“The theoretical analysis result suggests that the impulsive electric field applied to the dielectric material may produce a sufficient artificial gravity to attain velocities comparable to chemical rockets.” ―Dr. Takaaki Musha
People: Al Bielek, Alcubierre, Andrew Bahnion, André Füzfa, Athanassios Nassikas, Biefeld, Bruce dePalma, Bud Rieken, Casimer, Cassenti, Dan Davidson, Daniel D. Home, David Cowlishaw, David Hammel, David Hooper, Dishington, Don Kelly, Douglas Torr, Dr. Albert Einstein, Dr. Berthart Heim, Dr. Charles F. Brush, Dr. Ed Witten, Dr. Edward Teller, Dr. Erwin Saxl, Dr. Eugene Podkletnov, Dr. Francis Nipher, Dr. Fredrick Alzofon, Dr. Ning Li, Dr. Richard Clark, Dr. Richard Clarke, Dr. Robert Dicke, Dr. Robert Forward, Dr. Schuman, Dr. Willaim Crookes, Dr. William Hooper., Ed Leedskelstein, Eric Laithwaite, Erich Halik, Floyd Sweet, Fran McCabe, Frost, Guido Fetta, Halvosky, Hans Nieper, Harold Aspden, Harold Puthoff, Harold Wilson, Hawasaka, Henry Wallace, Hoyassaka, James Clerk Maxwell, James Cox, James Hartman, James King Jr., James Woodward., Jefimenko, John Hutchingson, John Keely, John R. R. Searl, John Schnurrer, Kellogg, Le Sage, Leroy Cook, Lt. Col. Corso, Marcel Pages, Mark Tomion, Misner, Modanese, Moebuis (Faile), Montimen Delroy, Naudin, Neil Sorenzen, Nikola Tesla, Norman Dean, Oliver Heaverside, Otis T. Carr, P.M.S. Blackett, Paramahamsa Tewari, Patrick Bailey, Peter Kummel, Poliakov, Randall Mill, Richard Foster, Robert Collins, Robert Lazar, Sandy Kidd, Schnurer, Scpott Strachan, Shinicki Seike, T. Townsend Brown, Thorne, Tom Bearden, Travis Taylor, Viktor Schauberger, W. D. Clendonon, W. Peschaka, Wheeler, Wilbur Smith, William Littlejohn, William Rhodes, Yamashita Huaro
“Dr. Forward defines six different kinds of antigravity in his "Indistinguishable from Magic" book: Aside from the obvious "weightloss" in freefall as an astronaut in orbit; the first is to place a very heavy mass overhead to cancel the earth's gravity field. Secondly, we may use ultradense materials spaced very closely to the object we desire to be weightless. The last Newtonian idea, is to use various "guard" masses to reduce tidal forces on a test mass already in orbit on the space shuttle. From Einstein's theory, comes a fourth idea; that moving ultradense matter in a toroidal coil at high speed will generate a dipolar G-field. Fifth, the idea of dragging of inertial frames, which will pull objects along with them. Lastly, the sixth idea, is the possibility of negative matter (-m), just like negative charge, will reverse the direction of force; it moves towards you when you push on it! Negative, matter along with positive matter, will take off into space forming a space drive! Could the superconductor of Dr. Podkletnov be a form of negative matter?” ―James E. Cox
Alcubierre's drive allows to circumvent the speed of light limit. They are building a Negative Energy Generator to realize it.
Electric Propulsion (EP) is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical and/or magnetic means. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the EP thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Unlike chemical systems, electric propulsion requires very little mass to accelerate a spacecraft. The propellant is ejected up to twenty times faster than from a classical chemical thruster and therefore the overall system is many times more mass efficient.
Electric Propulsion, when compared with chemical propulsion, is not limited in energy, but is only limited by the available electrical power on-board the spacecraft. Therefore EP is suitable for low- thrust (micro and milli-newton levels) long-duration applications on board spacecrafts. The propellant used in EP systems varies with the type of thruster and can be a rare gas (i.e. xenon or argon), a liquid metal or, in some cases, a conventional propellant.
Electric Propulsion System components
An Electric Propulsion System is composed by four different building blocks:
The thruster components,
The propellant components or fluidic management system, The power components, which includes the PPU,
The pointing mechanisms (optional).
In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble, and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.
