This document provides an overview of biodiversity and its conservation in India. It defines biodiversity and describes the different levels of biodiversity, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It then discusses India's status as a megadiverse country, outlining the biodiversity found in various regions. The document covers threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and poaching. It also discusses conservation efforts, including in-situ and ex-situ approaches. Key topics covered include biodiversity hotspots in India, endangered and endemic species, and efforts to address human-wildlife conflicts.
Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity – biogeographical classification of India – value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values – Biodiversity at global, national and local levels – India as a mega-diversity nation – hot-spots of biodiversity – threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts – endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
This presentation is a depiction of ecological biodiversity in India. It includes basic understanding the meaning of biodiversity, discussing about the 4 hotspots in India, also discussing the habitat if each hotspots. A map is represented as well to know the locations of the hotspots, and the threatens are also discussed along with the solutions. Overall this is an outstanding nature based project with attractive visuals to stick the eyes of viewer to the presentation.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity – biogeographical classification of India – value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values – Biodiversity at global, national and local levels – India as a mega-diversity nation – hot-spots of biodiversity – threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts – endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
This presentation is a depiction of ecological biodiversity in India. It includes basic understanding the meaning of biodiversity, discussing about the 4 hotspots in India, also discussing the habitat if each hotspots. A map is represented as well to know the locations of the hotspots, and the threatens are also discussed along with the solutions. Overall this is an outstanding nature based project with attractive visuals to stick the eyes of viewer to the presentation.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
Biodiversity- National and Global status, Hotspots of biodiversity Endangered and endemic species, Extinction, Significance, Causes, Levels of biodiversity, IUCN categories of threat, Red Data Book - advantages and disadvantages, local plants diversity of haryana, Biodiversity concepts, principles of conservation and strategies, major approaches to management, Protected areas network- wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves.
Biodiversity
valves of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
conservation of biodiversity
Environment
conservation of biodiversity
types of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
PRESENTATION ON Biosphere reserves of India
A Biosphere Reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a title given by UNESCO to help protect the sites.
Hotspots of biodiversity—areas particularly rich in species, rare species,
threatened species, or some combination of these attributes—are increasingly
being delineated to help set priorities for conservation. Only recently have we
begun to test key assumptions that determine how useful a hotspot approach
can be for conservation planning. The evidence suggests that although at large
geographic scales hotspots do provide useful information for conservation
planning, at smaller scales their value may be more limited.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Grass land ecosystems in india.
types of grasslands
uses of grassland
threats to grasslands
flora and fauna of grassland ecosystems
interesting facts
grassland ecosystem conservation
Biodiversity- National and Global status, Hotspots of biodiversity Endangered and endemic species, Extinction, Significance, Causes, Levels of biodiversity, IUCN categories of threat, Red Data Book - advantages and disadvantages, local plants diversity of haryana, Biodiversity concepts, principles of conservation and strategies, major approaches to management, Protected areas network- wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves.
Biodiversity
valves of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
conservation of biodiversity
Environment
conservation of biodiversity
types of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
PRESENTATION ON Biosphere reserves of India
A Biosphere Reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a title given by UNESCO to help protect the sites.
Hotspots of biodiversity—areas particularly rich in species, rare species,
threatened species, or some combination of these attributes—are increasingly
being delineated to help set priorities for conservation. Only recently have we
begun to test key assumptions that determine how useful a hotspot approach
can be for conservation planning. The evidence suggests that although at large
geographic scales hotspots do provide useful information for conservation
planning, at smaller scales their value may be more limited.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
Grass land ecosystems in india.
types of grasslands
uses of grassland
threats to grasslands
flora and fauna of grassland ecosystems
interesting facts
grassland ecosystem conservation
Biodiversity and its conservation. In situ conservation of biodiversity. Threats to biodiversity. Endangered and endemic species of India, germplasm conservation
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
Biodiversity of India Special Focus on Telangana & A.PKam Raju
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
According to the United Nations Environment Programmers, biodiversity typically measures variation at the genetic, the species, and the ecosystem level.
Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth, and is richest in the tropics.
Biodiversity refers to “variety and variability among the living organisms and ecological complexes in which they occur”. This includes diversity within species, between species and of the ecosystem. It is defined as the totality of genes, species and ecosystems of a region.
