A fast-paced tutorial on satellite image geometry.
Mono & stereo collection geometry.
Effects of collection geometry on image quality, perspective and accuracy.
RPC & Physical Camera Models
Geometry of scan-oriented, map-oriented, orthorectified, and stereo image products
This tutorial for producers and users of satellite imagery provides a common vocabulary and understanding of collection and product geometry and effects.
The document discusses ground penetrating radar (GPR), which uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It explains that GPR can detect objects, material changes, and voids underground. The document then covers GPR principles, data acquisition, analysis, and applications in civil engineering projects like assessing bridge decks, detecting subsidence, and locating cultural artifacts. Examples of current GPR research, equipment, and software are also presented.
GIS student project ideas, GIS case studies, GIS projects, GIS uses – From over 50 industries, this guide of 1000 GIS applications will open your mind to our amazing planet and its inter-connectivity.
Drone flight planning - Principles and PracticesDany Laksono
This document discusses principles of drone flight planning. It explains that flight planning is necessary to ensure drones capture images in the right places and fly safely, especially over large areas. Key aspects of flight planning include the area of interest, desired accuracy, flight height and path, ground control points, image overlap, and drone type. Modern software can automate flight planning by designing paths based on user inputs and calculating flight times and images. Such software can also import map data and avoid obstacles. Overall, proper flight planning is important for safety and obtaining high quality results from drone missions.
Differential GPS (DGPS) provides more precise positioning than standard GPS by using corrections from a reference station. DGPS can provide accuracy to within a couple meters for moving applications and even better precision for stationary uses. It works by comparing measurements from a stationary receiver at a known location to a roving receiver. This allows it to correct for things like ionospheric delay and improve upon the raw GPS accuracy which is typically less than 100 meters. Real-time DGPS provides continuously updated corrections via radio signals in real-time to roving receivers, allowing centimeter-level accuracy. Satellite-based systems also transmit verified corrections from multiple reference stations via geostationary satellites. DGPS is now widely used to enable precise positioning
Generation of high resolution DSM using UAV Images Nepal Flying Labs
A final year project by Geomatics Engineering Students at Kathmandu University,Dhulikhel,Kavre.
All the datasets required for this project have been downloaded from the popular Trimble Company.This project makes use of 27 high resolution (2.4 cm average spatial resolution) UAV-acquired images of a sand mine at Tielt-Winge, Belgium . These images have been acquired by a Sony Nex-5R digital camera mounted on a Trimble UX5 Imaging Rover, a fixed wing UAV. Three software: LPS, AgiSoft PhotoScan and PIX4D were used for image processing.
The team members:
1.Uttam Pudasaini : utmpudasaini@hotmail.com
2.Niroj Panta : sadrose777@gmail.com
3.Biplov Bhandari : bionicbiplov45@gmail.com
4.Upendra Oli : Upendraoli@gmail.com
This document discusses using drones for aerial imagery collection as a more cost-effective alternative to airplanes and helicopters. It notes that while large aircraft can image large areas at high resolution and accuracy, they are expensive for remote areas. Small drones can image smaller areas at lower resolutions but with average accuracy. The document then outlines the solution developed using a medium-sized fixed-wing drone carrying a small Sony camera to match the capabilities of plane-based imagery collection for remote areas at a lower cost.
This document summarizes the process of drone surveys. It discusses (1) how drone surveys capture aerial data using cameras and sensors to create models, maps, and analyses; (2) the typical drone survey process, including approvals, flight planning, ground control, processing data, and creating reports; and (3) how drones provide benefits over traditional surveys by being faster, safer, able to access remote areas, and capturing more accurate and precise data.
DSD-INT 2015 - Photogrammetric workflows and use of UA VS, Francesco nex, E-s...Deltares
The document discusses the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for earth observation applications. It provides an overview of UAV classification systems and discusses photogrammetric workflows using UAV imagery. Common applications described include urban monitoring, environmental monitoring, agriculture/forestry, and archaeological documentation. Both pros and cons of UAVs for earth observation are presented, noting their flexibility but also technological and regulatory limitations.
The document discusses ground penetrating radar (GPR), which uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It explains that GPR can detect objects, material changes, and voids underground. The document then covers GPR principles, data acquisition, analysis, and applications in civil engineering projects like assessing bridge decks, detecting subsidence, and locating cultural artifacts. Examples of current GPR research, equipment, and software are also presented.
GIS student project ideas, GIS case studies, GIS projects, GIS uses – From over 50 industries, this guide of 1000 GIS applications will open your mind to our amazing planet and its inter-connectivity.
Drone flight planning - Principles and PracticesDany Laksono
This document discusses principles of drone flight planning. It explains that flight planning is necessary to ensure drones capture images in the right places and fly safely, especially over large areas. Key aspects of flight planning include the area of interest, desired accuracy, flight height and path, ground control points, image overlap, and drone type. Modern software can automate flight planning by designing paths based on user inputs and calculating flight times and images. Such software can also import map data and avoid obstacles. Overall, proper flight planning is important for safety and obtaining high quality results from drone missions.
Differential GPS (DGPS) provides more precise positioning than standard GPS by using corrections from a reference station. DGPS can provide accuracy to within a couple meters for moving applications and even better precision for stationary uses. It works by comparing measurements from a stationary receiver at a known location to a roving receiver. This allows it to correct for things like ionospheric delay and improve upon the raw GPS accuracy which is typically less than 100 meters. Real-time DGPS provides continuously updated corrections via radio signals in real-time to roving receivers, allowing centimeter-level accuracy. Satellite-based systems also transmit verified corrections from multiple reference stations via geostationary satellites. DGPS is now widely used to enable precise positioning
Generation of high resolution DSM using UAV Images Nepal Flying Labs
A final year project by Geomatics Engineering Students at Kathmandu University,Dhulikhel,Kavre.
All the datasets required for this project have been downloaded from the popular Trimble Company.This project makes use of 27 high resolution (2.4 cm average spatial resolution) UAV-acquired images of a sand mine at Tielt-Winge, Belgium . These images have been acquired by a Sony Nex-5R digital camera mounted on a Trimble UX5 Imaging Rover, a fixed wing UAV. Three software: LPS, AgiSoft PhotoScan and PIX4D were used for image processing.
The team members:
1.Uttam Pudasaini : utmpudasaini@hotmail.com
2.Niroj Panta : sadrose777@gmail.com
3.Biplov Bhandari : bionicbiplov45@gmail.com
4.Upendra Oli : Upendraoli@gmail.com
This document discusses using drones for aerial imagery collection as a more cost-effective alternative to airplanes and helicopters. It notes that while large aircraft can image large areas at high resolution and accuracy, they are expensive for remote areas. Small drones can image smaller areas at lower resolutions but with average accuracy. The document then outlines the solution developed using a medium-sized fixed-wing drone carrying a small Sony camera to match the capabilities of plane-based imagery collection for remote areas at a lower cost.
This document summarizes the process of drone surveys. It discusses (1) how drone surveys capture aerial data using cameras and sensors to create models, maps, and analyses; (2) the typical drone survey process, including approvals, flight planning, ground control, processing data, and creating reports; and (3) how drones provide benefits over traditional surveys by being faster, safer, able to access remote areas, and capturing more accurate and precise data.
DSD-INT 2015 - Photogrammetric workflows and use of UA VS, Francesco nex, E-s...Deltares
The document discusses the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for earth observation applications. It provides an overview of UAV classification systems and discusses photogrammetric workflows using UAV imagery. Common applications described include urban monitoring, environmental monitoring, agriculture/forestry, and archaeological documentation. Both pros and cons of UAVs for earth observation are presented, noting their flexibility but also technological and regulatory limitations.