In a recent study, physicist Dr Erik Lentz outlined a way that a rocket could theoretically travel faster than light – or over 186,000 miles per second. At that speed, astronauts could reach other star systems in just a few years, allowing humanity to colonise faraway planets. Current rocket technology would take roughly 6,300 years to reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Sun. So-called “warp drives” have been proposed before, but often rely on theoretical systems that break the laws of physics. That’s because according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it’s physically impossible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Dr Lentz, a scientist at Göttingen University in Germany, says his imaginary warp drive would operate within the boundaries of physics. While other theories rely on “exotic” concepts, such as negative energy, his gets around this problem using a new theoretical particle. These hyper-fast “solitons” can travel at any speed while obeying the laws of physics, according to a Göttingen University press release. A soliton – also referred to as a “warp bubble” – is a compact wave that acts like a particle while maintaining its shape and moving at constant velocity.
Dr Lentz said he cooked up his theory after analysing existing research and discovered gaps in previous warp drive studies. He believes that solitons could travel faster than light and “create a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields”. Both of these concepts are understood under conventional physics and obey Einstein’s theory of relativity. While his warp drive provides the tantalising possibility of faster-than-light travel, it’s still very much in the idea phase for now.
The contraption would require an enormous amount of energy that isn’t possible using modern technology. “The energy savings would need to be drastic, of approximately 30 orders of magnitude to be in range of modern nuclear fission reactors,” Dr Lentz said. The research was published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity.
"NEWS: Finally the work of Fran De Aquino (on anti-gravity) gets its well-deserved international recognition. Recently he received an offer worth $600,000 from the United States Energy Department to continue his experiments with this department.
We have solid proof for the possibility to shield gravity and it comes from a guaranteed reliable source. The inventor of this technology is the physicist Fran De Aquino, who works at the Maranhao State University in Brazil and has been searching for the secret of anti-gravity for about 25 years. He now seems to have found the best and simplest solution that is easily reproducible and promising for many areas of everyday life.
The first successful experiment took place on 27th January 2000, in the physics department of the Maranhao State University in Brazil. The theoretical basis was published by Fran De Aquino under the name "Gravitation and Electromagnetism: Correlation and Grand Unification".
Now you can enjoy a journey into the land of featherlight aircraft and superluminal speeds, which from now on is no longer a fantasy." ―Graviflight, 2000s
de Aquino's patent: BRPI0805046A2 - "Gravity Control Cell"
“It’s a gravity motor. I have been successful in my research and have built a machine that creates more energy than it uses.” Carr explained he uses a simple storage battery' as the activator, and the machine is operated electrically. Discussing the UFOs, Carr noted “the point is, it is possible to power a craft magnetically and electrically. Levitation of such a craft is strictly a matter of electrical principle,” he said. The earth’s electrical charge is negative, and the atmosphere’s is positive, he said. “To levitate - go up - the object must have the same polarity as the ground.” Carr illustrated this by saying two magnets which are negative will rcpell each other, whereas a negative and a positive magnet will draw toward each other. “I don’t say the (UFO) craft are from somewhere else. I have proved in laboratory experiments that you can levitate a solid body electrically,” Carr said. In his own laboratory “I have been able to levitate aluminum objects”... ―UFOs Man-Made, Otis Carr Believes by Katherine Hatch
"Quartz Crystals Charged by High Frequency Currents Lose Their Weight" - The discovery was made about six weeks ago in a newly established central laboratory of the Nessartsaddin-Werke in Darredein, Poland, by Dr. Kowsky and Engineer Frost. ―Gravity Nullified, Science and Invention for September, 1927
“The theoretical analysis result suggests that the impulsive electric field applied to the dielectric material may produce a sufficient artificial gravity to attain velocities comparable to chemical rockets.” ―Dr. Takaaki Musha
