Electric Propulsion (EP) is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical and/or magnetic means. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the EP thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Unlike chemical systems, electric propulsion requires very little mass to accelerate a spacecraft. The propellant is ejected up to twenty times faster than from a classical chemical thruster and therefore the overall system is many times more mass efficient.
Electric Propulsion, when compared with chemical propulsion, is not limited in energy, but is only limited by the available electrical power on-board the spacecraft. Therefore EP is suitable for low- thrust (micro and milli-newton levels) long-duration applications on board spacecrafts. The propellant used in EP systems varies with the type of thruster and can be a rare gas (i.e. xenon or argon), a liquid metal or, in some cases, a conventional propellant.
Electric Propulsion System components
An Electric Propulsion System is composed by four different building blocks:
The thruster components,
The propellant components or fluidic management system, The power components, which includes the PPU,
The pointing mechanisms (optional).
This was the seminar presentation on my Project report for M.Sc. Degree.
This shows basic and application of Electric propulsion.Which also shows about how electric propulsion is better than chemical propulsion.
The Ion-propulsion engine or Ion thruster system’s efficient use of fuel and electrical power enables modern spacecraft to travel farther, faster, and cheaper than any other propulsion technology. Chemical rockets have a fuel efficiency up to 35%, but ion thruster have demonstrated fuel efficiencies over 90%. An ion thruster ionizes a neutral gas by extracting some electrons out of atoms, creating a cloud of positive ions. These thrusters rely mainly on electrostatics as ions are accelerated by the Coulomb force along an electric field. Temporarily stored electrons are finally reinjected by a neutralizer in the cloud of ions after it has passed through the electrostatic grid, so the gas becomes neutral again and can freely disperse in space without any further electrical interaction with the thruster.
ION THRUSTERS (an application of plasma physics) pptBhushith Kumar
Plasma has lured the attention of physicists towards itself for quite some time now. 99% of the universe is made up of plasma. It is the purest form of raw and intense energy which possesses all the types of matter known to mankind. Scientists have come up with various theories and technologies to harness this versatile source of energy. The “plasma propulsion” is a technology which harnesses plasma to achieve vehicular propulsion, mostly spacecrafts. This technology is gaining importance due to the depletion of conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels which are used to fuel vehicles for transportation. This paper showcases the ideology of plasma and its types. Further, this article also deals with the types of plasma propulsion systems, their architecture, working, pros and cons, and the types of propellants used in ion thrusters. This paper also houses a brief description of various missions which have incorporated ion thrusters. And towards the fag end of this article, a vision of “terrestrial transportation” has also been idealized followed by the list of references.
Electric Propulsion (EP) is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical and/or magnetic means. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the EP thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Unlike chemical systems, electric propulsion requires very little mass to accelerate a spacecraft. The propellant is ejected up to twenty times faster than from a classical chemical thruster and therefore the overall system is many times more mass efficient.
Electric Propulsion, when compared with chemical propulsion, is not limited in energy, but is only limited by the available electrical power on-board the spacecraft. Therefore EP is suitable for low- thrust (micro and milli-newton levels) long-duration applications on board spacecrafts. The propellant used in EP systems varies with the type of thruster and can be a rare gas (i.e. xenon or argon), a liquid metal or, in some cases, a conventional propellant.
Electric Propulsion System components
An Electric Propulsion System is composed by four different building blocks:
The thruster components,
The propellant components or fluidic management system, The power components, which includes the PPU,
The pointing mechanisms (optional).
This was the seminar presentation on my Project report for M.Sc. Degree.
This shows basic and application of Electric propulsion.Which also shows about how electric propulsion is better than chemical propulsion.
The Ion-propulsion engine or Ion thruster system’s efficient use of fuel and electrical power enables modern spacecraft to travel farther, faster, and cheaper than any other propulsion technology. Chemical rockets have a fuel efficiency up to 35%, but ion thruster have demonstrated fuel efficiencies over 90%. An ion thruster ionizes a neutral gas by extracting some electrons out of atoms, creating a cloud of positive ions. These thrusters rely mainly on electrostatics as ions are accelerated by the Coulomb force along an electric field. Temporarily stored electrons are finally reinjected by a neutralizer in the cloud of ions after it has passed through the electrostatic grid, so the gas becomes neutral again and can freely disperse in space without any further electrical interaction with the thruster.
