning
platform architecture based on CBA, in order to guide the
choices made in the operationalization phase of CBA ontology.
The evolution of knowledge has imposed branching into disciplines that use terms understood âcorrectlyâ only by experts. Globalisation, howecer, favours cross-disciplinary and transparent communication. Universities appear to be institutions that carry the responsibility for initiating projects aiming at disambiguation of scientific English language.
DICTIONARY-BASED CONCEPT MINING: AN APPLICATION FOR TURKISHcscpconf
Â
In this study, a dictionary-based method is used to extract expressive concepts from documents.
So far, there have been many studies concerning concept mining in English, but this area of
study for Turkish, an agglutinative language, is still immature. We used dictionary instead of
WordNet, a lexical database grouping words into synsets that is widely used for concept
extraction. The dictionaries are rarely used in the domain of concept mining, but taking into
account that dictionary entries have synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms and other relationships in
their meaning texts, the success rate has been high for determining concepts. This concept
extraction method is implemented on documents, that are collected from different corpora.
Dictionary based concept mining an application for turkishcsandit
Â
In this study, a dictionary-based method is used to extract expressive concepts from documents.
So far, there have been many studies concerning concept mining in English, but this area of
study for Turkish, an agglutinative language, is still immature. We used dictionary instead of
WordNet, a lexical database grouping words into synsets that is widely used for concept
extraction. The dictionaries are rarely used in the domain of concept mining, but taking into
account that dictionary entries have synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms and other relationships in
their meaning texts, the success rate has been high for determining concepts. This concept
extraction method is implemented on documents, that are collected from different corpora.
ONTOLOGICAL MODEL FOR CHARACTER RECOGNITION BASED ON SPATIAL RELATIONSsipij
Â
In this paper, we present a set of spatial relations between concepts describing an ontological model for a
new process of character recognition. Our main idea is based on the construction of the domain ontology
modelling the Latin script. This ontology is composed by a set of concepts and a set of relations. The
concepts represent the graphemes extracted by segmenting the manipulated document and the relations are
of two types, is-a relations and spatial relations. In this paper we are interested by description of second
type of relations and their implementation by java code.
Poojita Kondur
EAP 506
Dr. Shannon Tumanut
November 9, 2022
Language Analysis Draft
Writing conventions are not always the same in every field of study. Because of this, it is important to become aware of the common language and grammar choices commonly followed in your field of study. This will help understand and learn more about scholarly writing as readers and writers. The article âInvestigating changes in salivary microbiota due to dental treatment: A metagenomic analysis study for forensic purposesâ, depicts some of the features found in the field of Forensic Science.
In accordance with the Swales and Feak (2012) description of level of formality, the language is formal. First person pronouns such as âI or weâ are limited and used in the abstract to explain the work conducted by the researchers in collaboration. For instance, âIn the present study, we compared the microbiota compositions present in the saliva of individuals with active dental caries before and after treatment from a forensic and clinical perspective using an approach based on the sequencing of all the variable regions (V1-V9) of the bacterial 16S rRNA geneâ (GĂŒl, F., Karadayı, S., Yurdabakan, Z., Ăzbek, T., & Karadayı, B., 2022). However, the âweâ pronoun is more commonly observed than the âIâ pronoun to show collective efforts made by the writers. Pronouns in the field of Forensic Science are either entirely omitted or confined to specific sections of the paper such as the abstract, discussion, or conclusion. This may be observed to refer to the group of researchers while methods and results mainly focus on the research and not the researchers. In addition, contractions, vague phrases, âyouâ pronoun, and phrasal verbs are not used as they would less formal, distract the audience, and cause confusion while reading. Questions were not included in this article either indirectly, directly, or as a part of Move 3. However, questions in Forensics if present, are addressed either indirectly or in the form of research questions. Another language feature is the use of adverbs. Adverbs are positioned in the middle of the sentence to maintain formality and flow of context for example, âMethods that are based on identifying polymorphisms in the human DNA are frequently used to solve forensic casesâ (GĂŒl et al., 2022). They are also used as split infinitives between âtoâ and the verb such as in the example, âThus, using this technique makes it possible to comprehensively examine the composition of microbial communities, especially at the species level, and examine the differences between the salivary microbial flora of a healthy oral cavity and that of an oral cavity having cariesâ (GĂŒl et al., 2022). Although split infinitives are used a lot, it depends on the context and how the authorsâ wish to deliver their message. Moreover, the use of âmaybe languageâ is used to open an idea of a result or opinion for discussion and other possibilities of reasoning.
