This chapter discusses arrays and strings in C++. It covers topics such as declaring and initializing one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, accessing array elements, passing arrays to functions, and built-in functions for manipulating C-strings. The chapter also introduces parallel arrays, arrays of strings, and common array processing tasks like searching, sorting, summing elements, and finding maximum/minimum values.
TMPA-2017: Tools and Methods of Program Analysis
3-4 March, 2017, Hotel Holiday Inn Moscow Vinogradovo, Moscow
Vellvm - Verifying the LLVM
Steve Zdancewic (Professor, USA University of Pennsylvania)
For video follow the link: https://youtu.be/jDPAtUfnoBU
Would like to know more?
Visit our website:
www.tmpaconf.org
www.exactprosystems.com/events/tmpa
Follow us:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/exactpro-systems-llc?trk=biz-companies-cym
https://twitter.com/exactpro
TMPA-2017: Tools and Methods of Program Analysis
3-4 March, 2017, Hotel Holiday Inn Moscow Vinogradovo, Moscow
Vellvm - Verifying the LLVM
Steve Zdancewic (Professor, USA University of Pennsylvania)
For video follow the link: https://youtu.be/jDPAtUfnoBU
Would like to know more?
Visit our website:
www.tmpaconf.org
www.exactprosystems.com/events/tmpa
Follow us:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/exactpro-systems-llc?trk=biz-companies-cym
https://twitter.com/exactpro
This presentation comes with many additional notes (pdf): http://de.slideshare.net/nicolayludwig/2-collections-algorithms-38612937
- Arrays revisited
- Value and Reference Semantics of Elements
- A Way to categorize Collections
- Indexed Collections
-- Lists
-- Basic Features and Examples
-- Size and Capacity
The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and ... Note: This page does not list esoteric programming languages. .... Computer programming portal ...
Object oriented programming 8 basics of c++ programmingVaibhav Khanna
OOP was inventing to overcome the drawbacks of POP. It follows down -up approach.
• In OOP, problem is considered as a collection of objects and objects are instance of classes.
Python for Data Science is a must learn for professionals in the Data Analytics domain. With the growth in IT industry, there is a booming demand for skilled Data Scientists and Python has evolved as the most preferred programming language. Through this blog, you will learn the basics, how to analyze data and then create some beautiful visualizations using Python.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Objectives
• In this chapter, you will:
– Learn the reasons for arrays
– Explore how to declare and manipulate data into
arrays
– Understand the meaning of ‘‘array index out of
bounds’’
– Learn how to declare and initialize arrays
– Become familiar with the restrictions on array
processing
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 2
3. Objectives (cont’d.)
– Discover how to pass an array as a parameter to a
function
– Learn how to search an array
– Learn how to sort an array
– Become aware of auto declarations
– Learn about range-based for loops
– Learn about C-strings
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 3
4. Objectives (cont’d.)
– Examine the use of string functions to process C-strings
– Discover how to input data into—and output data
from—a C-string
– Learn about parallel arrays
– Discover how to manipulate data in a two-dimensional
array
– Learn about multidimensional arrays
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 4
5. Introduction
• Simple data type: variables of these types can
store only one value at a time
• Structured data type: a data type in which
each data item is a collection of other data
items
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 5
6. Arrays
• Array: a collection of a fixed number of
components, all of the same data type
• One-dimensional array: components are
arranged in a list form
• Syntax for declaring a one-dimensional array:
• intExp: any constant expression that
evaluates to a positive integer
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 6
7. Accessing Array Components
• General syntax:
• indexExp: called the index
– An expression with a nonnegative integer value
• Value of the index is the position of the item
in the array
• []: array subscripting operator
– Array index always starts at 0
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 7
8. Accessing Array Components (cont’d.)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 8
9. Accessing Array Components (cont’d.)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 9
10. Processing One-Dimensional Arrays
• Basic operations on a one-dimensional array:
– Initializing
– Inputting data
– Outputting data stored in an array
– Finding the largest and/or smallest element
• Each operation requires ability to step
through elements of the array
– Easily accomplished by a loop
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 10
11. Processing One-Dimensional Arrays
(cont’d.)