People: Al Bielek, Alcubierre, Andrew Bahnion, André Füzfa, Athanassios Nassikas, Biefeld, Bruce dePalma, Bud Rieken, Casimer, Cassenti, Dan Davidson, Daniel D. Home, David Cowlishaw, David Hammel, David Hooper, Dishington, Don Kelly, Douglas Torr, Dr. Albert Einstein, Dr. Berthart Heim, Dr. Charles F. Brush, Dr. Ed Witten, Dr. Edward Teller, Dr. Erwin Saxl, Dr. Eugene Podkletnov, Dr. Francis Nipher, Dr. Fredrick Alzofon, Dr. Ning Li, Dr. Richard Clark, Dr. Richard Clarke, Dr. Robert Dicke, Dr. Robert Forward, Dr. Schuman, Dr. Willaim Crookes, Dr. William Hooper., Ed Leedskelstein, Eric Laithwaite, Erich Halik, Floyd Sweet, Fran McCabe, Frost, Guido Fetta, Halvosky, Hans Nieper, Harold Aspden, Harold Puthoff, Harold Wilson, Hawasaka, Henry Wallace, Hoyassaka, James Clerk Maxwell, James Cox, James Hartman, James King Jr., James Woodward., Jefimenko, John Hutchingson, John Keely, John R. R. Searl, John Schnurrer, Kellogg, Le Sage, Leroy Cook, Lt. Col. Corso, Marcel Pages, Mark Tomion, Misner, Modanese, Moebuis (Faile), Montimen Delroy, Naudin, Neil Sorenzen, Nikola Tesla, Norman Dean, Oliver Heaverside, Otis T. Carr, P.M.S. Blackett, Paramahamsa Tewari, Patrick Bailey, Peter Kummel, Poliakov, Randall Mill, Richard Foster, Robert Collins, Robert Lazar, Sandy Kidd, Schnurer, Scpott Strachan, Shinicki Seike, T. Townsend Brown, Thorne, Tom Bearden, Travis Taylor, Viktor Schauberger, W. D. Clendonon, W. Peschaka, Wheeler, Wilbur Smith, William Littlejohn, William Rhodes, Yamashita Huaro
“Dr. Forward defines six different kinds of antigravity in his "Indistinguishable from Magic" book: Aside from the obvious "weightloss" in freefall as an astronaut in orbit; the first is to place a very heavy mass overhead to cancel the earth's gravity field. Secondly, we may use ultradense materials spaced very closely to the object we desire to be weightless. The last Newtonian idea, is to use various "guard" masses to reduce tidal forces on a test mass already in orbit on the space shuttle. From Einstein's theory, comes a fourth idea; that moving ultradense matter in a toroidal coil at high speed will generate a dipolar G-field. Fifth, the idea of dragging of inertial frames, which will pull objects along with them. Lastly, the sixth idea, is the possibility of negative matter (-m), just like negative charge, will reverse the direction of force; it moves towards you when you push on it! Negative, matter along with positive matter, will take off into space forming a space drive! Could the superconductor of Dr. Podkletnov be a form of negative matter?” ―James E. Cox
Alcubierre's drive allows to circumvent the speed of light limit. They are building a Negative Energy Generator to realize it.
Electric Propulsion (EP) is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical and/or magnetic means. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the EP thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Unlike chemical systems, electric propulsion requires very little mass to accelerate a spacecraft. The propellant is ejected up to twenty times faster than from a classical chemical thruster and therefore the overall system is many times more mass efficient.
Electric Propulsion, when compared with chemical propulsion, is not limited in energy, but is only limited by the available electrical power on-board the spacecraft. Therefore EP is suitable for low- thrust (micro and milli-newton levels) long-duration applications on board spacecrafts. The propellant used in EP systems varies with the type of thruster and can be a rare gas (i.e. xenon or argon), a liquid metal or, in some cases, a conventional propellant.
Electric Propulsion System components
An Electric Propulsion System is composed by four different building blocks:
The thruster components,
The propellant components or fluidic management system, The power components, which includes the PPU,
The pointing mechanisms (optional).
In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble, and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.
In a recent study, physicist Dr Erik Lentz outlined a way that a rocket could theoretically travel faster than light – or over 186,000 miles per second. At that speed, astronauts could reach other star systems in just a few years, allowing humanity to colonise faraway planets. Current rocket technology would take roughly 6,300 years to reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Sun. So-called “warp drives” have been proposed before, but often rely on theoretical systems that break the laws of physics. That’s because according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it’s physically impossible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Dr Lentz, a scientist at Göttingen University in Germany, says his imaginary warp drive would operate within the boundaries of physics. While other theories rely on “exotic” concepts, such as negative energy, his gets around this problem using a new theoretical particle. These hyper-fast “solitons” can travel at any speed while obeying the laws of physics, according to a Göttingen University press release. A soliton – also referred to as a “warp bubble” – is a compact wave that acts like a particle while maintaining its shape and moving at constant velocity.