The document provides an introduction to ground penetrating radar (GPR), including its history, how it works, equipment used, data collection and processing techniques, and applications in archaeology. GPR transmits radar pulses into the ground and receives reflections, allowing buried features to be imaged without excavation. Key developments included early ice thickness measurements in the 1920s-1950s, military applications in WWII, and increasing use in archaeology from the 1970s onward as computers improved data processing capabilities. The document outlines factors affecting radar wave propagation and reflections, and details the workflow from GPR survey to interpretation of time slice maps and 3D models to identify buried structures and features.
LIDAR is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology used to examine the surface of the earth, often using pulses from a laser.
The document discusses principles of radar imaging and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). SAR uses signal modulation and range-Doppler processing to achieve high-resolution radar imagery independent of distance to targets. Polarimetric SAR can characterize target scattering properties by measuring the scattering matrix. Interferometric SAR uses two antennas to measure elevation, while differential interferometry detects elevation changes over time for applications like change detection. Emerging techniques include polarimetric interferometry and using polarization signatures to estimate surface tilt and topography.
The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in 3 segments: the space segment consists of 24+ satellites in orbit that broadcast timing and position data; the control segment includes 5 monitoring stations that track satellites and upload corrections; the user segment comprises over 3 billion GPS receivers used for navigation, mapping, and other purposes by both military and civilian users. GPS determines position by precisely measuring the time it takes signals from at least 4 satellites to reach a receiver.
RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It uses electromagnetic waves to detect the position, velocity, and characteristics of targets. RADAR was originally developed for military purposes during World War 2, when it was used by the British and US militaries to locate ships and airplanes. Today, RADAR is an essential tool for weather prediction and analysis. Different types of RADAR include pulse transmission RADAR and continuous wave RADAR. RADAR comes in various forms such as search RADAR for detection and tracking RADAR for following individual targets. The frequency used depends on the desired range, with lower frequencies allowing longer detection distances.
Unmanned Aerial Systems for Precision MappingUAS Colorado
Presentation by Renee Walmsley, Remote Sensing Program Manager at Tetra Tech, for the August 16, 2017 Rocky Mountain UAS Professionals Meetup at the Esri Broomfield office.
Mobile GIS allows geographic information systems tools and data to be accessed on mobile devices through wireless networks. It has applications in fields like public safety, utilities management, and land surveying by enabling workers to view maps and collect geospatial data in the field. The key components of a mobile GIS include positioning systems, mobile GIS software, data synchronization capabilities, and geospatial data servers. A case study demonstrates how a university integrated a mobile GIS platform using ArcPad software on PocketPC devices to help campus security and emergency response teams respond quickly to incidents.
GPS aircraft tracking allows planes equipped with GPS receivers to be monitored in real-time. GPS was developed in 1973 by the U.S. Department of Defense to improve navigation and originally used 24 satellites. The GPS system has three components - the space segment with over 30 satellites in orbit transmitting navigation signals, the control segment which monitors the system, and the user segment comprising thousands of military and civilian users. Aircraft equipped with ADS-B transmit position, speed, direction and altitude to satellites every 15 minutes, which relay the information to ground stations for processing and display of the plane's location.
Crop identification using geo spatial technologiesGodiSaiKiran
Geo spatial technologies can be used to identify crop fields using satellite imagery. Data is collected using satellite images and GPS coordinates of fields. Images are analyzed using techniques like cloud masking, true/false color composites, NDVI, and MSAVI to understand vegetation levels. Thresholding is applied to NDVI and MSAVI values to identify areas as paddy or sugarcane fields. Graphs show the crops' values decrease or increase over months in ways that can distinguish between them. Crop identification through geo spatial analysis is faster and cheaper than field surveys, and helps estimate crop areas for agricultural decision making.
The document discusses key concepts about GPS (Global Positioning System) including:
1. GPS has three segments - the control segment controls the satellites from ground stations, the space segment consists of 24 satellites that transmit signals, and the user segment are the GPS receivers that receive signals to determine location.
2. GPS uses trilateration based on the time it takes signals from multiple satellites to reach the receiver to calculate the user's position. Accuracy depends on factors like receiver quality and atmospheric conditions.
3. Sources of error include satellite and receiver clocks, atmospheric delays, multipath interference, and satellite geometry which is measured by dilution of precision (DOP). Differential GPS can improve accuracy to 1-3 meters.
Side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) forms microwave images of terrain by transmitting radar beams from the side of an aircraft. SLAR uses the Doppler effect to measure target velocity and provides resolution determined by pulse length and antenna beam width. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced version of SLAR that records frequency differences from multiple antenna positions to synthesize higher resolution images, as if from a larger antenna, by processing returned signals over time. SAR allows for high-resolution imaging of terrain from aircraft or spacecraft.
Google Earth is a free program that allows users to view Earth from space. It contains satellite imagery, maps, and tools to create placemarks and measure distances. This document provides an overview of how to get started with Google Earth, navigate around the globe, search for locations, add placemarks, and use layers and additional features. It also lists some educational resources for using Google Earth in the classroom.
This document discusses GPS and geo-fencing technology. It defines GPS as a global system using satellites to pinpoint locations on Earth. Geo-fencing allows users to draw virtual zones and receive notifications when devices enter or exit those zones. The document provides examples of using geo-fencing to track vehicles and enforce home detention for prisoners. It describes how geo-fencing works by detecting when a device's coordinates are inside or outside a drawn polygon on a map.
The document discusses various global and regional satellite navigation systems:
- GLONASS is Russia's system with 24 operational satellites. It provides improved precision and reliability when integrated with GPS.
- EGNOS and Galileo are Europe's systems to enhance GPS. EGNOS went live in 2004 as a precursor to Galileo, which launched its first satellites in 2016.
- BeiDou is China's system with 5 geostationary and 30 non-geostationary satellites. It began covering Asia-Pacific in 2012 and will cover the world by 2020.
- IRNSS is India's system consisting of 7 satellites, 3 geostationary and 4 geosynchronous, providing accuracy of 20 meters over India
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of three segments - space, control, and user. The space segment includes 24 satellites that transmit radio signals used by GPS receivers to determine location, velocity, and time. The control segment monitors the satellites and updates their clocks. The user segment includes GPS receivers that calculate position by precisely timing signals from at least three satellites. Common sources of error and differential GPS for improving accuracy are also covered, as well as many applications of GPS technology.
This document compares aerial photography and satellite remote sensing. [1] Aerial photography uses cameras mounted on aircraft to capture overlapping photos at fixed altitudes, while satellites capture continuous image strips from orbit. [2] Aerial photography provides higher resolution images but is limited by weather and environment, while satellites can image any location but provide lower resolution. [3] Both techniques image the electromagnetic spectrum, but satellites can capture non-visible data like infrared and radar not restricted by time of day.
Aerial photography involves taking images from the air rather than from the ground. It has been practiced since 1858 and can be done using aircraft, helicopters, balloons, or drones. There are two main types: vertical photos taken straight down at a 90 degree angle, and oblique photos taken at an angle between 30 and 60 degrees. Interpretation of aerial photos is based on elements like shape, pattern, size, tone, color, shadow, texture, association, time, and stereo perspective.