• Given the declaration:
int list[100]; //array of size 100
int i;
• Use a for loop to access array elements:
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) //Line 1
cin >> list[i]; //Line 2
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 11
12. Array Index Out of Bounds
• Index of an array is in bounds if the index is
>=0 and <= ARRAY_SIZE-1
– Otherwise, the index is out of bounds
• In C++, there is no guard against indices that
are out of bounds
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 12
13. Array Initialization During Declaration
• Arrays can be initialized during declaration
– Values are placed between curly braces
– Size determined by the number of initial values in
the braces
• Example:
double sales[] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90,
23, 45.68};
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 13
14. Partial Initialization of Arrays During
Declaration
• The statement:
int list[10] = {0};
–Declares an array of 10 components and initializes
all of them to zero
• The statement:
int list[10] = {8, 5, 12};
–Declares an array of 10 components and initializes
list[0] to 8, list[1] to 5, list[2] to 12
–All other components are initialized to 0
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 14
15. Some Restrictions on Array
Processing
• Aggregate operation: any operation that
manipulates the entire array as a single unit
– Not allowed on arrays in C++
• Example:
• Solution:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 15
16. Arrays as Parameters to Functions
• Arrays are passed by reference only
• Do not use symbol & when declaring an array
as a formal parameter
• Size of the array is usually omitted
– If provided, it is ignored by the compiler
• Example:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 16
17. Constant Arrays
as Formal Parameters
17
• Can prevent a function from changing the
actual parameter when passed by reference
– Use const in the declaration of the formal
parameter
• Example:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition
18. Base Address of an Array and Array in
Computer Memory
• Base address of an array: address (memory
location) of the first array component
• Example:
– If list is a one-dimensional array, its base
address is the address of list[0]
• When an array is passed as a parameter, the
base address of the actual array is passed to
the formal parameter
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 18
19. Functions Cannot Return a Value of
the Type Array
• C++ does not allow functions to return a value
of type array
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 19
20. Integral Data Type
and Array Indices
• C++ allows any integral type to be used as an
array index
– Improves code readability
• Example:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 20
21. Other Ways to Declare Arrays
21
• Examples:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition
22. Searching an Array
for a Specific Item
• Sequential search (or linear search):
– Searching a list for a given item, starting from the
first array element
– Compare each element in the array with value
being searched for
– Continue the search until item is found or no
more data is left in the list
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 22
23. Sorting
• Selection sort: rearrange the list by selecting
an element and moving it to its proper
position
• Steps:
– Find the smallest element in the unsorted portion
of the list
– Move it to the top of the unsorted portion by
swapping with the element currently there
– Start again with the rest of the list
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 23
24. Selection Sort (cont’d.)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 24
25. Auto Declaration and Range-Based
For Loops
• C++11 allows auto declaration of variables
– Data type does not need to be specified
auto num = 15; // num is assumed int
• Range-based for loop
sum = 0;
for (double num : list) // For each num
sum = sum + num; // in list
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 25
26. C-Strings (Character Arrays)
• Character array: an array whose components
are of type char
• C-strings are null-terminated ('0‘)
character arrays
• Example:
– 'A' is the character A
– "A" is the C-string A
– "A" represents two characters, 'A' and '0‘
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 26
27. C-Strings (Character Arrays) (cont’d.)
• Example:
char name[16];
• Since C-strings are null terminated and name
has 16 components, the largest string it can
store has 15 characters
• If you store a string whose length is less than
the array size, the last components are
unused
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 27
28. C-Strings (Character Arrays) (cont’d.)
• Size of an array can be omitted if the array is
initialized during declaration
• Example:
char name[] = "John";
– Declares an array of length 5 and stores the C-string
"John" in it
• Useful string manipulation functions
– strcpy, strcmp, and strlen
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 28
29. String Comparison
• C-strings are compared character by character
using the collating sequence of the system
– Use the function strcmp
• If using the ASCII character set:
– "Air" < "Boat"
– "Air" < "An"
– "Bill" < "Billy"
– "Hello" < "hello"
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 29
30. Reading and Writing Strings
• Most rules for arrays also apply to C-strings
(which are character arrays)
• Aggregate operations, such as assignment and
comparison, are not allowed on arrays
• C++ does allow aggregate operations for the
input and output of C-strings
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 30
31. String Input
• Example:
cin >> name;
– Stores the next input C-string into name
• To read strings with blanks, use get function:
cin.get(str, m+1);
– Stores the next m characters into str but the
newline character is not stored in str
– If input string has fewer than m characters, reading
stops at the newline character
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 31
32. String Output
• Example:
cout << name;
– Outputs the content of name on the screen
– << continues to write the contents of name until it
finds the null character
– If name does not contain the null character, then
strange output may occur
• << continues to output data from memory adjacent to
name until a '0' is found
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 32
33. Specifying Input/Output Files at
Execution Time