Forensic science is a fie.
An Investigation of the Reading Text âPakistan Zindabadâ (Long Live Pakistan)...Bahram Kazemian
Â
This paper is a critical study in Critical Discourse Analysis paradigm of a Textbook prescribed for intermediate students (Second Language Learners) in Government Colleges affiliated to the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. The textbook contains selected texts to improve students reading skills integrated with writing activities. Each of the texts contains questions at the end to be answered. It is observed that the reading tasks are badly designed and there is no mental activity to involve students in the text discourse. The study focuses on critical discourse of the underlying text to inspect whether the text reading involves students in the critical discourse or not; it also attempts to analyze the Reading Text âPakistan Zindabadâ to identify problems showing the gap and unawareness on the part of teachers and students regarding the critical discourse of the text in classroom reading context. It is also suggested that teachers need to bring about a change in their traditional teaching methods in order to tackle the issue. The awareness of critical discourse analysis is recommended on the part of the teachers in order to analyze and understand the real meaning of the text. In result, it may develop the critical approach which is very essential for a reader.
this article deals with describing methodological terms and phrases with their definitions, as well as the actual meanings of them. Moreover, the increase in use of methodological terms in scientific spheres show them the role in it. On the top of that methodological terms development and sequence enhance the rate of researching process. Usmonova Dona | Ergasheva Khulkaroy "Methodological Terms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40068.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/40068/methodological-terms/usmonova-dona
This article is a continuation of our researches on the
competency-based approach (CBA). It presents the ways that can
facilitate and generalize the understanding of CBA, its adoption
and its implementation in the educational system of Morocco.
The work described in this paper aims of the final stages of an
ontologyâs development, when consensus is reached. More
precisely, the stage of operationalization: the process that allows
the transforming from the conceptual representation of
knowledge in an ontology regardless of use, to one operational
representation appropriate to its use. This article gives an
overview of the constraints that characterize this stage and
opportunities that can be offered by the ontologyâs
implementation. It outlines a functional draft of a learning
platform architecture based on CBA, in order to guide the
choices made in the operationalization phase of CBA ontology.
The evolution of knowledge has imposed branching into disciplines that use terms understood âcorrectlyâ only by experts. Globalisation, howecer, favours cross-disciplinary and transparent communication. Universities appear to be institutions that carry the responsibility for initiating projects aiming at disambiguation of scientific English language.
DICTIONARY-BASED CONCEPT MINING: AN APPLICATION FOR TURKISHcscpconf
Â
In this study, a dictionary-based method is used to extract expressive concepts from documents.
So far, there have been many studies concerning concept mining in English, but this area of
study for Turkish, an agglutinative language, is still immature. We used dictionary instead of
WordNet, a lexical database grouping words into synsets that is widely used for concept
extraction. The dictionaries are rarely used in the domain of concept mining, but taking into
account that dictionary entries have synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms and other relationships in
their meaning texts, the success rate has been high for determining concepts. This concept
extraction method is implemented on documents, that are collected from different corpora.
Dictionary based concept mining an application for turkishcsandit
Â
In this study, a dictionary-based method is used to extract expressive concepts from documents.
So far, there have been many studies concerning concept mining in English, but this area of
study for Turkish, an agglutinative language, is still immature. We used dictionary instead of
WordNet, a lexical database grouping words into synsets that is widely used for concept
extraction. The dictionaries are rarely used in the domain of concept mining, but taking into
account that dictionary entries have synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms and other relationships in
their meaning texts, the success rate has been high for determining concepts. This concept
extraction method is implemented on documents, that are collected from different corpora.