Biodiversity or Biological diversity comprises Genetic diversity, Species diversity and Ecosystem diversity.
Political and Economic Decentralization (Case Study: Panchayati Raj in India)Spunky Padrone
This explain the various phases of political and economic decentralization in India. It also explain the requirement the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments and evolution of Panchayati Raj in India.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. BIODIVERSITY:
Introduction
Levels of Biodiversity
Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
Biogeographical Classification in India
Value of Biodiversity
Consumptive Use Value
Productive Use Value
Social Use Value
Ethical Use Value
Aesthetic Use Value
Option Value
Biodiversity at Global, National and Local Level
3. Cont……
India as a Mega – diversity Nation
Hot Spots of Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Habitat Loss
Poaching of Wildlife
Man – Wildlife conflicts
Endangered Species of India
Endemic species of India
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
In – situ Conservation of Biodiversity
Ex – situ Conservation of Biodiversity
4. BIODIVERSITY - INTRODUCTION
Bio – Life
Diversity – Variety
Biodiversity is defined as, “the variety and
variability among all groups of living organisms and the
ecosystem in which they occur”.
6. GENETIC DIVERSITY:
wit
h
Species of different Genetic Characteristics
Diversity within species i.e. Variations in genes
species.
Slight different between species
Difference due to combination of genes
Basic units of Hereditary transformed from one generation
to another.
Eg.: Rice varieties, teak wood varieties, etc,.
7.
8. Species Diversity:
Discrete group of organisms of the same kind
Diversity between species
Sum of varieties of living organisms at species level
Eg.:
Plant Species: Apple, mango, grapes, rice, wheat,etc.
Animal Species: Lion, tiger, deer, etc.
9.
10. Community or Ecosystem Diversity:
Diversity at ecological or habitat level
Biotic components i.e. plants, animals and micro organisms
interact with Abiotic components i.e. environment – soil, air,
water, etc,.
Difference in environmental type.
Interaction between living organisms and physical environment
in an ecosystem.
Eg. River Ecosystem
13. BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF INDIA:
India is mega diversity country with different types of
climate and topography in different parts
Variations due to the variability in flora and fauna
It is important to study and know the distribution,
evolution and environmental relationship of plants and
animals.
To know about the relationship of flora and fauna,
biogeographers classified India into ten biogeographic
zones
Each zone has its own climate, soil and biodiversity.
14. INDIA’S MAJOR BIOGEOGRAPHICAL HABITATS:
Trans – Himalayan region
Himalayan mountain
Desert
Semi – Arid
Western Ghats
Deccan Peninsula
Gangetic Plain
North East
Coasts
Islands
15. VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY:
Biosphere is supporting combination of different
organisms with its own significance.
Biodiversity is stability and proper functioning of the
Biosphere.
We get benefit from each organisms in biosphere.
16. CLASSIFICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF VALUE OF
BIODIVERSITY:
Consumptive Use Value
Productive Use Value
Social Use Value
Ethical Values
Aesthetic Values
Option Values
17. CONSUMPTIVE USE VALUE:
Direct use values
Harvested and consumed directly
Food – 80 – 90% tropical wild plants
Ceropegia bulbosa
Codonopisis
Cicer microphyllum
Drugs – 70% of modern medicines from plants
Traditional systems – Ayurvedha and Sidha.
Fuel – firewoods – fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural
gases
18. PRODUCTIVE USE VALUE:
Obtain commercial value
Products are marketed and sold
Derived from animal and plants
Animal Animal Products
Silk - worm Silk
Sheep Wool
Elephants Tusk
Fish and animal Food
19. Plant & Animal Product Industry
Wood Paper and pulp industry
Cotton Textile industry
Fruits, vegetables Food industry
Leather Leather industry
20. SOCIAL USE VALUE:
Bio – resources are used to society
Value associated with social life, religion and spiritual
aspects.
Holy Plants: Tulsi, lotus, etc.
Holy animals: Cow, snake, bull, peacock, rat, etc,.
ETHICAL VALUES:
Ethical issues must be preserved
India has great cultural and religious basis
May or may not be used but gives pleasure
River Ganga
Vembu, tulsi, etc,
Kangaroo, zebra, giraffe,etc,.