ION THRUSTERS (an application of plasma physics) pptBhushith Kumar
Plasma has lured the attention of physicists towards itself for quite some time now. 99% of the universe is made up of plasma. It is the purest form of raw and intense energy which possesses all the types of matter known to mankind. Scientists have come up with various theories and technologies to harness this versatile source of energy. The “plasma propulsion” is a technology which harnesses plasma to achieve vehicular propulsion, mostly spacecrafts. This technology is gaining importance due to the depletion of conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels which are used to fuel vehicles for transportation. This paper showcases the ideology of plasma and its types. Further, this article also deals with the types of plasma propulsion systems, their architecture, working, pros and cons, and the types of propellants used in ion thrusters. This paper also houses a brief description of various missions which have incorporated ion thrusters. And towards the fag end of this article, a vision of “terrestrial transportation” has also been idealized followed by the list of references.
study of jet engines & how they works
1.History of jet engine 2. Introduction 3. Parts of jet engine 4. How a get engine works 5. Types of jet engine (i) Ramjet (ii) Turbojet (iii) Turbofan (iv) Turboprop (v) Turbo shaft 6.Comparison of Turbo Jet 7.Jet engines Vs Rockets 8.Difficulties 9.Suggestion for improvement 10. Merit and Demerits 11. Jet engine uses 12.Conclusion 13.Future vision
Nuclear batteries use the incredible amount of energy released naturally by tiny bits of radio active material without any fission or fusion taking place inside the battery. These devices use thin radioactive films that pack in energy at densities thousands of times greater than those of lithium-ion batteries. Because of the high energy density nuclear batteries are extremely small in size. Considering the small size and shape of the battery the scientists who developed that battery fancifully call it as "DAINTIEST DYNAMO". The word 'dainty' means pretty.
This presentation is about Ion Propulsion System use in rocket engines. This ppt is made by students of BS physics 7 semester of Khwaja Fareed University Of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
study of jet engines & how they works
1.History of jet engine 2. Introduction 3. Parts of jet engine 4. How a get engine works 5. Types of jet engine (i) Ramjet (ii) Turbojet (iii) Turbofan (iv) Turboprop (v) Turbo shaft 6.Comparison of Turbo Jet 7.Jet engines Vs Rockets 8.Difficulties 9.Suggestion for improvement 10. Merit and Demerits 11. Jet engine uses 12.Conclusion 13.Future vision
Nuclear batteries use the incredible amount of energy released naturally by tiny bits of radio active material without any fission or fusion taking place inside the battery. These devices use thin radioactive films that pack in energy at densities thousands of times greater than those of lithium-ion batteries. Because of the high energy density nuclear batteries are extremely small in size. Considering the small size and shape of the battery the scientists who developed that battery fancifully call it as "DAINTIEST DYNAMO". The word 'dainty' means pretty.
This presentation is about Ion Propulsion System use in rocket engines. This ppt is made by students of BS physics 7 semester of Khwaja Fareed University Of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea
The Ion Propulsion is being mostly used in the vacuum of space for accurate movement of various small ( less than 4800kgs) space bound vehicles like satellites. Although they are not used for launching bodies space from earth through the atmosphere primarily for their weak thrust (in hundreds of micro-Newton) which can’t overcome the pull of gravity & the drag of air successfully, technological advances may or may not enable the launching alongside chemical propulsion or entirely on its own in the far future. The motivation behind the experiment conducted was to gauge empirically the thrust produced by a simple ion thruster working in the near sea-level atmospheric conditions & to observe the propulsion at different configurations. Ion thrusters being one of the efficient engines poses some unanswered questions & are worth investigating mainly because of their high efficiencies. Although the prediction made is that the thrust will be in micro-Newton because of the low power input to the system & the overall efficiency may also be low (less than 50%) due to various losses in electrical systems, design, viscosity of air, etc. A well designed commercial thruster may be able to produce acceptable efficiencies but the setup used here is a simple one
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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1. A
Seminar report
On
ION PROPULSION THRUSTER
Submitted for partial fulfillment for award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
Electrical Engineering
By
piyush
Mentor
Dr.R.P.PAYASI
Seminar Coordinator
Prof. Varun Kumar
Department of Electrical Engineering
KAMLA NEHRU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SULTANPUR (U.P.)