Dr Lentz said he cooked up his theory after analysing existing research and discovered gaps in previous warp drive studies. He believes that solitons could travel faster than light and “create a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields”. Both of these concepts are understood under conventional physics and obey Einstein’s theory of relativity. While his warp drive provides the tantalising possibility of faster-than-light travel, it’s still very much in the idea phase for now.
The contraption would require an enormous amount of energy that isn’t possible using modern technology. “The energy savings would need to be drastic, of approximately 30 orders of magnitude to be in range of modern nuclear fission reactors,” Dr Lentz said. The research was published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity.
"NEWS: Finally the work of Fran De Aquino (on anti-gravity) gets its well-deserved international recognition. Recently he received an offer worth $600,000 from the United States Energy Department to continue his experiments with this department.
We have solid proof for the possibility to shield gravity and it comes from a guaranteed reliable source. The inventor of this technology is the physicist Fran De Aquino, who works at the Maranhao State University in Brazil and has been searching for the secret of anti-gravity for about 25 years. He now seems to have found the best and simplest solution that is easily reproducible and promising for many areas of everyday life.
The first successful experiment took place on 27th January 2000, in the physics department of the Maranhao State University in Brazil. The theoretical basis was published by Fran De Aquino under the name "Gravitation and Electromagnetism: Correlation and Grand Unification".
Now you can enjoy a journey into the land of featherlight aircraft and superluminal speeds, which from now on is no longer a fantasy." ―Graviflight, 2000s
de Aquino's patent: BRPI0805046A2 - "Gravity Control Cell"
“It’s a gravity motor. I have been successful in my research and have built a machine that creates more energy than it uses.” Carr explained he uses a simple storage battery' as the activator, and the machine is operated electrically. Discussing the UFOs, Carr noted “the point is, it is possible to power a craft magnetically and electrically. Levitation of such a craft is strictly a matter of electrical principle,” he said. The earth’s electrical charge is negative, and the atmosphere’s is positive, he said. “To levitate - go up - the object must have the same polarity as the ground.” Carr illustrated this by saying two magnets which are negative will rcpell each other, whereas a negative and a positive magnet will draw toward each other. “I don’t say the (UFO) craft are from somewhere else. I have proved in laboratory experiments that you can levitate a solid body electrically,” Carr said. In his own laboratory “I have been able to levitate aluminum objects”... ―UFOs Man-Made, Otis Carr Believes by Katherine Hatch
"Quartz Crystals Charged by High Frequency Currents Lose Their Weight" - The discovery was made about six weeks ago in a newly established central laboratory of the Nessartsaddin-Werke in Darredein, Poland, by Dr. Kowsky and Engineer Frost. ―Gravity Nullified, Science and Invention for September, 1927
ION THRUSTERS (an application of plasma physics) pptBhushith Kumar
Plasma has lured the attention of physicists towards itself for quite some time now. 99% of the universe is made up of plasma. It is the purest form of raw and intense energy which possesses all the types of matter known to mankind. Scientists have come up with various theories and technologies to harness this versatile source of energy. The “plasma propulsion” is a technology which harnesses plasma to achieve vehicular propulsion, mostly spacecrafts. This technology is gaining importance due to the depletion of conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels which are used to fuel vehicles for transportation. This paper showcases the ideology of plasma and its types. Further, this article also deals with the types of plasma propulsion systems, their architecture, working, pros and cons, and the types of propellants used in ion thrusters. This paper also houses a brief description of various missions which have incorporated ion thrusters. And towards the fag end of this article, a vision of “terrestrial transportation” has also been idealized followed by the list of references.
This was the seminar presentation on my Project report for M.Sc. Degree.
This shows basic and application of Electric propulsion.Which also shows about how electric propulsion is better than chemical propulsion.
The universe exhibits a fundamental dualism of opposite pairings. The present degenerate state of duality provides a clue as to the preexisting state. The Big Bang explosion of duals of surreal infinite & infinitesimal pairings is illustrated as an unstable vacuum state catastrophe. The number of modal states and information bits increase from the initial unstable vacuum singularity. The formation of a polarizable vacuum is depicted as creation of positive & negative Planck masses with positive & negative energy density. Expansion of the universe is represented as nested Riemann spheres of complex Planck impedance analogous to a 3D Smith chart of complex electrical impedance. Nested Apollian spheres of n-multiples of the Schwarzschild radius exhibits bubble voids like "suds in the kitchen sink" mass accretion & contraction similar to that apparent in the universe at large.
