The document discusses biodiversity and conservation efforts in Indonesia. It notes that Indonesia has vast tropical forests containing a high level of biodiversity, including many endangered plant and animal species. It also describes some of the threats to biodiversity, such as deforestation, and efforts to conserve it, including establishing protected natural areas, rehabilitating endangered animals, and conserving endangered species.

1. Biodiversity
and
Conservation

2. • The destruction of tropical forest within
one country can affect the whole world.
• Conservation of ecosystems has become
so important because of the unity of
ecosystem will affect human life.
• Many foundations and institutes have
been established to conserve tropical
forest ecosystems from destructive
actions conducted by human.
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3. • Indonesia is a country with vast areas of
tropical forests.
• The biodiversity of tropical forests is
extremely abundant.
• Tropical forests in Indonesia are classified
into heterogenic forests which consists of
hundreds of both identified and inidentified
plants species, and also consist of thousands
of species, starting from varieties of small
insects to the largest animals.
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4. • In addition, many endangered plants and
animals live exclusively in Indonesian tropical
forests and cannot be found in other parts ot
the world.
• Endangered means that the population of an
organism is very small and is threatened to
become extint.
• Example of endangerd plants; ironwood,
sandalwood, black orchid, etc.
• Example of endangered animals; anoa, lesser
one-horned rhinocerose, babirusa, tapir,
komodo, orangutan, etc.
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5. • Endangered plants and animals are
protected by the government.
• If they were not protected, rare plants
and animals would become extinct much
quicker.
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6. The importance of biodiversity in
an ecosystem
• An ecosystem is composed of diverse
organisms which interact with each other.
• The more diverse the organisms are the
more stable the ecosystem becomes.
• Organisms in an ecosystem are
interconnected, for example in a food.
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7. • When more organisms exist, there will be more
food chains.
• If one food chain is gone, the balance of an
ecosystem will not be disturbed.
• On the other hand, if one ecosystem only has a
small number of species, the number of food
chains will also be small.
• When one food chain is gone, the whole
ecosystem will be affected, as a consequence the
whole ecosystem will be threatened.
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8. • Therefore, we need to conserve the diversity
of living organisms.
• However it is not easy, human activities
frequently reduce the biodiversity, for
example when humans alter forests into
settlements or plantation areas.
• Therefore, we need some preventive actions
to maintain the biodiversity.
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9. The act of damaging a biodiversity
• Declines of biodiversity and environment are mostly caused by
human interference.
• The following are some example ;
1. Deforestation
 illegal logging damages the habibat of wild animals and
destroys small plants because they cut down bigger trees and
fall down to the small plants.
 continuous illegal logging will also destroy the soil structure
since there will be no more humus which is formed from
decomposed leaves.
 There will be no plant roots to retain and absorb rainwater,
therefore rainwater will erode some layers of the fertile soil.
 Because of this condition, young plants could die due to the
lack of humus and water
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10. 2. Application of pesticides
 uncontrolled use of pesticides may not only
kill pests but also other organisms in a
habitat.
 if one organisms dies, other organisms will
have trouble obtaining food since some their
food has disappeared.
 if this condition occurs continuously, it may
cause the extinction of a biodiversity.
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11. 3. Illegal Hunting
 the hunting of wild animals is an activity
which can destroy the natural balance.
 for example, tigers are hunted just for their
skin, elephants for their ivories, rhinos for
ther horns.
 illegal hunting causes the hunted animals and
other animals to be threatened.
 it is because the existence of one animal
affects the other animals in the food chain.
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12. Conservation of Biodiversity
• Human really depend on their living
environments.
• Therefore, humans must make a serious effort
to maintain and conserve these environments
along with their biodiversities.
• Some effort being done by people are as
follows ;
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13. 1. Maintaining the forests through
conservation
Some efforts conducted in order to protect
forest are ;
a. Reforestation is to replant depleted forests
b. Selective logging, to chop down the trees
with certain qualifications, such as their age
and size.
c. Preventing forest fires
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14. 2. Defining protected natural areas
 The government under the ministry of forestry
has a legal body which specifically handles
protected natural areas.
 It is called PHPA ; Perlindungan Hutan dan
Pelestarian Alam.
 In Indonesia there are approximately 350
protected natural areas spread over various
provinces.
 These protected areas are categorized based on
their sizes, uniqueness of their ecosystems, and
functions.
 The following are some examples of protected
natural areas in Indonesia ;
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15. a. Botanical Gardens
generally occupy mid-large areas which have other
functions such as recreation areas, especially for
domestic tourists. Foe example, Bogor botanical
garden
b. Nature Reserves
 is a place where protection of the nature is strongly
maintained, and the existence of living organisms
inside the natural area should not be disturbed.
 To visit a nature reserve area, we have to get a special
permit issued by the PHPA.
 Within the nature reserve area the reproduction of
animals and plants is maintained using the in-situ
method, which means reproduction in the original
habitat.
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16. c. National Parks
 is designed as a protected area for local,
national, and international species.
 this place is usually further expanded for
tourism either domestic or international.
 permit to enter a national park can be
obtained from a PHPA.
 there are approximately 26 nationalnparks
and 5 sea national parks which are spread all
over Indonesia.
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17. 3. Rehabilitating endangered animals
Rare animal rehabilitation is already being
done for orangutans
The purpose of the rehabilitation is to adapt
orangutans to forest life.
The center of orangutan rehabilitation is in
Samboja and Tanjung Puting, Kalimantan, and
Bukit Lawang, Sumatra.
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18. 4. Conservation of endangered animals and
plants
Endangered animals can be conserved in zoos
or in defined conservation areas.
If their population has increased, some will be
sent back to their original habitats.
Endangered plants may be also conserved in
botanical gardens or other conservation
areas.
Reproduction which is done outside the
original habitat is called ex-situ reproduction.
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19. Conservation can be conducted with the
purpose of cultivating endangered plants and
animals.
For example is the conservation of several
rare orchid species and arowana.
Reproduction of endangered plants and
animals is conducted within the conservation
area, and then promoted in an exhibition to
draw public attention.
After that endangered plants and animals are
kept in homes so that their population will
not be reduced.
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GIS JH