(An Autonomous Gov. Engineering Institute)
Affiliated to
Dr. A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW, INDIA
1
2. CONTENTS
1) INTRODUCTION
2) PARTS OF IPS
3) CLASSIFICATION
4) WORKING PROCESS
5) APPLICATION
6) PROPELLENT USED
7) ADVANTAGE
8) DISADVANTAGE
9) CURRENT MISSION
10) REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
1) Chemical Propulsion involves the chemical reaction of propellants to move or control a spacecraft
2) Non-chemical Propulsion eliminates the use of chemical reactants
3) The acceleration of gases for the purpose of producing propulsive thrust by electric heating, electric
body forces, and/oR electric and magnetic body forces.
4) A propulsion system is a machine that produces thrust to push an object forward. On airplanes, thrust is
usually generated through some application of Newton's third law of action and reaction. A gas, or working
fluid, is accelerated by the engine, and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the engine.
HISTORY
•1903 -- K. E. Tsiolkovsky derived the “Tsiolkovsky” or “Rocket” Equation commonly used to show the
benefits of electric propulsion
•1906 -- R. Goddard wrote about the possibility of electric rockets
•1911 -- K. E. Tsiolkovsky independently wrote about electric rockets
•1929 -- World’s first electric thruster demonstrated by V. P. Glushko at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory in
• Lenningrad
•1960 -- First “broad-beam” ion thruster operated in the U.S. at the NASA Lewis (now Glenn) Research Center
•1964 -- First successful sub-orbital demonstration of an ion engine (SERT I) by the U.S.
•1964 -- First use of an electric thruster on an interplanetary probe (Zond 2) by the USSR
•1970 -- Long duration test of mercury ion thrusters in space (SERT II) by the U.S.
•1972 -- First operation of a xenon stationary plasma thruster (SPT-50) in space (Meteor) by the USSR
•1993 -- First use of hydrazine arcjets on a commercial communications
3
Electric propulsion is a
4. ELECTRIC PROPULSION
1.Power source :
power source can be any source of electrical power, but solar and nuclear are the primary options.
A solar electric propulsion system (SEP) uses sunlight and solar cells for power generation.
A nuclear electric propulsion system (NEP) uses a nuclear heat source coupled to an electric generator.
2.Power processing unit (PPU):
The PPU converts the electrical power generated by the power source into the power required for each component of the ion
thruster.
It generates the voltages required by the ion optics and discharge chamber and the high currents required for the hollow
cathodes.
3.Propellent management system:
The PMS controls the propellant flow from the propellant tank to the thruster and hollow cathodes.
Modern PMS units have evolved to a level of sophisticated design that no longer requires moving parts.
4.The computer control :
The control computer controls and monitors system performance
5.Ion Thruster:
Then processes the propellant and power to perform work.
4
PARTS OF IPS(Ion Propulsion system)
Ion propulsion system consists of the following five parts :
•Power source
•Power processing unit
•Propellant management system
•The control computer
•Ion thruster
5. CLASSIFICATION
They are broadly classified as:
1)Electrostatic Propulsion
2)Electromagnetic Propulsion
5
Ion propulsion process:
The fuel used by modern ion engines is xenon gas which is four times heavier than air
When the ion engine is running, electrons are emitted from a hollow cathode tube called as
discharge cathode.
These electrons enter a magnet-ringed chamber, where they strike the xenon atoms.
These electrons hits the electrons of xenon atom as it consists of 54 electrons .