Neutrinos are spin 1/2 fermions that are nearly massless and without electrical charge. Only left-hand neutrinos (negative helicity) with spins anti-parallel to linear momenta are observed. Right-hand anti-neutrinos (positive helicity) exhibit spins parallel to the linear momentum vector. Neutrinos have very small interaction cross-sections and interact weakly with matter. In a geometrical model considered here, neutrinos are conceptualized as vortex rings composed of spinning Planck mass dipoles and propagate along the spin axis.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum in the form of spin 1 bosons (photons). Matter consists of standing wave resonances in the form of spin 1/2 fermions created from energetic photons. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
EM propulsion drive technology road map. Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz-Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-wave mixing process modulating a standing wave signal to generate a matter wave producing self-induced motion of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. A simplified impulse drive may be constructed with a standing wave cavity resonator excited by two-counter-propagating traveling waves with independent phase and frequency control.
The sixth area of New Energy science that we think is key to tapping energy from the quantum vacuum. This is electrogravitics, which was pioneered by Alfred Biefeld and Thomas Townsend Brown. Long used in covert military projects for super-fast aviation and aerospace propulsion, this is a science that is slowly attracting mainstream attention.
ION THRUSTERS (an application of plasma physics) pptBhushith Kumar
Plasma has lured the attention of physicists towards itself for quite some time now. 99% of the universe is made up of plasma. It is the purest form of raw and intense energy which possesses all the types of matter known to mankind. Scientists have come up with various theories and technologies to harness this versatile source of energy. The “plasma propulsion” is a technology which harnesses plasma to achieve vehicular propulsion, mostly spacecrafts. This technology is gaining importance due to the depletion of conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels which are used to fuel vehicles for transportation. This paper showcases the ideology of plasma and its types. Further, this article also deals with the types of plasma propulsion systems, their architecture, working, pros and cons, and the types of propellants used in ion thrusters. This paper also houses a brief description of various missions which have incorporated ion thrusters. And towards the fag end of this article, a vision of “terrestrial transportation” has also been idealized followed by the list of references.
This was the seminar presentation on my Project report for M.Sc. Degree.
This shows basic and application of Electric propulsion.Which also shows about how electric propulsion is better than chemical propulsion.
The universe exhibits a fundamental dualism of opposite pairings. The present degenerate state of duality provides a clue as to the preexisting state. The Big Bang explosion of duals of surreal infinite & infinitesimal pairings is illustrated as an unstable vacuum state catastrophe. The number of modal states and information bits increase from the initial unstable vacuum singularity. The formation of a polarizable vacuum is depicted as creation of positive & negative Planck masses with positive & negative energy density. Expansion of the universe is represented as nested Riemann spheres of complex Planck impedance analogous to a 3D Smith chart of complex electrical impedance. Nested Apollian spheres of n-multiples of the Schwarzschild radius exhibits bubble voids like "suds in the kitchen sink" mass accretion & contraction similar to that apparent in the universe at large.
Neutrinos are spin 1/2 fermions that are nearly massless and without electrical charge. Only left-hand neutrinos (negative helicity) with spins anti-parallel to linear momenta are observed. Right-hand anti-neutrinos (positive helicity) exhibit spins parallel to the linear momentum vector. Neutrinos have very small interaction cross-sections and interact weakly with matter. In a geometrical model considered here, neutrinos are conceptualized as vortex rings composed of spinning Planck mass dipoles and propagate along the spin axis.
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum in the form of spin 1 bosons (photons). Matter consists of standing wave resonances in the form of spin 1/2 fermions created from energetic photons. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
EM propulsion drive technology road map. Matter in motion exhibits internal Lorentz-contracted moving standing waves (de Broglie matter waves). The inverse effect of self-induced motion of matter may be potentially realized by utilizing synthesized red- and blue-shifted Lorentz-Doppler waves in a phase conjugate four-wave mixing process modulating a standing wave signal to generate a matter wave producing self-induced motion of a wave system without expulsion of reaction mass. A simplified impulse drive may be constructed with a standing wave cavity resonator excited by two-counter-propagating traveling waves with independent phase and frequency control.
The sixth area of New Energy science that we think is key to tapping energy from the quantum vacuum. This is electrogravitics, which was pioneered by Alfred Biefeld and Thomas Townsend Brown. Long used in covert military projects for super-fast aviation and aerospace propulsion, this is a science that is slowly attracting mainstream attention.