ONTOLOGICAL MODEL FOR CHARACTER RECOGNITION BASED ON SPATIAL RELATIONSsipij
Â
In this paper, we present a set of spatial relations between concepts describing an ontological model for a
new process of character recognition. Our main idea is based on the construction of the domain ontology
modelling the Latin script. This ontology is composed by a set of concepts and a set of relations. The
concepts represent the graphemes extracted by segmenting the manipulated document and the relations are
of two types, is-a relations and spatial relations. In this paper we are interested by description of second
type of relations and their implementation by java code.
Poojita Kondur
EAP 506
Dr. Shannon Tumanut
November 9, 2022
Language Analysis Draft
Writing conventions are not always the same in every field of study. Because of this, it is important to become aware of the common language and grammar choices commonly followed in your field of study. This will help understand and learn more about scholarly writing as readers and writers. The article âInvestigating changes in salivary microbiota due to dental treatment: A metagenomic analysis study for forensic purposesâ, depicts some of the features found in the field of Forensic Science.
In accordance with the Swales and Feak (2012) description of level of formality, the language is formal. First person pronouns such as âI or weâ are limited and used in the abstract to explain the work conducted by the researchers in collaboration. For instance, âIn the present study, we compared the microbiota compositions present in the saliva of individuals with active dental caries before and after treatment from a forensic and clinical perspective using an approach based on the sequencing of all the variable regions (V1-V9) of the bacterial 16S rRNA geneâ (GĂŒl, F., Karadayı, S., Yurdabakan, Z., Ăzbek, T., & Karadayı, B., 2022). However, the âweâ pronoun is more commonly observed than the âIâ pronoun to show collective efforts made by the writers. Pronouns in the field of Forensic Science are either entirely omitted or confined to specific sections of the paper such as the abstract, discussion, or conclusion. This may be observed to refer to the group of researchers while methods and results mainly focus on the research and not the researchers. In addition, contractions, vague phrases, âyouâ pronoun, and phrasal verbs are not used as they would less formal, distract the audience, and cause confusion while reading. Questions were not included in this article either indirectly, directly, or as a part of Move 3. However, questions in Forensics if present, are addressed either indirectly or in the form of research questions. Another language feature is the use of adverbs. Adverbs are positioned in the middle of the sentence to maintain formality and flow of context for example, âMethods that are based on identifying polymorphisms in the human DNA are frequently used to solve forensic casesâ (GĂŒl et al., 2022). They are also used as split infinitives between âtoâ and the verb such as in the example, âThus, using this technique makes it possible to comprehensively examine the composition of microbial communities, especially at the species level, and examine the differences between the salivary microbial flora of a healthy oral cavity and that of an oral cavity having cariesâ (GĂŒl et al., 2022). Although split infinitives are used a lot, it depends on the context and how the authorsâ wish to deliver their message. Moreover, the use of âmaybe languageâ is used to open an idea of a result or opinion for discussion and other possibilities of reasoning.
Forensic science is a fie.