This results in the formation of ions in discharge chamber
High-strength magnets are placed along the discharge chamber walls so that as electrons
approach the walls, they are redirected into the discharge chamber by the magnetic field
At the rear of the chamber, a pair of metal grids is charged positively and negatively,
respectively, with up to 1,280 volts of electricity
The force of this electric charge exerts a strong electrostatic pull on the xenon ions
The xenon ions shoot out the back of the engine at high speeds which propels the
spacecraft in opposite direction and produces thrust force .
The force of this electric charge exerts a strong electrostatic pull on the xenon ions
The xenon ions shoot out the back of the engine at high speeds which propels the
spacecraft in opposite direction and produces thrust force .
6. 6
1)Electrostatic ion thruster:
This type of thruster commonly use xenon gas which has no charge and it is ionized by
bombarding with energetic electrons.
These electrons are provided from hot cathode filament and accelerated into electric field of
cathode fall to anode.
The positive ions are extracted after bombarding of electrons with xenon atoms, and these ions
are accelerated by electrostatic forces
The electric fields used for acceleration are generated by electrodes positioned at the end of the
thruster ,such set of electrodes are called as ion optics or grids.
Since the ions are generated in a region of high positive and the accelerator grid's potential is
negative, the ions are attracted toward the accelerator grid and are focused out of the discharge
chamber through the apertures, creating thousands of ion jets.
The electric fields used for acceleration are generated by electrodes positioned at the end of the
thruster ,such set of electrodes are called as ion optics or grids.
Some ion thrusters use a two-electrode system, where the upstream electrode(screen grid) is
charged highly positive, and the downstream electrode(accelerator grid) is charged highly negative.
Since the ions are generated in a region of high positive and the accelerator grid's potential is
negative, the ions are attracted toward the accelerator grid and are focused out of the discharge
chamber through the apertures, creating thousands of ion jets.
Because the ion thruster expels a large amount of positive ions, an equal amount of negative
charge must be expelled to keep the total charge of the exhaust beam neutral.
A second hollow cathode called the neutralizer is located on the downstream of the thruster and
expels the needed electrons.
thus how an electrostatic thruster produces thrust with the help of ions and propells the
spacecraft
Amount of thrust
At full throttle, the ion engine will consume 2,500 watts of electrical power, and put out 1/50th of a pound of
thrust
Ion thrusters are capable of propelling a spacecraft up to 90,000 meters per second (over 200,000mph)
thrusters can deliver up to 0.5 Newtons (0.1 pounds) of thrust
7. 7
Test data of some ion thrusters
Engine Propellant
Input
power (kW)
Specific
impulse (s)
Thrust
(mN)
Thruster
mass (kg)
NSTAR Xenon 2.3
3300–
1700[29] 92 max.[13]
PPS-
1350 Hall
effect
Xenon 1.5 1660 90 5.3
NEXT[13] Xenon 6.9[30] 4190[30][31][
32]
236
max.[13][32]
NEXIS[33] Xenon 20.5
RIT 22[34] Xenon 5
BHT8000[3
5] Xenon 8 2210 449 25
Hall effect Xenon
75[citation
needed]
FEEP Liquid caesium 6×10−5 – 0.06 6000–10000[19] 0.001–1[19]
NASA’s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) at NASA’s JPL
10. 10
APPLICATIONS
Ion thrusters have many applications for in-space propulsion
The best applications of the ion thrusters make use of the long lifetime when significant thrust is not needed.
This type of propulsive device can also be used for interplanetary and deep space missions where time is not crucial
Used to spiral at lower altitudes on vesta
Helps Spacecraft Cruise Solar System on the Cheap
PROPELLENT
Many current designs use xenon gas due to its low ionization energy, reasonably high atomic number, inert nature, and low
erosion
Ion thrusters use inert gas for propellant, eliminating the risk of explosions
The usual propellant is xenon, but other gases such as krypton and argon may be used.
ADVANTAGES
on propulsion could be used for a manned mission to Mars
Ion propulsion makes efficient use of the onboard fuel by accelerating it to a velocity ten times that of chemical rockets
The ion propulsion system, although highly efficient, is very gentle in its thrust
Less expensive launch vehicle is required when compared to chemical propulsion .