A fast-paced tutorial on satellite image geometry.
Mono & stereo collection geometry.
Effects of collection geometry on image quality, perspective and accuracy.
RPC & Physical Camera Models
Geometry of scan-oriented, map-oriented, orthorectified, and stereo image products
This tutorial for producers and users of satellite imagery provides a common vocabulary and understanding of collection and product geometry and effects.
international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea
The Ion Propulsion is being mostly used in the vacuum of space for accurate movement of various small ( less than 4800kgs) space bound vehicles like satellites. Although they are not used for launching bodies space from earth through the atmosphere primarily for their weak thrust (in hundreds of micro-Newton) which can’t overcome the pull of gravity & the drag of air successfully, technological advances may or may not enable the launching alongside chemical propulsion or entirely on its own in the far future. The motivation behind the experiment conducted was to gauge empirically the thrust produced by a simple ion thruster working in the near sea-level atmospheric conditions & to observe the propulsion at different configurations. Ion thrusters being one of the efficient engines poses some unanswered questions & are worth investigating mainly because of their high efficiencies. Although the prediction made is that the thrust will be in micro-Newton because of the low power input to the system & the overall efficiency may also be low (less than 50%) due to various losses in electrical systems, design, viscosity of air, etc. A well designed commercial thruster may be able to produce acceptable efficiencies but the setup used here is a simple one
2013 Briefing Update
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES By James E. Cox
It is proposed that the various types of antigravity devices be categorized into the following seven groups:
I. MECHANICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These are purely mechanical devices generally involving high speed rotation and forced precessional features using different materials in some cases. Example members are from Laithwaite, Wallace, Kidd, McCabe, Stratchen, Delroy, Foster, Dean, Forward, dePalma, Hayasaka and Cowlishaw.
II. ACCOUSTICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have no moving parts but employ vibration to alter nuclear interactions with gravity such as the work of Keely, Tibetan's stone levitation, Leedskelstein, and some inventors of acoustical levitation devices.
III. CHARGED STATIC/ROTATING DISC/CONES ANTIGRAVITY:
These are electrostatic/magnetic devices using stationary electrodes at high voltage such as T.T. Brown/Bielfeld and Bahnson, Naudin, Hartman, Nipher, Pages, Kelly, Rieken as well as rotating components such as Searl, Hammel, Davidson, Saxl, Halik, Schauberger, Carr, Hooper, Huaro, Smith and Vril/Schumann.
IV. AC/RF OR MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
In this group are devices with no moving parts having high frequency electromagnetic fields such as Alzofon, Tesla, Littlejohn, Sweet, Nielson, Seike, Hutchinson, Farrow, Bielek, Zinsser, Peshka, Schlecker, and Smith, etc.
V. SOLID STATE ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have their seat of antigravitic/shielding action within the atomic/lattice structure in both steady-state and transient modes such as the BaICuO superconductors used in the Podkletnov and Schnurer devices, (and those who have replicated their effects) as well as excitons in doped crystals.
VI. NUCLEAR ANTIGRAVITATION:
This entails the alteration of the interactions with the nucleus or its modification, to yield a change in weight or generation of gravity beams, or breakdown of Newton's third law such as in the work of Bearden, Wallace, Dan Fry, Gilber Jordan, extraterrestrial spacecraft (Lazar's element 115), Celtan, white powder (monoatomic elements), Dr. Charles Brush, and possibly cold fusion with ZPE interaction.
t
VII. BIOLOGICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These involve the human or animal element to obtain levitation, or weightless, psychokinetic action or inertia modification as in the Dr. William Crookes work on Home, Clark's party levitation, yogi masters, religious saints, Russian mirror chamber research, bumblebee flight as well as the Rhino Beetle.
Copyright Antigravity News and Space Drive Technology
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-February 1998, p. 4.
All Rights Reserved.
Permission is Granted to Copy, Forward, or Post with this Unaltered Notice kept intact.