An Investigation of the Reading Text âPakistan Zindabadâ (Long Live Pakistan)...Bahram Kazemian
Â
This paper is a critical study in Critical Discourse Analysis paradigm of a Textbook prescribed for intermediate students (Second Language Learners) in Government Colleges affiliated to the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. The textbook contains selected texts to improve students reading skills integrated with writing activities. Each of the texts contains questions at the end to be answered. It is observed that the reading tasks are badly designed and there is no mental activity to involve students in the text discourse. The study focuses on critical discourse of the underlying text to inspect whether the text reading involves students in the critical discourse or not; it also attempts to analyze the Reading Text âPakistan Zindabadâ to identify problems showing the gap and unawareness on the part of teachers and students regarding the critical discourse of the text in classroom reading context. It is also suggested that teachers need to bring about a change in their traditional teaching methods in order to tackle the issue. The awareness of critical discourse analysis is recommended on the part of the teachers in order to analyze and understand the real meaning of the text. In result, it may develop the critical approach which is very essential for a reader.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
Â
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Â
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
Â
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
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A Corpus-based Analysis of the Terminology of the Social Sciences and Humanities.pdf
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1234567890 ââââ
ICon-ITSD IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 175 (2018) 012109 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012109
A Corpus-based Analysis of the Terminology of the Social
Sciences and Humanities
Susi Yuliawati1
, Totok Suhardijanto2
and Rahayu Surtiati Hidayat2
1
Universitas Padjadjaran, Kampus Jatinangor, Jawa Barat, 45363. Indonesia
2
Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Depok UI. 16424. Indonesia
Telp. +62217863528/+62227796482
E-mail: susi.yuliawati@unpad.ac.id
Abstract: This paper was concerned with terminology of the social sciences and humanities in
Indonesian scientific papers. Using electronic corpora built from the collection of texts on legal
science and administrative science in Universitas Indonesia, the aims of the study was to illustrate
how to integrate corpus linguistic method with the communicative theory of terminology (CTT) to
examine terminology. Three procedures of corpus analysis were applied to assist in identifying two
of the areas that terminological units must fulfil, i.e. the linguistic component and the cognitive
component. The keyword and word clusters analysis were used to extract multi-word terms while
the collocation analysis was used to derive the most significant sense categories of terms. Using
corpus software, vis. WordSmith Tools, the corpus analysis presents some of the results showing
that the linguistic component of terminological units can be traced through the technique of
keyword and word clusters. In Addition, the cognitive component of terminological units was
possible to investigate through the concept of semantic preference, one of the key concepts in
corpus linguistics built from the analysis of collocation. Therefore, it can be concluded that a
corpus-based approach to study terminology is considered to offer several benefits, especially to
the activity concerned with the compilation, description, processing and presenting terms in a more
reliable and efficient way. It may also provide an alternative method for creating glossary and for
translators to resolve terminological problems.
Keywords: legal science, administrative science, a corpus-based study, linguistic component,
cognitive component, communicative theory of terminology.
1. Introduction
This paper presents a set of procedure for studying Indonesian terminology of the social
sciences and humanities, more specifically in the fields of legal science and administrative science.The
terminology is extracted from the collections of scientific papers at Universitas Indonesia that may
give the big picture about terms used in the fields of law and administrative sciencein Indonesia. The
research aims at identifying the terminological units by using corpus linguistic approach. The
terminological units are examined through several techniques in corpus analysis, such as keyword and
collocation analysis. The present paper assumes that a general word might become a term in a specific
domain. In other words, there is a possibility that non-specialists consider a word to be a term, which
is, however, only a general word for the specialists. Equally, it is possible that specialists use terms
that their non-specialist audience takes to be words in the general language.
Therefore, the division between the general words and terms is not firm. Furthermore, it is
stated that there is no different between terminological units and other linguistic units such as words or
lexical units in a general usage because principally general and specialisedlanguage can be
accommodated within one natural language. The only difference between terms and other lexical units
reside in the fact that they fulfilrestricted conditions in each of their cognitive, grammatical, and
pragmatic constituent elements. Consequently, lexical units have a potential to be a term and non-term
and to legitimize them as a specific objects of terminology, it is necessary to demonstrate that they are
specific and explain their specificity based on the triple composition of terminological units, viz. a
linguistic component, a cognitive component and a communicative component.
3. 2
1234567890 ââââ
ICon-ITSD IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 175 (2018) 012109 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012109
The present study is a part of previous research, which is projected to provide a
comprehensive and systematic analysis about the collection and description of terms. However, it
addresses particular research questions that examineterms extractionfrom the collection of academic
textson legal scienceand administrative scienceby using corpus linguisticmethod. First, it aims to
identify terminological unitsbased on the linguistic component through keyword analysis. Second, it
aims to recognize the terminological units based on the cognitive component through semantic
preference analysis. The study of terminological units based on the communicative component is not
part of the discussion in this researchbecause the component tends to focus on the function of
terminological units as discourse units to identify individual as members of professional group and
allow them to interact, communicate and transfer their knowledge as well. It means that the
communicative component is rather difficult to explore based on textual analysis.