21. AESTHETIC VALUES:
Beautiful nature of plants and animals is the most
important value of biodiversity is eco – tourism.
OPTION VALUES:
Biodiversity that are unknown and need to be known
Suggested that any species maybe proved valuable
22. Total number of living species in the world are about 20 million
but only 1.5 million species are found and given names.
Tropical deforestation alone is reducing the biodiversity by
0.5% every year.
Terrestrial biodiversity or Biomass
Tropical rainforests
Temperate forests
Marine diversity
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY:
23. TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY OR BIOMASS:
Largest ecological units present in different geographic areas.
mphibians and
1. Tropical rain forests:
Earth’s largest storehouse of biodiversity
Inhabited of millions of plants, insects, birds, a
mammals.
About 50 – 70% of global diversity
Medicinal plants: 25% of world drug is extracted here
Flowering plants: nearly 1,30,000 flowering plants are found and 1
– 3% is known.
24. 2. Temperate Forest:
Much less biodiversity
1,70,000 flowering plants
30,000 vertebrates
2,50,000 other group of species
Tropical Rainforest Temperate Forest
25. MARINE DIVERSITY:
It is much higher than terrestrial biodiversity but it is less
known and described.
Estuaries, coastal waters and oceans are biologically diverse.
Sea is a cradle of every known animal phylum
35 existing phylum of multicellular animals
34 marine
16 exclusively marine
26. BIODIVERSITY AT NATIONAL LEVEL – INDIA:
India is second largest nation containing 5% of world’s
biodiversity and 2% of the earth surface.
Rank of India in biodiversity:
10th rank among the plant rich
11th rank among the endemic species of higher vertebrates
6th rank among the centers of diversity and origin of agricultural
crops.
India’s is an agricultural country and economic depends on
the production of crops
India is considered as mega – diversity nation because of rich
in flora and fauna
High demand in abroad for Indian species
27. Medicinal Value:
More than 2000 medicinal plants – cure many diseases
Eg. Tulsi, neem, turmeric, etc.
Commercial Value:
Indian sandal wood
Tobacco – nicotine
Wild edible mushroom – exported
Demand for ornamental plants, flowers and fruits
More than 100 species developed and formulated in abroad.
28. BIODIVERSITY AT LOCAL LEVEL:
Based on the spatial distribution the biodiversity at local level
is classified as follows,
1. Point richness
Species found in single point in a given place
2. Alpha richness or Alpha diversity
Number of species found in small homogeneous area
3. Beta richness or Beta diversity
Rate of change of species increase as more heterogeneous
habitats
4. Gamma richness or Gamma diversity
Changes across large landscape
29. BIODIVERSITY IN TAMILNADU:
Distribution of plants and animals among different districts in
Tamil Nadu is uneven
Dense forest in Salem
Western Ghats has 1500 species of plants, 50 species of mammals
and 90 reptiles.
Birds of several species in Vedanthangal
Elephant sanctuaries at Anaimalai
Tiger sanctuary at Mundanthurai
30. INDIA AS A MEGA – DIVERSITY NATION:
Nearly 170 countries in this world and 12 of them contain 70%
of the earth’s biodiversity
India is one among the 12 mega biodiversity countries
The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
records
47,000 species of plants
81,000 species of animals
Which is about the 7% and 6.5% of global flora and fauna
respectively
31. ENDEMISM OR ENDEMIC SPECIES:
Species which are confined to a particular area are called as
Endemic Species.
India is rich in endemic flora and fauna
33% of flowering plants
53% of fresh water fishes
60% of amphibians
36% of reptiles
10% mammalians
32. Plant Diversity: Nearly 5000 flowering plants and 166 crop
plant species.
Marine Diversity: More than 340 coral species, several species
of mangrove plants and sea grasses are found.
Agro – Biodiversity: 167 crop species and India is considered
to the centre of origin of 30,000 to 50,000 varieties of rice,
mango, turmeric, ginger, sugarcane, etc,.
Animal Biodiversity: 75,000 animal species including 5,000
insects. India is a home of nearly 2,00,000 living organisms.