The AGN Website is at: http://www.padrak.com/agn/
1. Aneutronic Fusion Spacecraft Architecture A. G. Tarditi1, G. H. Miley2 and J. H. Scott3 1University of Houston – Clear Lake, Houston, TX 2University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 3NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX NIAC 2012 – Spring Meeting, Pasadena, CA
2. Aneutronic Fusion Spacecraft Architecture A. G. Tarditi1, G. H. Miley2 and J. H. Scott3 1University of Houston – Clear Lake, Houston, TX 2University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 3NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX NIAC 2012 – Spring Meeting, Pasadena, CA
3. •
Exploration of a new concept for space propulsion suitable for aneutronic fusion
•
Fusion energy-to-thrust direct conversion: turn fusion products kinetic energy into thrust
•
Fusion products beam conditioning: specific impulse and thrust compatible with needs practical mission
Summary
4. Where all this fits: the Big Picture
Fusion Research
Electric Space Propulsion
Fusion
Propulsion
Plasma Propulsion
•
“Big time” space travel needs advanced propulsion at the 100-MW level
•
This really means electric propulsion
•
Electric propulsion needs fusion
Advanced Electric Utility Technology
5. Introduction - Space Exploration Needs
“Game changers” in the evolution of human transportation
?
?
6. Introduction - Space Exploration Needs
•
Incremental modifications of existing space transportation designs can only go so far…
•
Aerospace needs new propulsion technologies
?
7. •
A new propulsion paradigm that enables faster and longer distance space travel is arguably the technology development that could have the largest impact on the overall scope of the NASA mission
•
In comparison, every other space technology development would probably look merely incremental
•
Investing in R&D on new, advanced space propulsion architectures could have the largest impact on the overall scope of the NASA mission.
Introduction - Priorities
8. •
Utilization of fusion energy for spacecraft propulsion may be one of the most compelling research directions for the development of the future space program
•
Fusion research has reached a high level of scientific and technological maturity through a half-century of remarkable progress
Introduction – Fusion Propulsion
9. •
Even if a fusion reactor were to be available today, its successful application to space propulsion would be constrained by the requirements of integration with an electric thruster
•
Overall system mass and efficiency is ultimately all that matters if a significant step-change in the potentials of space travel is to be achieved
•
Key figure of merit: specific mass α [kg/kW]
Introduction – Fusion Propulsion
10. •
Design a spacecraft architecture that, for a given payload, enables the most capable missions
•
Focus on minimal overall system specific mass α (kg/kW)
•
Choose highest energy density source (fusion is just second to matter-antimatter annihilation) and…
•
…a propulsion scheme with a minimal-mass and highest-efficiency in propellant acceleration
Motivation
11. Ideal Space Propulsion
•
Utilize fusion products directly for production of thrust
•
The most efficient propulsion system will utilize the highest energy density source and the simplest propulsion configuration
Low-Mass Fusion Core
Fusion Products
Exhaust
13. Indirect Fusion Propulsion
Electric power production and plasma generation/acceleration in an indirect fusion propulsion scheme
Plasma Accelerator
Auxiliary
Systems
Electric Power
Magnetic Nozzle
Exhaust
Fusion Reactor
14. Auxiliary
Systems
Fusion Reactor
Beam Conditioning System
Exhaust
Fusion Products Beam
Direct Fusion Propulsion
Plasma exhaust production in a direct fusion propulsion scheme
Electric Power
15. Mission Design
•
For a given mission and given power and initial mass, there is an optimal specific impulse profile that allows the fastest transfer
•
In the gravity-free approximation, it can be shown that the optimal specific impulse (Isp) is proportional to the trip time (shorter trips will require more thrust, less Isp) [Moeckel, 1972]
•
For “reasonable” travel in the Solar System the optimal Isp is in the 104 s range
W. E. Moeckel, J. Spacecraft, 6 (12), 863 (1972) and NASA-TN D-6968 (1972)
16. Aneutronic Fusion
•
Fusion products from main aneutronic reactions:
–
p + 11B => 3 4He +8.7 MeV
–
2.9 MeV α-particle ’ speed ≈107 m/s (simplification: each α-particle is considered having an energy of 2.9 MeV)
•
D + 3He => p (14.7 MeV) + α (3.7 MeV)
–
3.7 MeV α-particle ’ speed ≈1.3· 107 m/s
–
14.7 MeV proton ’ speed ≈ 5.3·107 m/s
•
These reactions give a specific impulse in the 106 s range; too high for most practical purposes
17. Basic Constraints
•
A jet of particles (beam) with velocity v and a mass flow equal to dM/dt (kg/s)
•
(Momentum) Thrust Fth=v (dM/dt)
•
The specific impulse is conventionally expressed in seconds and defined as Isp=v/g0 , where g0 is the Earth gravity acceleration
•
Then, for a given power, to decrease the Isp and increase the thrust at the same time the mass flow needs to be increased
18. Old Thinking: “Slush” Plasma Propellant
•
The α’s are injected into a denser, cold plasma
•
After exchanging momentum and energy the propellant will be faster and warmer
•
A magnetic nozzle will redirect (most of) the thermal energy into the direction of thrust
α−beam
19. •
By injecting the alpha's with a large angle w.r.t. the axis of the magnetic nozzle solenoidal field the longitudinal speed will be reduced.