Radar 2009 a 18 synthetic aperture radarForward2025
This document provides an overview of a lecture on synthetic aperture radar (SAR). It begins with an introduction to SAR, including why it was developed due to limitations of conventional radar for imaging. It then discusses the basics of SAR and how it forms images using signal processing to synthesize a large antenna aperture. The document outlines the rest of the lecture topics which will cover SAR image formation techniques, examples, applications, and a history of the evolution of SAR from its origins in the 1950s to current systems.
GeoEye is a company that provides location information and imagery services. Its vision is to be the world's best source of location intelligence, and its mission is to consistently provide superior quality location data and services to enable customer success. GeoEye operates several satellites, including IKONOS, GeoEye-1, and the planned GeoEye-2, to collect high-resolution imagery. It also offers products such as stereo imagery collection, digital elevation models, and monitoring services to track changes over time. GeoEye's EyeQ platform provides tools and services to enable users to access, analyze, and distribute imagery and geospatial data through web portals and applications.
The document provides an introduction to ground penetrating radar (GPR), including its history, how it works, equipment used, data collection and processing techniques, and applications in archaeology. GPR transmits radar pulses into the ground and receives reflections, allowing buried features to be imaged without excavation. Key developments included early ice thickness measurements in the 1920s-1950s, military applications in WWII, and increasing use in archaeology from the 1970s onward as computers improved data processing capabilities. The document outlines factors affecting radar wave propagation and reflections, and details the workflow from GPR survey to interpretation of time slice maps and 3D models to identify buried structures and features.
LIDAR is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology used to examine the surface of the earth, often using pulses from a laser.
The document discusses principles of radar imaging and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). SAR uses signal modulation and range-Doppler processing to achieve high-resolution radar imagery independent of distance to targets. Polarimetric SAR can characterize target scattering properties by measuring the scattering matrix. Interferometric SAR uses two antennas to measure elevation, while differential interferometry detects elevation changes over time for applications like change detection. Emerging techniques include polarimetric interferometry and using polarization signatures to estimate surface tilt and topography.
The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in 3 segments: the space segment consists of 24+ satellites in orbit that broadcast timing and position data; the control segment includes 5 monitoring stations that track satellites and upload corrections; the user segment comprises over 3 billion GPS receivers used for navigation, mapping, and other purposes by both military and civilian users. GPS determines position by precisely measuring the time it takes signals from at least 4 satellites to reach a receiver.
RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It uses electromagnetic waves to detect the position, velocity, and characteristics of targets. RADAR was originally developed for military purposes during World War 2, when it was used by the British and US militaries to locate ships and airplanes. Today, RADAR is an essential tool for weather prediction and analysis. Different types of RADAR include pulse transmission RADAR and continuous wave RADAR. RADAR comes in various forms such as search RADAR for detection and tracking RADAR for following individual targets. The frequency used depends on the desired range, with lower frequencies allowing longer detection distances.
Unmanned Aerial Systems for Precision MappingUAS Colorado
Presentation by Renee Walmsley, Remote Sensing Program Manager at Tetra Tech, for the August 16, 2017 Rocky Mountain UAS Professionals Meetup at the Esri Broomfield office.
Mobile GIS allows geographic information systems tools and data to be accessed on mobile devices through wireless networks. It has applications in fields like public safety, utilities management, and land surveying by enabling workers to view maps and collect geospatial data in the field. The key components of a mobile GIS include positioning systems, mobile GIS software, data synchronization capabilities, and geospatial data servers. A case study demonstrates how a university integrated a mobile GIS platform using ArcPad software on PocketPC devices to help campus security and emergency response teams respond quickly to incidents.
GPS aircraft tracking allows planes equipped with GPS receivers to be monitored in real-time. GPS was developed in 1973 by the U.S. Department of Defense to improve navigation and originally used 24 satellites. The GPS system has three components - the space segment with over 30 satellites in orbit transmitting navigation signals, the control segment which monitors the system, and the user segment comprising thousands of military and civilian users. Aircraft equipped with ADS-B transmit position, speed, direction and altitude to satellites every 15 minutes, which relay the information to ground stations for processing and display of the plane's location.
Crop identification using geo spatial technologiesGodiSaiKiran
Geo spatial technologies can be used to identify crop fields using satellite imagery. Data is collected using satellite images and GPS coordinates of fields. Images are analyzed using techniques like cloud masking, true/false color composites, NDVI, and MSAVI to understand vegetation levels. Thresholding is applied to NDVI and MSAVI values to identify areas as paddy or sugarcane fields. Graphs show the crops' values decrease or increase over months in ways that can distinguish between them. Crop identification through geo spatial analysis is faster and cheaper than field surveys, and helps estimate crop areas for agricultural decision making.
The document discusses key concepts about GPS (Global Positioning System) including:
1. GPS has three segments - the control segment controls the satellites from ground stations, the space segment consists of 24 satellites that transmit signals, and the user segment are the GPS receivers that receive signals to determine location.
2. GPS uses trilateration based on the time it takes signals from multiple satellites to reach the receiver to calculate the user's position. Accuracy depends on factors like receiver quality and atmospheric conditions.
3. Sources of error include satellite and receiver clocks, atmospheric delays, multipath interference, and satellite geometry which is measured by dilution of precision (DOP). Differential GPS can improve accuracy to 1-3 meters.
Side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) forms microwave images of terrain by transmitting radar beams from the side of an aircraft. SLAR uses the Doppler effect to measure target velocity and provides resolution determined by pulse length and antenna beam width. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced version of SLAR that records frequency differences from multiple antenna positions to synthesize higher resolution images, as if from a larger antenna, by processing returned signals over time. SAR allows for high-resolution imaging of terrain from aircraft or spacecraft.
Google Earth is a free program that allows users to view Earth from space. It contains satellite imagery, maps, and tools to create placemarks and measure distances. This document provides an overview of how to get started with Google Earth, navigate around the globe, search for locations, add placemarks, and use layers and additional features. It also lists some educational resources for using Google Earth in the classroom.
This document discusses GPS and geo-fencing technology. It defines GPS as a global system using satellites to pinpoint locations on Earth. Geo-fencing allows users to draw virtual zones and receive notifications when devices enter or exit those zones. The document provides examples of using geo-fencing to track vehicles and enforce home detention for prisoners. It describes how geo-fencing works by detecting when a device's coordinates are inside or outside a drawn polygon on a map.
The document discusses various global and regional satellite navigation systems:
- GLONASS is Russia's system with 24 operational satellites. It provides improved precision and reliability when integrated with GPS.
- EGNOS and Galileo are Europe's systems to enhance GPS. EGNOS went live in 2004 as a precursor to Galileo, which launched its first satellites in 2016.
- BeiDou is China's system with 5 geostationary and 30 non-geostationary satellites. It began covering Asia-Pacific in 2012 and will cover the world by 2020.
- IRNSS is India's system consisting of 7 satellites, 3 geostationary and 4 geosynchronous, providing accuracy of 20 meters over India
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of three segments - space, control, and user. The space segment includes 24 satellites that transmit radio signals used by GPS receivers to determine location, velocity, and time. The control segment monitors the satellites and updates their clocks. The user segment includes GPS receivers that calculate position by precisely timing signals from at least three satellites. Common sources of error and differential GPS for improving accuracy are also covered, as well as many applications of GPS technology.
This document compares aerial photography and satellite remote sensing. [1] Aerial photography uses cameras mounted on aircraft to capture overlapping photos at fixed altitudes, while satellites capture continuous image strips from orbit. [2] Aerial photography provides higher resolution images but is limited by weather and environment, while satellites can image any location but provide lower resolution. [3] Both techniques image the electromagnetic spectrum, but satellites can capture non-visible data like infrared and radar not restricted by time of day.