33. HOT SPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY:
Areas which exhibit high species richness as well as high
species endemism are termed as Hot spots of Biodiversity.
There are 25 hot spots of biodiversity on a global level and two
are present in India i.e. Eastern Himalayas and Western
Ghats.
At global level, these are the areas of high conservation
priority, if these species lost, they can never be replaced or
regenerated.
Hotspot covering less than 2% of world’s land are found to
have 50% of terrestrial biodiversity.
About 40% of terrestrial plants and 25% of vertebrate species
are endemic and found in hotspot.
34. GLOBAL HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY:
1. Tropical Andes
2. Mesoamerican Forest
3. Caribbean
4. brazil’s Atlantic Forest
5. Darien Panama Western
Ecuador
6. Brazil’s Cerrado
7. Central Chile
8. California Floristic Province
9. Madagascar
10. Eastern Arc and Coastal
Forest of Kenya
11. Western African Forest
12. Cape Floristic Province
13. Succulent Karoo
14. Mediterranean Basin
15. Caucasus
16. Sundaland
17. Wallacea
18. Phillipines
19. Indo – Burma Eastern
Himalayas
20. South – Central China
21. Western Ghats Sri Lanka
22. South – WesternAustralia
23. New Caledonia
24. New Zealand
25. Polynesia
36. HOT SPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA:
Eastern Himalayas – Indo Burma region
Geographically comprises of Nepal, Bhutan and neighboring
state of Northern India
35,000 plant species of which 30% are endemic
63% mammals
60% of the Indian Birds
Western Ghats – Sri Lanka
Geographically comprises of Maharashtra, Karnataka,
TamilNadu and Kerala
1500 endemic, dicotyledonous plant species
62% amphibians and 50% lizards
It is reported that only 6.8% of the original forest are existing today and
the rest has been deforested of degraded.
38. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY:
Extinction or elimination of the species is a natural process of
evolution
During evolution, species have died and been replaced by
others
The process of extinction has become particularly fast in the
recent years of human civilization
Extinction of 10,000 species per year or 27 per day
The waste generated due to the increase in human population
and industrialization, spoils the environment and lead to more
diversity in biological species
Any change in the system leads to a major imbalance and
threatens the normal ecological cycle.
39. CAUSES AND ISSUES RELATED TO THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY:
Loss of Habitat:
Destruction and loss of natural habitat is the single largest cause of
biodiversity loss
Poaching (over harvesting):
Illegal trading of wildlife products by killing prohibited endangered
species
Man – Wildlife Conflicts:
It arises when wildlife starts causing immense damage and danger
to man.
40. HABITAT LOSS:
FACTORS INFLUENCING HABITAT LOSS:
Deforestation
Destruction of wetlands
Habitat fragmentation
Raw materials
Production of drugs
Illegal trade
Developmental activities
With the current rate of loss of forest habitat, it is estimated that 20
– 25% of the global flora and fauna would be lost within few years.
41. POACHING:
1. Subsistence poaching – killing animal to provide enough
food for survival
2. Commercial poaching – hunting and killing animals to sell
their products
Factors influencing Poaching:
Human population
Commercial activities
Remedial Measures:
Illegal hunting and trading should be stopped
Not purchase fur coat, purse or bag made of crocodile or
python skin
Bio – diversity laws should be strengthened
42. MAN – WILDLIFE CONFLICTS:
FACTORS INFLUENCING MAN – WILDLIFE CONFLICTS:
Shrinking of forest cover
Human encroachment
Injured animals
Cultivations of food and elephants search for food
Electric wiring injure elephant and start violence
Compensation is not enough and farmers kill wild animals
Garbage near human settlement or food crops near forest
area attracts wild animals
43. REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR MAN – WILDLIFE
CONFLICTS:
Crop and cattle compensation scheme must be started
Solar powered fencing with electric current proof trenches
must be provided to prevent animals
Crop patterns must be changed
Adequate food and water should be available for wild animal
in the forest
Developmental and construction work around the forest
must be stopped
44. ENDANGERED AND ENDEMIC SPECIES OF INDIA:
According to International Union Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources – IUCN the species are classified as
follows,
Extinct Species – No longer found
Endangered Species – Number of species has been
reduced to critical level
Vulnerable Species – Continuous decline due to habitat
destruction
Rare Species – Species located within a restricted area
or thinly scattered over a more extensive area.