2. Methodology
The research uses the methodology that may be referred to as a corpus-based terminology. It
is defined as âa working method that explores a collection of domain-specific language materials
(corpus) to investigate terminological issuesâ. The electronic text corpora are used here to identify
terms and to provide evidence for the usage of terms.
The analysis of the corpus conducted in accordance with the purpose of the study is assisted
by corpus software, viz. WordSmith Tools, which has three main modules, i.e. wordlist, keyword, and
concord. In this research, wordlist is used to generate two specialized corpora, i.e. the corpus of legal
science and the corpus of administrative science; and one reference corpus, i.e. the reference corpus of
social sciences and humanities. The module of keyword, which provides a word that occurs in unusual
frequency in a given text by comparison with a reference corpus of a same kind, is used to generate
keywords of the corpus under investigation. The keywordsare lexical words that may indicate of the
âaboutnessâ of the texts and are a valuable basis for examining specialised corpora. For the present
research, the keywords are generated from the comparison of each of the specialised corpus (the
corpus of legal scienceand administrative science) and the reference corpus (the corpus of social
science and humanities). The module of concord is used to generate concordance or also known as key
word in context (KWIC). Concordance displays every instance of specified word or other search term
in a corpus with a given of proceeding and following context for each result, so it allows users to look
at words in context.
To study the terminology of legal science and administrative science, the research uses corpus
analysis to examine three areas, i.e. linguistic, cognitive and communicative components that
terminological units must necessarily cover. From linguistic point of view, terms are lexical units in
special fields that can be expressed by nominal categories or other lexical categories (verbs, adjective,
and phrases) or other types of units: supralexical (specialised phraseology or fixed sequence) or
infralexical (specialised formants). A technique from corpus analysisused to examine the linguistic
component is keyword cluster. The keyword cluster that represents two or more words found
repeatedly together in each othersâ company, in sequence is necessary to identify since terms are
frequently found in compound words instead of single words.
From cognitive point of view, terms depend on a thematic context; they occupy a precise
place in a conceptual structure; and their specific meaning is determined by their place in this
structure. To identify terms from this point of view, semantic preference, one of the key concepts in
corpus linguistic referring to the relation, not between individual words, but between a lemma or
word-form and semantically related words is used to examine the sense categories of term candidates.
From the perspective of communicative component, terms occur in specialised discourse and
they adapt to this type of discourse to their thematic and functional characteristics. Terms are also
regarded as discourse units that identify individuals as members of a professional group and make
5. 4
1234567890 ââââ
ICon-ITSD IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 175 (2018) 012109 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012109
jabatan presiden âpresidencyâ 224
tindak pidana âcriminal actâ 222
pengguguran kandungan âabortionâ 219
To extract terms candidates, the procedure of analysis begins with creating a list of keyword
cluster. Using WordSmith Tools, for example, the keyword clusters of the corpora of legal scienceand
administrative science are created by comparing the word lists of each of the corpus with the reference
corpus of social sciences and humanities. In the order of frequency of occurrence, Table 1 and 2
display the top ten keyword clusters of legal science and administrative science corpora. Most of them
are found in the form of noun phrase (lexical units), which indicates that they fulfil the condition as
the linguistic component.