Aerial photography involves taking images from the air rather than from the ground. It has been practiced since 1858 and can be done using aircraft, helicopters, balloons, or drones. There are two main types: vertical photos taken straight down at a 90 degree angle, and oblique photos taken at an angle between 30 and 60 degrees. Interpretation of aerial photos is based on elements like shape, pattern, size, tone, color, shadow, texture, association, time, and stereo perspective.
Radar 2009 a 18 synthetic aperture radarForward2025
This document provides an overview of a lecture on synthetic aperture radar (SAR). It begins with an introduction to SAR, including why it was developed due to limitations of conventional radar for imaging. It then discusses the basics of SAR and how it forms images using signal processing to synthesize a large antenna aperture. The document outlines the rest of the lecture topics which will cover SAR image formation techniques, examples, applications, and a history of the evolution of SAR from its origins in the 1950s to current systems.
GeoEye is a company that provides location information and imagery services. Its vision is to be the world's best source of location intelligence, and its mission is to consistently provide superior quality location data and services to enable customer success. GeoEye operates several satellites, including IKONOS, GeoEye-1, and the planned GeoEye-2, to collect high-resolution imagery. It also offers products such as stereo imagery collection, digital elevation models, and monitoring services to track changes over time. GeoEye's EyeQ platform provides tools and services to enable users to access, analyze, and distribute imagery and geospatial data through web portals and applications.
This slide is regarding satellite systems, which come under Communications and network, explains the various satellites and their advantage and disadvantage
Google Dev Summit Extended Seoul - TensorFlow: Tensorboard & KerasTaegyun Jeon
The document discusses TensorFlow and Keras. It provides an overview of Keras and how it can be used with TensorFlow. Keras is described as an easy to use deep learning API that can build models across platforms. TensorFlow's Keras API allows models built with Keras layers and models to also take advantage of TensorFlow functionality. The document demonstrates how TensorBoard can be used to visualize and debug deep learning models built with Keras and TensorFlow, including hyperparameter tuning. Examples showing how to visualize training and evaluate MNIST models are presented.
Continuing Leadership in Imaging Expertise: These slides were presented by GeoEye, ITT Exelis, and Lockheed Martin who shared performance highlights and what you can expect from the world’s highest resolution and most accurate imaging satellite. Learn more about GeoEye-2 here: http://launch.geoeye.com/LaunchSite
Disparity Estimation Using A Color Segmentation V3thomaswangxin
The document discusses a segmentation-based stereo matching algorithm for disparity estimation. It first identifies challenges like textureless regions, depth discontinuities, and occlusions. It then outlines the algorithm which uses color segmentation, local matching, and polynomial modeling of disparity within segments. Disparity is refined through region merging. Experimental results on standard datasets show improvements over initial disparity estimation.
This document provides an overview of population models and key concepts related to population growth, including:
- Populations are all the individuals of a species in one place at one time.
- Exponential growth curves show unlimited growth that is impossible to sustain in real ecosystems.
- Carrying capacity limits growth based on available resources, shown through logistic growth curves.
- Predator-prey relationships follow a boom and bust cycle.
- Density-dependent and density-independent factors can limit population growth.
This document summarizes a study that used a spectral matching algorithm to estimate water optical properties, water depth, and bottom albedo from a WorldView-2 satellite image of coastal waters in Singapore. The algorithm fitted pixel reflectance spectra to a shallow water reflectance model to derive parameters like water depth, bottom composition, and detect submerged vegetation. Estimates of water depth, bottom albedo, and a vegetation index were produced and helped map different coastal habitats beneath the water surface.
Cap. III - Elementos de Fotogrametria e Sensoriamento RemotoUFPR
Este documento trata dos seguintes assuntos referentes ao capítulo I da apostila de Elementos de Fotogrametria e Sensoriamento Remoto:
- sistema sensores de imageamento;
- sistema LiDAR.
The document provides information about the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes GPS as a satellite-based navigation system that uses precise timing signals from satellites to provide location and time information to users. The key points are:
- GPS consists of 3 segments - the space segment with satellites, the control segment that monitors and maintains the satellites, and the user segment of GPS receivers.
- GPS satellites continuously transmit radio signals that allow GPS receivers to determine location by calculating the time delay of signals from at least 4 satellites.
- Sources of error include clock errors, ionospheric delays, multipath interference, and geometry of satellites visible to the receiver. Differential GPS and systems like WAAS can improve accuracy to
Foto Udara menggunakan Pesawat tanpa awak - UAVAnton Suprojo
UAV memiliki beberapa keunggulan untuk pemetaan seperti fleksibilitas waktu dan operasional, biaya investasi dan operasional yang lebih rendah dibanding pesawat berawak, mampu terbang dibawah awan, resolusi yang lebih tajam, dan sistem yang cepat, akurat, serta otomatis. UAV dapat menghasilkan citra dengan resolusi tinggi untuk kebutuhan pemetaan dengan biaya yang lebih rendah dibanding metode konvensional.
The document outlines the steps for conducting a deep learning experiment in Korean. It introduces the speaker and their background in artificial intelligence and natural language processing. It then lists the steps, which include understanding neural networks, deep neural networks with techniques like pretraining, rectified linear units and dropout, using the Theano library, writing deep learning code with Theano, and applying deep learning to natural language processing with libraries like Gensim. It also discusses recent interest in deep learning and example applications.
사내 스터디용으로 공부하며 만든 발표 자료입니다. 부족한 부분이 있을 수도 있으니 알려주시면 정정하도록 하겠습니다.
*슬라이드 6에 나오는 classical CNN architecture(뒤에도 계속 나옴)에서 ReLU - Pool - ReLu에서 뒤에 나오는 ReLU는 잘못된 표현입니다. ReLU - Pool에서 ReLU 계산을 또 하는 건 redundant 하기 때문입니다(Kyung Mo Kweon 피드백 감사합니다)
The guide for design wrapper of tensorflow to build model easily.
All the codes above are available on my github.
https://github.com/NySunShine/fusion-net
Source code: https://github.com/uosdmlab/tensorflow-tutorial
2016년 11월 14일에 서울시립대학교 대학원 수업에서 진행한 텐서플로 걸음마 슬라이드입니다. 한국에서 출판된 "텐서플로 첫걸음"이라는 책을 바탕으로 만들었습니다. TensorFlow에 대한 간략한 설명과 5가지 예제 코드를 다룹니다. 특히 그 중 MNIST 데이터셋을 CNN으로 분류하는 과정을 자세히 설명했습니다 ^^
The document summarizes the proto-flight test of the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) for NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The DPR consists of Ku-band and Ka-band radars that will provide accurate 3D precipitation measurements from space. Electrical performance, vibration, and thermal tests have been conducted on each radar. While the proto-flight test was interrupted by an earthquake, it has resumed and will be completed to verify the radars can function as intended in space. The DPR will improve global precipitation observations when launched aboard the GPM core observatory.
This document provides an overview of the Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) and its first satellite, GCOM-W1. GCOM aims to continue long-term Earth observations to monitor climate change, the carbon cycle, and other variables. GCOM-W1 will carry the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) instrument and join the A-Train constellation in 2012. AMSR2 improves on the previous AMSR-E instrument with an enhanced calibration system to provide more accurate measurements of Earth's water and energy cycles over 5 years. Future GCOM satellites will continue these essential climate observations through 2022.