45. ENDANGERED SPECIES OF INDIA:
When the number of species has been reduced to a critical
level
Unless it is protected and conserved, it is in immediate danger
of extinction
In India the following species are endangered
450 plant species
100 mammals species
150 birds species
India’s biodiversity is threatened due to habitat destruction,
degradation and over exploitation of resources.
46. IMPORTANT ENDANGERED SPECIES:
Reptiles – tortoise, green sea turtle, python, etc.
Birds – peacock, Siberian white crane, etc.
Mammals – Indian wolf, tiger, Indian lion, etc.
Primates – capped monkey, golden monkey, etc.
Plants – medicinal plants, sandal wood tree, etc.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENDANGERED SPECIES:
Pollution
Over – exploitation
Climatic changes
47. ENDEMIC SPECIES:
Species found only in particular region
In India 47,000 species and 7000 plants are endemic
62% of our endemic species are found in Himalayas and
Western Ghats
1. Fauna – Animals present in a particular region
1. 81,000 species of animals
2. Western Ghats is rich in 62% amphibians and 50% reptiles
2. Flora – Plants present in a particular region
FACTOR AFFECTING ENDEMIC SPECIES:
Habitat loss and fragmentation
Pollution
48. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY:
Biodiversity is important for sustainable development
Value of biodiversity is due to the commercial, medicinal,
genetic, aesthetic and ecological importance
The management of biosphere for greater sustainable
benefits to the present and future generation
49. FACTORS AFFECTING BIODIVERSITY:
Disturbed by human activities such as construction of dams in
forest, release industrial waste, using pesticides and
insecticides in crop fields, urbanization, etc.
Poaching, over – exploitation and degradation
Marine ecosystem is disturbed by oils spills and effluents
Global warming, ozone layer depletion and acid rain
50. ADVANTAGES OR NEED OF BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION:
vironmental
Immediate benefits to society such as recreation and tourism
Availability of raw materials
Preserves genetic diversity
Ensures sustainable utilization
Conservation of ecological diversity
Biodiversity loss result in ecological and en
deterioration, so it is essential to conserve biodiversity.
51. TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION:
In – situ Conservation : Involves protection of fauna and flora
within its natural habitat.
In – situ Conservation
Methods
Numbers available
Biosphere Reserves 7
National Parks 80
Wild – life Sanctuaries 420
Botanical Gardens 120
52. Biosphere Reserves:
Gulf of Mannar
Nilgiri
Nanda Devi
National Park:
Kaziranga – Assam
Gir National Park – Gujarat
Periyar – Kerala
Bandipur - Karnataka
Wildlife Sanctuaries:
Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary – Tamil Nadu
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary – Tamil Nadu
Gene Sanctuaries or Botanical Gardens:
Gene sanctuary for citrus
Gene sanctuary for pitcher plant
53. MERITS OF IN – SITU CONSERVATION:
Very cheap and convenient method
Adjusted to natural disasters like drought, floods, forest fires,
etc.
LIMITATIONS OF IN – SITU CONSERVATION:
Large surface area is required for preservation
Maintenance is not proper due to shortage of staff and
pollution
54. EX – SITU CONSERVATION:
Protection of flora and fauna outside the natural habitat
Involves in maintenance and breeding of species in controlled
conditions
Identify the species of risk and extinction
Prefers the species which are more important to man future
Botanical gardens
Seed banks
Microbial culture collections, tissue and cell cultures
Museums
Zoological gardens
55. METHODS OF EX – SITU CONSERVATION:
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) –
preserves agricultural and horticultural crops
National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) –
preserves the semen of domesticated bovine animals
National Facility for Plant Tissue Culture Repository
(NFPTCR) – conservation of varieties of crop plants or tree by
tissue culture
56. MERITS OF EX – SITU CONSERVATION:
Survival increase due to special care and attention
Longer life span due to assured food, water, shelter and
security
It is carried in case of endangered species
LIMITATIONS OF EX – SITU CONSERVATION:
Expensive method
Freedom of wildlife is lost
Animal cannot survive in natural environment
Adopted only for few selected species