•
The gyro radius for a 2.9 MeV α in a 1 T field is about 0.25 m: to capture the ions the injection has to be non- adiabatic (plasma collisions)
α−beam
Old Thinking: “Slush” Plasma Propellant
21. Fusion Energy to Thrust Direct Conversion
TWDEC
Fusion Reactor
Electric Power
Fast Ion
Bunch
Exhaust
Ion Beam Collector
Slow/Dense Ion
Source
Fast-to-Slow
Bunch
Energy Transfer
Fast
Ions
Dense Slow Ion Bunch
Neutralizing Electrons
System concept
(TWDEC=Travelling Wave Direct Energy Converter)
22. Converting Beam Energy into Thrust
Two basic processes operate concurrently:
1.
Fast-to-Slow Bunch electrostatic energy exchange
2.
Magnetic Piston effect created by fast beam bunches confined into a spiral trajectory
Electric Field
Slow, Dense Bunch Speeds Up
Fast Ion Bunch
Slows Down
j
vbunch
Slow, Dense Bunch Speeds Up
Fast Ion Bunch Slows Down
23. 1) Fast-to-Slow Bunch Energy Exchange
Electric Field
Bunch Formation – (Hollow Electrodes)
Slow Dense Bunch Speeds Up
Fast Ion Bunch Slows Down
Guide Magnetic
Field Coil
Fast Ion Bunch
24. Fast-Electron, Neutralized Beam Scenario
Slow Dense Bunch Speeds Up
Fast-Electrons (neutralizing, not recombining)
Fast-electron beam (possibly partially neutralizing) may allow higher densities
25. “Magnetic Piston”: an Old Concept
Concept illustration (from W.B. Kunkel, “Plasma Physics in Theory and Applications”, 1966)
26. Collimated
α−beam
Magnetic Piston: 1) Beam Injection
B
•
The gyro-radius for a 2.9 MeV α−particle in a 1 T field is about 0.25 m.
•
Bunching can allow for non-adiabatic injection required to capture the ions.
STEP 1. Injecting fusion products with a large angle w.r.t. the axis of a solenoidal magnetic field: the longitudinal speed will be reduced and particles follow a spiral orbit
27. STEP 2.With a collimated, pencil-beam injection, the accumulation of ion bunches forms a current ring
2) Formation of Current Layer
j
Traveling Storage Ring”
B
28. STEP 3. As more particles are collected the current in the layer increases that, in turn, increases the magnetic field
3) Magnetic Field Increase
j
29. j
Magnetic Piston Pushing Target Ion Bunch
Slow Dense Bunch Speeds Up
vFastBunch
Fast Ion Bunch Slows Down
31. Near-Term Experimental Plans
•
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) Fusion Studies Lab: experimental campaign on key physics issues:
–
Utilization of the Helicon Injected Inertial Plasma Electrostatic Rocket (HIIPER) plasma jet for the generation of a high-density ion “bunched” beam
–
Validating the direct energy-to-thrust conversion via fast- slow bunch interaction
–
Testing of the TWDEC at higher density: TWDEC stage directly connected to a IEC plasma device.
33. IEC Device at UIUC: plasma from a 2.2 kW Helicon source
UIUC Fusion Studies Lab
34. IEC Device at UIUC: IEC plasma with energized grid and formation of plasma jet
UIUC Fusion Studies Lab
35. Research Plan F.Y. 2011-2012
1st Quarter
Physics process definition at the system- level and evaluation of overall performances.
2nd Quarter
Particle-in-Cell computer modeling and simulation of subcomponents
3rd Quarter
System-level modeling refinement, in-depth simulation and testing of overall performances and key physics issues
4th Quarter
Revised detailed design. Final recommendation for next-step developments.