THE SENTINEL-1 MISSION AND ITS APPLICATION CAPABILITIESgrssieee
The Sentinel-1 mission is part of the GMES program and consists of two satellites to provide C-band SAR data for emergency response, marine and land monitoring, and other applications. The satellites operate in a near-polar orbit with a 12 day repeat cycle. The main acquisition mode is an interferometric wide swath mode with 5m range and 20m azimuth resolution over a 250km swath. Sentinel-1 will support operational services and create a long-term SAR data archive.
The document summarizes a preliminary design review for a search and rescue satellite constellation. Key points:
1) The constellation would consist of 48 nano-satellites in 6 orbital planes to locate persons in distress within 15 minutes with 1 km accuracy.
2) Each satellite would have a mass of 3.11 kg, use passive thermal control, active 3-axis attitude control, a warm gas propulsion system, and communicate via two dipole antennas.
3) The design was updated since the preliminary design review, with the total satellite mass reduced to 2.3 kg and the delta-V budget reduced from 10.31 m/s to 7.94 m/s.
This document provides information on various remote sensing platforms and Earth observing satellites. It discusses balloons, helicopters, airplanes and satellites as remote sensing platforms. It then describes different types of satellite orbits and provides details on several major Earth observing satellites including their sensors and specifications. These satellites include Landsat, SPOT, Ikonos, AVHRR, Radarsat, GOES, Meteosat, and some Indian, Japanese, European and Russian satellites.
The document summarizes observations from the Pi-SAR2 airborne SAR system after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan. Pi-SAR2 conducted urgent observation flights on March 12th and 18th, processing SAR images onboard and distributing them to disaster authorities. The images detected changes in inundated areas and damage from the tsunami. Pi-SAR2 provided high-resolution imagery to assess the disaster situation and monitor recovery efforts.
The document discusses enhanced reservoir characterization using borehole images and dipmeter data. It begins with an overview of how logging tools have advanced from single measurements to detailed mapping of borehole walls using modern imaging tools with hundreds of thousands of data points per meter. The main topics covered include different types of dipmeter and imaging tools, generating borehole maps for orientation, stereographic projections for analyzing dip distributions, and processing raw data into geologically interpretable outputs like image and dip logs. Overall, the document outlines the transition from traditional well logging to digital geological mapping using high-resolution borehole wall data.
WE3.L10.3: THE FUTURE OF SPACEBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADARgrssieee
The document discusses the history and future of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). It summarizes key details of early SAR satellites like Seasat and missions since 1978. The text outlines future requirements like wider coverage, higher resolution, and new data products. It proposes concepts like bistatic SAR, polarimetric SAR interferometry, and 4D SAR tomography to measure changes in vegetation, ice, and other surfaces over time. Finally, it discusses ideas proposed by Kiyo Tomiyasu for compact antennas and GEO-LEO SAR configurations to enable more frequent global monitoring with high resolution.
The document summarizes improvements to the ASTER GDEM version 2 relative to version 1. Version 2 has a higher resolution of 70m compared to 110m in version 1. It has a reduced offset of -0.7m versus -6m previously. Gaps in coverage of northern areas are decreased while artifacts are almost eliminated. Lakes are depicted as perfectly flat surfaces rather than uneven elevations.
The document summarizes improvements to the ASTER GDEM version 2 relative to version 1. Version 2 has a higher resolution of 70m compared to 110m in version 1. It has a reduced offset of -0.7m versus -6m previously. Gaps in coverage of northern areas are decreased while artifacts are almost eliminated. Lakes are depicted as perfectly flat surfaces rather than uneven elevations.
This document discusses how Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) works to measure ground deformation. It explains that InSAR uses the phase difference between two SAR images of the same area taken at different times to detect millimeter-scale changes in the distance to ground targets. It provides examples of how InSAR has been used to measure subsidence from earthquakes and other natural hazards. The document also notes some limitations of InSAR related to decorrelation from changes on the ground surface and in the atmosphere between image acquisitions.
The document summarizes the operation scenario and status of the ASTER instrument on NASA's Terra satellite. ASTER has been acquiring imagery since 2000 across multiple modes: (1) global mapping, (2) nighttime thermal infrared mapping, (3) gap filling, and (4) underserved areas. However, the shortwave infrared subsystem has been unusable since 2009 due to a cryocooler malfunction. The document reviews acquisition rates and coverage across the different observation modes over the past decade.
The document provides an introduction to the NAVSTAR GPS system, including its history, components, and functions. It describes the three segments (space, control, and user), how GPS determines position via satellite timing signals, sources of error, and applications for civilian and military use. It also covers differential GPS techniques which improve accuracy, such as WAAS.
Introduction to li dar technology advanced remote sensingBrightTimeStudio
This document provides an overview of LiDAR technology presented by Mr. Ashenafi B. It describes the components of a LiDAR system including lasers, scanners, GPS, and high-precision clocks. The principles of LiDAR are explained such as how it measures distance using time of flight and records location and orientation data. Different LiDAR types and platforms like airborne, terrestrial, and satellite are covered. Applications including DEM generation, forest inventory, and landslide analysis are listed. Advantages of LiDAR are high accuracy and weather independence while disadvantages include high costs and lack of foliage penetration.
The West Coast of Washington and the NE and SW corners of Wyoming are regions of the contiguous United States where NEXRAD coverage is incomplete. One approach to addressing these gaps is to install additional NEXRAD-class radars. Another potential approach is to install small radar networks of the type being investigated in the CASA project. This paper compares these two approaches. We provide a meteorological and user-need assessment of present radar coverage in these regions (based on a recent feasibility study led by J. Brotzge [1]) as well as an objective assessment of the radar-coverage that would be achieved using the large radar and small radar approaches.
Remote sensing involves collecting information about objects or areas from a distance without making direct contact. It works by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing data. Key points are that it obtains data through passive sensors that sense sunlight reflected by Earth or active sensors like radar that emit and sense their own radiation. Platforms can be ground, airborne or spaceborne. Spaceborne platforms are in either geostationary or polar orbits. [/SUMMARY]
The document summarizes the ASTER instrument operation scenario and status. It describes that ASTER has acquired over 2 million scenes globally since 2000 but has been unable to acquire usable shortwave infrared (SWIR) data since 2008 due to a cryocooler malfunction. The operation focuses on global mapping, nighttime thermal infrared mapping, and acquiring data in gaps and underserved areas. Over 75% of targeted areas have been observed under the underserved area observation program.
Similar to 2012 ASPRS Track, Satellite Image Geometry, Gene Dial (20)
GISCO Fall 2018: Bike Network Equity: A GIS and Qualitative Analysis of Ameri...GIS in the Rockies
The equitable distribution of bike paths ensuring safe cycling are inconsistently planned and evaluated. For residents to fully utilize bikes, it is essential that bike networks equitably serve all urban populations. In the absence of impartial evaluation, the construction of biking infrastructure may continue to perpetuate cycles of disadvantage. By measuring the spatial equity of six urban biking networks using GIS (San Francisco, Chicago, Minneapolis, Madison, Boulder and College Station) and interviewing transportation planners, we demonstrate that equity can play a role in planning. We provide spatial and qualitative analyses revealing varying relationships between urban transport planning and the relative equity of bike networks in major cities.