Table 2. The Keyword Clusters from the Corpus of Administrative science (terms candidates)
Key word Cluster Frequency
KDH tingkatâhead of region levelâ 796
bupati KDH âregent the head of regencyâ 664
walikotamadya KDH âmayor the head of cityâ 571
BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN*âcorporate cultureâ 386
pemerintah pusatâcentral governmentâ 315
penyerahan wewenangâtransfer of poweâ 268
RISTEK Industriâresearch and technology of industryâ 239
gaya manajemenâmanagement stylesâ 209
kinerja karyawanâemployee performanceâ 184
cara penyerahanâmethod of submissionâ 182
The keyword clusters here, however, are still regarded as term candidates because they must
be examined from two other components, i.e. the cognitive component and the communicative
component. It is because the fact that some of words or phrases are possible to be a part of
terminology in several fields of study. For example, the word clusters from the legal sciencecorpus,
such as PERGURUAN TINGGI, LINGKUNGAN HIDUP, and PENANAMAN MODAL may also be
terms in the fields of education, ecology, and economics respectively. Another example, word clusters
from the administrative science corpus, such as BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN and GAYA MANAJEMEN,
could also be terms in business and management sciences.
To determine whether term candidates derived from the keyword cluster analysis can be
classified as terms in the fields of law and administrative science, further investigation from the
perspective of cognitive component needs to be done. In this analysis, the keyword cluster
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP from legal science corpus and BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN from the
administrative science corpus will be analysed further to illustrate how the cognitive componentof
terminological units can be examined using corpus method. From the cognitive point of view,
terminological units are required to follow several restricted conditions. The particular conditionthat is
possible to explore by using corpus linguistic perspective is that they depend on a thematic context,
which indicates that their specific meaning is determined by their place in certain conceptual structure
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and context. Semantic preference, a concept built upon a collocation analysis [9],extracts meaning
arising from the common semantic features of collocates of a given node item [14]. The concept
allows us to examine the specific meaning of term candidates based on habitually co-occurring words,
which share semantic features, using a statistical measure. In this analysis, two examples of term
candidates taken from the list of keyword clusters are analysed by semantic preference to demonstrate
their specific meaning in the related field of study. The first procedure to do this is determining
significant collocates of the node items, i.e. LINGKUNGAN HIDUP âliving environmentâ and
BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN âcorporate cultureâ.To derive significant collocates computationally, the
parameters used are MI score of 3.00 or higher and the minimum frequency of 5 with a span of 4:4
around the node.
Table 3. The Semantic Preference of LINGKUNGAN HIDUP .
Semantic category Significant collocates
crime, law and order hukum, peraturan, ketentuan-ketentuan, ketentuan, undang-undang,
perundang-undangan,UULH, UU, sanksi, pasal, mengatur, pengaturan
green issues pencemaran, pelestarian, pengelolaan, perusakan, kelestarian,
konservasi, kerusakan, perlindungan, alam, sumber daya, lingkungan,
menjaga, memelihara, menanggulangi, pembangunan, masalah,
menyebabkan, kesadaran, fungsi, kemampuan, menunjang
people manusia, masyarakat, orang, kependudukan
government ASEAN, nasional, Indonesia, negara, menteri, daerah
The analysis of the keyword cluster LINGKUNGAN HIDUP âs significant collocates reveals
five categories of semantic preference, as shown in Table 3. It indicates that the most important sense
categories for LINGKUNGAN HIDUP in the corpus of the science of law are crime, law and order;
green issues; people; and government. There are some sense categories that can be seen as something
specific. For example, LINGKUNGAN HIDUP that co-occurs with a set of semantically related words,
such as hukum âlawâ, peraturan âregulationâ, ketentuan-ketentuan âprovisionsâ, ketentuan âprovisionâ,
undang-undang âactâ, perundang-undangan legislation, UULH âEnvironmental Actâ, UU Actââ, sanksi
âpunishmentâ, pasal âarticleâ, mengatur âregulateâ, and pengaturanâregulationâ demonstrates that the
use of LINGKUNGAN HIDUP is strongly associated with legal system and criminal activities. The
set of collocates building the semantic preference of crime, law and order for the keyword cluster
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP is large and significant enough, which indicates that the keyword clusteris
used in a specialised domain, i.e. law science instead of ecology or biology. Furthermore,the
specialised domain of LINGKUNGAN HIDUP is affirmed by the semantic preference of green issues.