• User can specify the name of an input and/or
output file at execution time:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 33
34. string Type
and Input/Output Files
• Argument to the open function must be a
null-terminated string (a C-string)
– If using a string variable for the name of an I/O
file, the value must first be converted to a C-string
before calling open
– Use the c_str function to convert
• Syntax:
strVar.c_str()
– Where strVar is a variable of type string
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 34
35. Parallel Arrays
• Two (or more) arrays are called parallel if their
corresponding components hold related
information
• Example:
int studentId[50];
char courseGrade[50];
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 35
36. Two- and Multidimensional Arrays
• Two-dimensional array: collection of a fixed
number of components (of the same type)
arranged in two dimensions
– Sometimes called matrices or tables
• Declaration syntax:
– intExp1 and intExp2 are expressions with
positive integer values specifying the number of
rows and columns in the array
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 36
37. Accessing Array Components
• Accessing components in a two-dimensional
array:
– Where indexExp1 and indexExp2 are
expressions with positive integer values, and
specify the row and column position
• Example:
sales[5][3] = 25.75;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 37
38. Accessing Array Components (cont’d.)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 38
39. Two-Dimensional Array Initialization
During Declaration
• Two-dimensional arrays can be initialized
when they are declared:
– Elements of each row are enclosed within braces
and separated by commas
– All rows are enclosed within braces
– For number arrays, unspecified elements are set
to 0
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 39
40. Two-Dimensional Arrays and
Enumeration Types
40
• Enumeration types can be used for array
indices:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition
41. Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Ways to process a two-dimensional array:
– Process entire array
– Row processing: process a single row at a time
– Column processing: process a single column at a
time
• Each row and each column of a two-dimensional
array is a one-dimensional array
– To process, use algorithms similar to processing
one-dimensional arrays
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 41
42. Initialization
• Examples:
– To initialize row number 4 (fifth row) to 0:
– To initialize the entire matrix to 0:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 42
43. Print
• Use a nested loop to output the components
of a two dimensional array:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 43
44. Input
• Examples:
– To input into row number 4 (fifth row):
– To input data into each component of matrix:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 44
45. Sum by Row
• Example:
– To find the sum of row number 4:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 45
46. Sum by Column
• Example:
– To find the sum of each individual column:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 46
47. Largest Element in Each Row
and Each Column
47
• Example:
– To find the largest element in each row:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition
48. Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays as
Parameters to Functions
• Two-dimensional arrays are passed by
reference as parameters to a function
– Base address is passed to formal parameter
• Two-dimensional arrays are stored in row
order
• When declaring a two-dimensional array as a
formal parameter, can omit size of first
dimension, but not the second
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 48
49. Arrays of Strings
• Strings in C++ can be manipulated using either
the data type string or character arrays (C-strings)
• On some compilers, the data type string
may not be available in Standard C++ (i.e.,
non-ANSI/ISO Standard C++)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 49
50. Arrays of Strings
and the string Type
• To declare an array of 100 components of
type string:
string list[100];
• Basic operations, such as assignment,
comparison, and input/output, can be
performed on values of the string type
• The data in list can be processed just like
any one-dimensional array
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 50
51. Arrays of Strings and C-Strings
(Character Arrays)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 51
52. Another Way to Declare
a Two-Dimensional Array
• Can use typedef to define a two-dimensional
array data type:
• To declare an array of 20 rows and 10
columns:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 52
53. Multidimensional Arrays
• n-dimensional array: collection of a fixed
number of elements arranged in n dimensions
(n >= 1)
• Declaration syntax:
• To access a component:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 53
54. Summary
• Array: structured data type with a fixed
number of components of the same type
– Components are accessed using their relative
positions in the array
• Elements of a one-dimensional array are
arranged in the form of a list
• An array index can be any expression that
evaluates to a nonnegative integer
– Must always be less than the size of the array
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 54
55. Summary (cont’d.)
• The base address of an array is the address of
the first array component
• When passing an array as an actual
parameter, use only its name
– Passed by reference only
• A function cannot return an array type value
• C++11 allows auto declaration of variables
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 55
56. Summary (cont’d.)
• In C++, C-strings are null terminated and are
stored in character arrays
• Commonly used C-string manipulation
functions include:
– strcpy, strcmp, and strlen
• Parallel arrays hold related information
• In a two-dimensional array, the elements are
arranged in a table form
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 56
57. Summary (cont’d.)
• To access an element of a two-dimensional
array, you need a pair of indices:
– One for row position, one for column position
• In row processing, a two-dimensional array is
processed one row at a time
• In column processing, a two-dimensional array
is processed one column at a time
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Seventh Edition 57