GISCO Fall 2018: Colorado 811: Changes and Challenges – Brian CollisonGIS in the Rockies
On May 25, Governor Hickenlooper signed Senate Bill 18-167 into law. This bill included the creation of the Underground Damage Prevention Safety Commission, effective August 8, 2018. The ratification of this law has started transitioning tier two members of the Utility Notification Center of Colorado, or Colorado 811, into tier one members. Safety and accuracy are some of the most challenging issues damage prevention professionals face. While the law will improve communication between all parties involved once it’s implemented, damage prevention work will drastically change over the next two years of transition. Join Brian Collison as he gives an overview of the changes, how tier two members can ease their transition to tier one and how this will affect anyone who works within right of ways in the state of Colorado.
GISCO Fall 2018: Senate Bill 18-167 and GIS – Dave MurrayGIS in the Rockies
The recently passed Senate Bill 18-167 has many new provisions that could impact the GIS community and location of in-ground infrastructure. Find out about how this bill might impact your organization.
2018 GIS in the Rockies Workshop: Coordinate Systems and Projections GIS in the Rockies
This document provides an overview of coordinate systems and map projections. It discusses different types of coordinate systems including geocentric, geodetic, and projected systems. It explains key concepts like ellipsoids, datums, and distortions caused by map projections. Specific projections covered include the Lambert Conformal Conic projection used in state plane coordinate systems. The document is intended to teach the fundamentals of how locations on Earth are defined and represented through different coordinate systems and projections.
2018 GIS in Emergency Management: Denver Office of Emergency Management OverviewGIS in the Rockies
The document provides an overview of emergency management in Denver, Colorado. It details that Denver has a population of over 700,000 residents and hosts over 32 million visitors annually. It operates a 72-position Emergency Operations Center and utilizes geospatial technologies like GIS mapping to aid in situational awareness and emergency response. The document emphasizes preparing residents by encouraging them to be informed of risks, make an emergency plan, and build an emergency supply kit.
2018 GIS in the Rockies Vendor Showcase (Th): The Data Driven GovernmentGIS in the Rockies
Today, GIS is not just software. It’s data. It’s people. It’s getting to the answer. Quicker. Data is expanding. More users demand access to information but don’t consume the information in the same way as a GIS professional would. But as curators and managers of geospatial information, GIS professionals are looking to support the entire organizational needs not just those in GIS Departments. The chief information officer is acutely aware of how much geospatial data is being collected; now, how do city and state governments leverage these data for smarter, more effective government services. Here are five pillars of the data-driven government to consider:
1. Extensibility: Whatever the choice, the platform must be customizable for users beyond the GIS department. Knowledge workers need access to geospatial technology too.
2. Usability: GIS is a complex tool. However, today’s desktop platform must be adaptable to many types of workflows.
3. Flexibility: The next generation of geospatial solutions must be ready to support the desktop, cloud, SaaS as well as mobile platforms. GIS must adapt to the user’s preferred IT environment…not the other way around.
4. Compatibility: GIS must work in mixed environments of open source and commercial software and ingest data from myriad sources.
5. Expandability: Can your GIS environment work in the world of big data? Smart cities depend on ingesting sensor data produced at high rates that require geoprocessing on a scale not thought possible until recently.
2018 GIS in the Rockies Vendor Showcase (Th): Solving Real World Issues With ...GIS in the Rockies
With the proliferation of location-aware mobile devices and the emergence of everyday analytics, geospatial technology now spans every market, crosses national boundaries, and affects every trending issue. There is no doubt that cloud-based solutions are increasing in demand, requiring next generation, customizable technology to harness multisource data and transform it into focused solutions to be consumed by users of every level. The M.App Portfolio platform is designed to create smart, lightweight, customized market applications that address unique business and industry problems by combining geospatial analytics with cloud technology, as well as enterprise-level deployment environments. These applications, known as Hexagon Smart M.Apps, link sophisticated analytics and spatial models to geospatially relevant information, conveying data about solutions through intuitive, customizable, interactive and innovative displays. In this presentation, you will see several Smart M.Apps in action to better understand how this platform is changing the way we visualize, interpret, and interact with spatial information. Learn how Hexagon Geospatial has teamed with the World Antiquities Coalition to use Smart M.App technology to track missing and stolen cultural artifacts. See how the Green Space Analyzer provides a new way for decision makers to influence policy. Understand how a Smart M.App helps count endangered species in Africa. See how Smart M.Apps address the problems of refugee camps and can be used in country-wide census. Hexagon Geospatial’s technology provides the ability to address the challenge of linking business information with multisource multi-sensor data, in near real-time to answer questions and make decisions about our dynamically changing Earth.
2018 GIS in the Rockies Vendor Showcase (Th): ERDAS Imagine What's New and Ti...GIS in the Rockies
This presentation will cover the latest release highlights as well as tips and tricks for processing LiDAR data, ERDAS Imagine modeling capabilities and a roadmap for cloud based processing.
The session will highlight exploiting the full spectrum of LiDAR from viewing and measurements to surface and terrain modeling as well as extraction of point clouds from imagery.
In addition we will discuss the migration of our image exploitation capabilities from the desktop to the cloud.
2018 GIS in the Rockies Vendor Showcase (Th): Building High Performance Gover...GIS in the Rockies
With thousands of citizens relying on your city's GIS and related technology, a lot is resting on your shoulders. Your team works day and night to map and maintain millions of dollars in infrastructure assets, plan for the future, and keep your residents safe and informed. But, how do you keep up when budget cuts, disasters, and staff changes are thrown into the mix?
During this session, you’ll learn how to build effective, innovative GIS teams and implement efficient processes. In addition, you’ll uncover the 5 reasons why local government agencies are working to become high performing, plus expert tips to help you get started on your journey today.
As a part of a joint effort between the Town of Silverthorne and the Summit Sky Ranch development, Allpoints GIS and Contour Logic were contracted to provide trail planning services on private and National Forest lands. Several variables presented challenges that required detailed planning work. Lidar data analysis, 3D web scenes, survey data, high resolution web maps, and ArcGIS Collector in the field were all employed in a joint desktop and field GIS effort to create trail plans. I will detail our GIS methods and products from this project from start to finish.
2018 GIS in Recreation: The Latest Trail Technology Crowdsourcing Maps and AppsGIS in the Rockies
Americans are increasingly recognizing the health, quality of life, environmental, and economic benefits that trails and active transportation offer. As a result, now more than ever it’s important to connect people to our trails, improve the planning of new trails, and better understand how visitors use trails.
For this session, we’ll explore what role technology plays in how people engage with trails. How can land managers utilize technology to publish better information to their visitors and also understand who’s engaging with their recreational infrastructure? Learn how to reach and understand new audiences, using everything from apps that get people outdoors to crowdsourced data.
2018 GIS in the Rockies: Riparian Shrub Assessment of the Mancos River Canyon...GIS in the Rockies
The Mancos River is the only perennial stream of Mesa Verde National Park and is a vital water source for flora and fauna. Mapping of the riparian shrubs is an important component to understanding the ecological state of the riparian zone, and will ultimately be used to inform future land management and restoration decisions.
2018 GIS in Development: Partnerships Lead to Additional Recreational Content...GIS in the Rockies
In 2010, the USGS National Geospatial Program (NGP) began producing the new US Topo map series. The first maps were relatively simple, but quality and content have continually improved. Recreational features, especially trails, are among the most often requested features, but have been difficult to add due to lack of national datasets. Some trails in National Forests were added in 2014. In 2015 the USGS partnered with the International Mountain Biking Association (REI-Adventure Projects) to include trails outside of Federal lands. A pilot project with the National Park Service in 2016 added trails, visitor centers, trailheads, and campgrounds to US Topo maps covering the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 2018 US Topo maps include trails, trailheads, campgrounds, picnic areas, visitor centers, and other recreation information on selected Federal lands, using data provided by the relevant agencies. Continuing into the future, the USGS is working on partnerships with states and other organizations including The National Map Corps to expand recreational features to non-Federal lands. All such data will be in the public domain and published in The National Map geospatial databases.