Less amount of propellant carrying tanks which reduces weight of spacecraft
With xenon, it is possible to reduce propellant mass onboard a spacecraft by up to 90 percent
The advantages of having less onboard propellant include a lighter spacecraft, and, since launch costs are set based on
spacecraft weight, reduced launch cost..
Additional velocity can be obtained
Greater life time when compared to other propulsive devices
Continuous thrust over a very long time can build up a larger velocity than traditional chemical rockets
High specific impulse , high efficiency
12. ELECTROMAGNETIC:PPT
PPTs use solid Teflon propellant to deliver specific impulses in the 900 - 1,200 s range and
very low, precise impulse "bits" (10-1,000 μNs) at low average power (< 1 to 100 W)
PPTs inherently inefficient (η ~5%)
Simplicity and low impulse bits provide highly useful
Precision-flying of a spacecraft constellation
PPT consists of a coiled spring that feeds Teflon propellant bar, an igniter plug to initiate a
small-trigger electrical discharge, a capacitor, and electrodes through which current flows
Plasma is created by ablating Teflon from discharge of capacitor across electrodes
Plasma is then accelerated to generate thrust by Lorenz force that is established by current
and its induced magnetic field
13.
14. 14
DISADVANTAGES
Unlike a chemical propulsion system ion propulsion produces gentle amount of thrust but for a
long duration
Ion propulsion system is mostly applicable only for deep space missions
Cost of propellant used is very expensive
Complex power coditioning ,high voltages
Single propellant
Low thrust per unit area
Electric Propulsion Applications
ISS
INTERPLANETARY MISSION
COMMERCIAL/DEFENSE
15. Conclusion
1) Electric thrusters in general are about 1.5 times as efficient as a good chemical propulsion system
2)A parameter called an specific impulse comes into play here. (~20,000 s)
3) So why use an electric thruster? If the mission is not time sensitive an electric propulsion system will use less
fuel, and therefore cost less to launch into space. On average it currently costs about $10,000 for every kilogram
launched into low Earth orbit. Therefore if time is not a crucial issue the delay can be worth the money saved at
launch.
•.
4)the propellant chose should not cause erosion of the thruster to any great degree to permit long life; and should
not contaminate the vehicle
5)In 1998, Deep Space 1 became the first spacecraft to use ion propulsion to reach destinations in the solar system
CURRENT MISSION
16.
17. REFERENCES
1. Rocket and space craft propulsion book by Martin J . L . Turner Third Edition.
2. Rocket propulsion element by George p. Sutton Seventh Edition.
3. Electric Propulsion: Which One For My Spacecraft? Ian J. E. Jordan JHU, Whiting School
of Engineering.
4. A Critical History of Electric Propulsion: The First Fifty Years (1906-1956) Edgar Y .
Choueiri
5. Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters Dan M. Goebel and Ira Katz
6. M.S. El-Genk. Energy conversion options for advanced radioisotope power systems. In Space
Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF 2003), volume 654(1), pages 368–375.
American Institute of Physics, New York, 2003.
7. S. Oleson and I. Katz. Electric propulsion for Project Prometheus. In 39th Joint Propulsion
Conference, Huntsville, AL, 2003. AIAA-2003- 5279
8. N.A. Rynin .Tsiolkovsky: His Life, Writings and Rockets. Academy of Sciences of the USSR,
Leningrad, 1931.
9. R. G. Jahn. Physics of Electric Propulsion. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
10. R.H. Goddard. The green notebooks, vol. # 1. The Dr. Robert H. Goddard Collection at
Clark University Archives, Clark University, Worceseter, MA 01610.
11. Stuhlinger, E., Electric Propulsion Development, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics,
v. 9, AIAA, Academic Press, 1963.
Electric Propulsion Websites:
1.Frisbee, R. http://sec353.jpl.nasa.gov/apc/index.html .
2.Advanced Space Propulsion Research Workshop May 31 / June 2, 2000 - JPL. Proceedings
papers
may be found at http://apc2000.jpl.nasa.gov/ .
3.A somewhat out of date compilation of electric propulsion sites may be found at
http://www.irs.unistuttgart.de/SURF/ep_sites.html