It tends to discuss environment in relation to the violation of law (realizedin the collocates of
lindungan âprotectionâ konservasi âconservationâ, menjaga âpreserveâ, and memelihara âmaintainâ).
Another pencemaran âpollutionâ, perusakan âdestructionâ, kerusakan âdamageâ and masalah
âproblemsâ) and the function of law (seen from the collocates of pelestarian âpreservationâ, kelestarian
âsustainabilityâ, perset of semantic preference showing that LINGKUNGAN HIDUP is not merely
used to refer to surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal or plant lives or operate scan be
seen from the sense category of government. The keyword cluster LINGKUNGAN HIDUP, which co-
occurs with the words ASEAN âAssociation of Southeast Asian Nationsâ, nasional ânationalâ,
Indonesia, negara âcountryâ, menteri âministerâ, and daerah âregionalâ, is used to talk about the role of
governments in various levels, regional, nationaland international, in regulating and protecting
environment. Based on the analysis of semantic preference, it has proven that LINGKUNGAN HIDUP
is used in a specific thematic context, i.e. legal science, because it is not only associated with green
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issues and people, but also with the system of rules and the role of government in environmental
protection. Thus, LINGKUNGAN HIDUP can be regarded as a term in the science of law.
In the case of BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN, the analysis of its significant collocates reveals nine
categories of semantic preference, as shown Table 4. It demonstrates that the most important sense
categories for BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN in the corpus of administrative scienceare power, organizing;
affect; people; group; mental action: thought, belief; mental object: conceptual object, means, method;
planning; comparing; and importance. Some of the sense categories strongly indicate that the keyword
cluster BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN has a specific meaning. First, it can be seen from the co-occurrence
of BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN with the collocates sikap âattitudeâ and keyakinan âbeliefâ, which share
the semantic feature of mental action, and with the collocates konsep âconceptâ, cara âmeans/waysâ,
and pola âpatternâ, which share the semantic feature of mental object. These sets of semantic
preference apparently convey the concept of culture of the keyword cluster BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN,
but then the concept becomes more specific which can be seen from the semantic preference of power,
organizing. The co-occurrence of BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN with the collocates gaya manajemen
âmanagement styleâ, perusahaan âcorporateâ, daya âpowerâ and manajemen âmanagementâ specifies
that the concept of culture talked about is related to the process or activity of running organization or
business.
Table 4. The Semantic Preference of BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN.
Semantic category Significant collocates
power, organizing gaya manajemen, daya, perusahaan, manajemen
affect hubungan, pengembangan, faktor, adaptasi, adaptif,
mengembangkan, kausal, regression, faktor-faktor, penyebab
people karyawan, warga, responden, manajer
group tim,bersama
mental action: thought, belief sikap, keyakinan
mental object: conceptual
object, means, method
konsep, cara, pola
planning strategi, tujuan
comparing variasi, kecenderungan, variabel
importance nilai, nilai-nilai, signifikan
In addition, another set of semantic preference that constructs the specific meaning of
BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN is identified from the co-occurrence of BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN with the
collocates hubungan ârelationâ, pengembangan âdevelopmentâ, mengembangkan âto developâ,
regression, faktor âfactorâ, faktor-faktor âfactorsâ, kausal âcausalâ, penyebab âcauseâ, adaptasi
âadaptationâ, and adaptif âadaptiveâ, which share the semantic feature of affect. The semantic
preference demonstrates that BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN is frequently discussed in connection with the
cause and the change that they brings for organization or business. This analysis of semantic
preference has revealed that the keyword cluster BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN is used in a specific
context and thus has a specific meaning. The sets of semantic preference constitute the concept of
BUDAYA PERUSAHAAN representing the specificity of knowledge in the field of administration as it
closely associated with process of managing and developing organization or business. Consequently,
the keyword cluster of BUDAYA PERUSAHAN can be regarded as one of the terms in the field of
administrative science.