2018 GIS in Recreation: Adding Value to Colorado the Beautiful Initiative carrGIS in the Rockies
The main point of this abstract is increasing the value of the current Colorado the Beautiful Initiative through additional data points gathered by mapping the trail systems with the use of unmanned aerial systems and 3rd party software to build the additional data points to be included in the current mapped environment.
I have used Unmanned Aerial Systems and 3rd Party Mapping Software Companies (DroneDeploy, Precision Hawk, Pix4D, and DroneMapper) to build sample data to support my work
I have been able to create sample maps, photos, video of certain trail sections to show how additional data sets can be included to increase the value of the initiative for both the public and government sectors
With the data I have collected, I can discuss several points of interest with the conference. I can show how the data can be utilized to benefit the public sector: Safety, knowledge, and planning and the government sector: trail maintenance, anticipating future problems- heavy traffic areas or lost hikers, plant health - fire danger and erosion, and intersection of multiple agency and private land area issues.
The City of Manitou Springs is planning a creek walk along Fountain Creek, an aspirational goal for over two decades. The question is: how to unite a diverse set of stakeholders with competing interests to agree on a preferred route, that incorporates their values and priorities? The answer was to use geodesign.
Geodesign is a powerful participatory planning method that uses stakeholder input and geospatial analytics to show the possible impact of design scenarios. It gets its strength in two ways: 1) from the diversity of participants—proving the adage that two heads are indeed better than one—and 2) from the power of spatial analytics, which allow the visualization of the world both as it is, and as it could be.
The presentation will focus on how geodesign methods where used to define stakeholder groups, clarify values, and prioritize criteria to help decision makers evaluate planning scenarios. Esri ArcGIS Pro was utilized to develop models—such as bikeability, walkability, ADA compliance, and more—that were used to both visualize and evaluate the impacts of each route segment. The spatial analysis resulted in an innovative solution that addressed both the concerns of both government and public stakeholders.
Attendees of this session will learn how to use geodesign as a systems approach for informed decision-making. More importantly, they will learn how to use spatial technology to guide conversations among diverse stakeholders to come up with plans that people understand and are happy with.
2018 GIS in Recreation: Virtually Touring the National TrailsGIS in the Rockies
Terrain360 has been commissioned to create a 360° “streetview” map of the Captain John Smith National Scenic Trail, Huron River Water Trail, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River and other important waterways in 2018.We will be discussing the technical and mechanical challenges of capturing/managing massive amounts of GIS data and imagery from these projects. We will also discuss dissemination of the data on a forward facing exploration tool.
2018 GIS in the Rockies PLSC Track: Turning Towards the FutureGIS in the Rockies
The document discusses how the USGS's geospatial datasets and services will be affected by the modernization of the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). It notes that elevation datasets associated with 3DEP will be most impacted. Preparations include requiring machine-readable coordinate systems and messaging support for GPS on benchmarks. There is excitement about improved geoid and datum models aligning better with global systems. However, there is also concern about the challenges of transforming vast existing NAD83 datasets, such as 11 trillion lidar points. Key needs are the NADCON8 transformation tool and its incorporation into various software.
The Public Land Survey System (PLSS), which is the basis of land surveying in the western United States will be presented and will include how the system was developed, why it is important to the public, surveying and GIS communities and the appropriate use of the system in order to describe parcels of land. The attendees will lean the basics of the system from the founding fathers to requirements of the State of Colorado regarding the PLSS.
2018 GIS in the Rockies PLSC Track: Grid to Ground NATRF2022GIS in the Rockies
Here at altitude, if distances between points matter to you, correctly scaling your coordinates to ground is necessary. This presentation will address the modification of common map projections, how to compute and apply a combined adjusted scale factor, and an introduction to the North American Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022, replacing NAD83 and NAVD88. Are you ready?
2018 GIS in Development: USGS and Citizen Science Success and Enhancements fo...GIS in the Rockies
TNMCorps is a crowdsourcing program that allows volunteers to help update structures data for The National Map by verifying, updating, adding, or deleting points through an online editing application. Volunteers can edit structure points across the US, with a focus on ensuring data quality through reference materials, tiered editing levels, automated and manual quality checks. Recent improvements include updated reference guides, new engagement methods like challenge maps, and a pilot study to collect courthouse data from scratch.
4. Remote Sensing—Then & Now!
Mys Shmidta Air Field, Soviet Union GeoEye-1 Half Meter Imagery
Collected August 18th, 1960 Kutztown University – Collected Oct. 6, 2008
5. GeoEye-2 Technical Specs at a Glance
System Specificatio Performance
n Power Solar Array (5)
Satellite Bus Size 2.3 m x 5.3 m Control
Data Storage Unit (2)
Weight 2100 kg dry, 2500 kg wet Flight
Unit
Payload Aperture 1.1 meter aperture Processor
Focal Length 16 meter focal length Battery (2)
Dynamic Range 11 bit dynamic range with TDI
GSD 34 cm Pan, 1.32m MSI
Swath 14.5 km
Attitude Actuators Honeywell M-95 CMGs Control
CMG Electronics (4)
Moment Gyros
Control (4)
System Sensors Goodrich GR-1004 Star Trackers Star Tracker (2)
SIRU Inertial Reference Units Focal Plane
PL Electronics
Monarch GPS Receiver Radiator (2)
Radiator
Payload
Minimum Agility Acceleration - 1.0 degree/sec2
X-band High
Electronics (2)
Max Slew Rate – 2.7 degree/sec
Gain Antenna Narrowband
Two Axis Gimbal Antenna (2)
Data Data Recorder 3.2 Terabit High Speed Storage Unit
Handling & Sun Sensor (2) GPS Antenna (2)
Communications Wideband DL 800 Mbps Dual Pole, X band
Tlmy DL 128 Kbps, X band
Command UL 64 Kbps, S band
See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnv6cDiBF9o
5
10. GeoEye Constellation GeoEye Constellation
GeoEye Constellation
High Resolution Images
Move Beyond Mapping
› Frequent Access
‒ Mean Time to Access < 1 day
› Long Duration Accesses
‒ Average Access Time ~ 1 min/day
› High Resolution Access
‒ GeoEye-1: 41 cm Nadir GSD
‒ GeoEye-2: 34 cm Nadir GSD
‒ True 50 cm products
› Huge Collection Capacity
‒ IKONOS: 240,000 sqkm/day
‒ GeoEye-1: 350,000 sqkm/day
‒ GeoEye-2: 600,000 sqkm/day
Ground Swaths
Ground Swaths
10 GE1 = Green IK = Yellow GE2 = Blue
GE1 = Green IK = Yellow GE2 = Blue
12. Ground Sample Distance (GSD)
H
GSD
W
GSD
› Source image pixels are rectangular, W x H in size
› GSD = sqrt(W x H)
› A square pixel of GSD x GSD size has the same area as W x H
› Product images may be resampled to a different GSD
13. Satellite Satellite
Field of View imaging at
nadir
imaging
off nadir
› Field of View (FOV) is angle from
one edge of an image to the
other.
› All rays of a high-resolution
satellite image are at about the Satellite
Field of View
same angle.
Camera FOV
Aerial 90°
IKONOS 0.95°
GeoEye-1 1.28°
GeoEye-2 1.22° Aerial Camera Aerial
Field of View camera
13
15. Scan Azimuth
› Scan Azimuth
‒ Describes scan direction or motion of aim
0° = North
point on ground
‒ North-to-South
Scan Azimuth = 180°
‒ South-to-North
Scan Azimuth = 0° 270° = West 90° = East
180° = South
West to East
Scan azimuth 90°
r o N o h uo S
h u mz A nac S
East to West
t t
Scan azimuth 270°
t i
15
16. Line of Sight (LOS)
› The Line of Sight (LOS) is the
direction that the camera is
imaging.
› A Line of Sight direction can be
described by azimuth and
elevation angles.
16
18. Azimuth
› Azimuth angle
‒ Measured in the horizontal plane 0° = North
at the target
‒ Angle from north proceeding
clockwise to the projection of the
line of sight into the horizontal 270° = West 90° = East
plane.
‒ Example: 90° azimuth means the
satellite is East of the target
180° = South
when the image is taken.
18
20. Collection Azimuth
› View from sensor perspective
GE1 Image acquired at 53.5° collection azimuth rotated
180° - 53.5° CW on right to view from sensor perspective.
20
21. Elevation
› Elevation angle
‒ Measured at target
‒ Angle from horizontal plane up to
line of sight.
› Alternatives
Elevation angle
‒ Incidence or Zenith angle
‒ Off-Nadir or Obliquity angle
21
23. Example: Republic Plaza (Singapore)
Image collected at 67°
elevation angle
Layover measured at 116
m
Height calculation
H = 116 m * tan(67°)
= 273 m
Actual height
280 m
23
24. Elevation angle and terrain displacement
Zenith Sensor
DH = DV / tan(EL)
EL
Earth
DV
DEM
DH
› EL = elevation angle
› DV = vertical distance
› DH = horizontal distance
24
25. Incidence, Elevation, & Off-Nadir Angles
› EL = Elevation = angle at target from horizontal to sensor.
› IN = Incidence = angle at target from zenith to sensor.
› OB = Obliquity = angle at sensor from nadir to target (off-nadir angle)
› IN + EL = 90°
R Cos( EL)
› Obliquity is related to elevation by trig formula: OB = ArcSin e
(H + R )
‒ Re radius of earth ~ 6371 km
=
o e
‒ Ho = orbit height ~ 681 km
25
27. Stereo Geometry Orbit Track
About one minute of orbit time
between left and right image of
a stereo pair.
Ground Track
Convergence
Angle
EL2
EL1
About two seconds of orbit time
AOI to scan a 15 km by 15 km stereo
scene. Longer scans are possible.
A 100 km long stereo pair takes
about 20 seconds to scan.
27
28. Field of Regard (FOR)
› Field of Regard: Angle Range that Camera can Image by
rotating
› Satellite Field of Regard > 90°.
› Field of View can be anywhere within the Field of Regard
28
29. Field of Regard vs. Elevation Angle
› Wider Field of Regard at lower elevation angle
› Wider Field of Regard from higher orbits
29
30. Field of Regard
GSD vs. Cross-Track Distance
1
0.9
0.8
0.7 60° Elevation
60° Elevation
Angle
GSD, m
Angle
0.6
0.5
0.4 IKONOS
GE1
GE2
0.3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Cross-Track Distance, km
RunSatComparison
30
31. Revist Time (time between satellite accesses)
3-day revisit at 40° N
at 60° elevation angle
› Shorter revisit time at lower elevation angle & higher latitude
31
32. Revisit Time
› More frequent revisits at
15
high latitudes because the
orbits converge near the
14 7
5
13
poles.
13 6
› Ground stations are located
at high latitudes can contact
12
4
the satellite nerly every
11
10 9
orbital revolution.
3 15
1
2
32
33. Pan-MSI Alignment
› Each MSI pixel covers 4x4 Pan pixels
› 4 multispectral (MSI) bands
› 1 panchromatic (PAN) band
› Simultaneous PAN/MSI collection
› 11-bit resolution
33
37. Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC) Camera Models
› RPC Camera Models
‒ Generic mathematical model mapping
ground to image coordinates.
‒ Sensor software fits coefficients to
physical camera model of image.
• Sensors
‒ GeoEye, Ikonos, QB, WV, Cartosat …
• Application Software
‒ ERDAS, BAE, PCI, ZI, …
› Applications
‒ Block adjust images with ground control
to improve accuracy.
‒ Orthorectification
‒ Stereo extraction
The mathematics of satellite imagery is
The mathematics of satellite imagery is ‒ Photogrammetry
complicated, but RPC models are simple
complicated, but RPC models are simple
39. Product Geometry
Product Rectification Projection Image Model
Physical (attitude,
Basic Synthetic Array Satellite Scan Path ephemeris & camera
calibrations)
Geo Constant height Map RPC
Ortho DEM Map Ortho
Stereo Constant height Path, Map, or Epi-polar RPC or Physical
Convergence
angle
Elevation
angle
39
40. BASIC
› Photogrammetric
Applications
› Satellite Projected
› Physical Camera Model
‒ High Accuracy
› RPC Camera Model
‒ Rapid Positioning
IKONOS image of the moon (BASIC product)
41. GEO Tsangpo River Basin, Tibet
› Visual Interpretation
‒ Situational awareness
‒ Intelligence
‒ Media
› Photogrammetry
‒ Block adjust with other imagery
or GCP to improve accuracy.
‒ Orthorectify with DEM to
correct for terrain
displacement
› Map Projected
› RPC Camera Model
‒ High Accuracy
42. E BASIC and GEO Products
N
W E
Geo S
S East to West Scan
N
North up Map Projected
BASIC GEO
RPC Model
Physical Model
Projection
Satellite Map
BASIC W
East to West Scan
Satellite Projected
44. Georectified or Orthorectified?
› Georectified
Constant Height Line of Sight Topographic
‒ Terrain displace- Surface
ment errors
‒ Quick,
Low cost
› Orthorectified Topo-
graphic
‒ DEM corrects for
Surface
terrain
Ortho-
displacement rectified
Image
‒ Accuracy for
mapping
44
45. Geospatial eXploitation Products™
What is an Orthophoto?
• An orthophoto is an image that Camera
has had all distortion due to Original Image
camera obliquity, terrain relief,
and features removed.
• The SOCET GXP Ortho Manager
converts one or more original
images into an orthophoto by
transforming the pixels to their Orthophoto
proper position according to the
given sensor, terrain, and feature
information.
• In the final product all points in
the image appear as if the DTM
observer were looking down from
nadir position.
March, 2009
GeoEye revenue About ½ from commercial customers About ½ from the US Government By contrast, the US Government pays 100% of cost for National Technical Means. So we're a very cost effective alternative. Congress, by supporting US commercial imagery satellite companies, is increasing American security and protecting American jobs, but only paying 50 cent dollars to do so.
So it’s into this historic background that GeoEye was formed by the acquisition of Space Imaging by OrbImage early in 2006. Our headquarters is conveniently located in Dulles Virginia. We’ve grown to 410 employees at various locations around the country and even around the world. We collect imagery from a constellation of satellite and aerial platforms. The listing of GeoEye stock on the NASDAQ exchange and our inclusion in the Russell 3000 speak to the evolving maturity of our industry. When the first JACIE conference was held, we concentrated on narrow, technical aspects of remote sensing. Today, we are truly an industry, blending requirements for customer service and back-office production systems with consideration of resampling kernels, MTFC, and acquisition angles.