This document discusses mathematical models related to fusion reactors and their energy gain. It begins by explaining how particles gain energy from background plasmas through MHD waves and are scattered, affecting the energy gain factor. It then discusses characteristics of Gen-4 nuclear reactors including different reactivity control mechanisms. Reactor kinetics models involving delayed and prompt neutrons are also covered. Finally, the document discusses industrial applications of Gen-4 reactors using accelerator models and transient analysis for security and operating conditions.
PPTs deals with UNIT 3 of power Plant Engg. Nuclear Power Plants. Basics of Nuclear Engg,. Nuclear fusion , Nuclear Fission, half life , finger prints, Types of Nuclear Reactors, basis of types of Nuclear Reactors, working of Boiler water Reactors, Pressurised water reactor,CANDU Reactor
Physics and Technology of Nuclear ReactorsPaul Callaghan
The following presentation was created by me (Paul Callaghan) in order to demonstrate learning on the Physics and Technology of Nuclear Reactors Course I attended from Autumn 2007 to Spring 2008 at The University of Birmingham.
PPTs deals with UNIT 3 of power Plant Engg. Nuclear Power Plants. Basics of Nuclear Engg,. Nuclear fusion , Nuclear Fission, half life , finger prints, Types of Nuclear Reactors, basis of types of Nuclear Reactors, working of Boiler water Reactors, Pressurised water reactor,CANDU Reactor
Physics and Technology of Nuclear ReactorsPaul Callaghan
The following presentation was created by me (Paul Callaghan) in order to demonstrate learning on the Physics and Technology of Nuclear Reactors Course I attended from Autumn 2007 to Spring 2008 at The University of Birmingham.
MOSFET Based High Frequency Inverter for Induction Heating Equipment Using M...ijiert bestjournal
High frequency resonant converters are used widely for induction heati ng. This paper presents a resonant inverter to achieve the desired high frequency with reduced swit ching losses and simulating the power electronic converter circuit using MATLAB/SIMULINK for inducti on heating equipment. The circuit designed has the load as induction coil and high frequency electrici ty is required to heat the work piece placed within the induction coil. The output power of the load coil is v aried by changing the frequency of the inverter. The circuit uses the Power MOSFET instead of t he IGBT.The series-resonant inverter is implemented to provide Zero Current Switching (ZCS) for all the s witches at turn off conditions and Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) at diode turn on. The main features of the proposed inverter are simple PWM control strategy and high efficiency. The operation mode of t he inverter will be evaluated corresponding to the duty cycle of the switch.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis are...Lewis Larsen
Chemical catalysis and electroweak nuclear catalysis share certain key features
Heretofore, chemical and nuclear processes were thought to be vastly distant realms; we now believe that they can happily coexist in close proximity to each other and may interoperate on nm to μ length-scales.
Herein we will argue that there are some very surprising similarities between the operation of active sites in LENR electroweak, enzymatic, and inorganic chemical catalysis: all three can utilize high local electric fields as well as many-body collective quantum effects to achieve dramatic increases in reaction rates and overall catalytic proficiency.
With respect to LENR active sites vs. those of enzymes and other types of chemical catalysts, what separates chemical from nuclear catalysis could be presence of many-body entangled protons and electrons in close proximity, coupled with input energy that triggers attosecond-scale pulses in local electric fields up to values that are > 2 x 1011 V/m.
It has become clear to Lattice that key knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis may well provide very useful insights into chemical catalysis and vice-versa. We look forward to working with others to exploit this and thus advance technical progress in both areas.
Electric Propulsion (EP) is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical and/or magnetic means. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the EP thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Unlike chemical systems, electric propulsion requires very little mass to accelerate a spacecraft. The propellant is ejected up to twenty times faster than from a classical chemical thruster and therefore the overall system is many times more mass efficient.
Electric Propulsion, when compared with chemical propulsion, is not limited in energy, but is only limited by the available electrical power on-board the spacecraft. Therefore EP is suitable for low- thrust (micro and milli-newton levels) long-duration applications on board spacecrafts. The propellant used in EP systems varies with the type of thruster and can be a rare gas (i.e. xenon or argon), a liquid metal or, in some cases, a conventional propellant.
Electric Propulsion System components
An Electric Propulsion System is composed by four different building blocks:
The thruster components,
The propellant components or fluidic management system, The power components, which includes the PPU,
The pointing mechanisms (optional).
Preamble:
In 1820 the Law of Creation of Energy was originally discovered by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted when he employed Electromagnetic Field Energy which was created around a stationary current bearing wire to perform Positive Work (a Kinetic Energy increase) on a compass needle.
In 1821 Michael Faraday also employed the Law of Creation of Energy when he used created Electromagnetic Field Energy in his electric motor prototype which also performed Positive Work (a Kinetic Energy increase of a current bearing wire) which rotated around a stationary magnet.
In 1834 the Law of Creation of Energy would later be applied to electric generator performance by Russian physicist Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz when he used created Electromagnetic Field Energy to perform Negative Work (a Kinetic Energy decrease) in an electric generator.
In 1842, Julius Robert Mayer German physician, chemist and physicist formulated the Law of Conservation of Energy for Newtonian Mechanics.
The Law of Conservation of Energy would then be applied to Electricity and Magnetism, specifically in electric generator performance explanations in order to allow electric generators to violate the Work-Energy Principle and perform Negative Work without energy.
Conceptually, it has been designed to be the most energy-efficient fusion reactor. Effectively, a clean, safe, dense and environmentally friendly power source to supply the world's energy needs, with no greenhouse gases, no neutron emission, no radioactive waste, no thermal waste, no large land areas, no environmental impact, no interruptions by the weather or time of day, no nuclear meltdowns and no proliferation. It is to be the ultimate energy source, an affordable answer to the world’s energy problems; the right path to a more sustainable, peaceful and prosperous future for our planet. Potentially, the CrossFire Fusion Reactor can produce directly and efficiently an enormous quantity of electricity with less cooling water than conventional thermal power stations, releasing only the non-radioactive, non-corrosive, inert, and safe helium-4 gas.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/reactor
Maximum Power Point Tracking using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for ...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a hybrid wind-tidal harvesting system (HWTHS). To extract maximum power from the wind and tidal, HWTHS implements particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method. The proposed HWTHS had been tested on the range of possible input appropriate to the characteristics of the southern coast of Java. The presented result shows that by using PSO-based MPPT algorithm, maximum power point can be achieved. Thus the efficiency of HWTHS is 92 %, 94 % in wind section and 91 % in tidal section. By using PSO-based MPPT, HWTHS can respond well to changes in wind and tidal speed, whether it's a change from low speed to a higher speed or change from high speed to lower speed wherein time to reach new steady state is ± 0.1 s. At varied wind and tidal speed, PSO algorithm can maintain Cp of the system in the range of 0.47 - 0.48 so that power can be extracted to the maximum.
phonon as carrier of electromagnetic interaction between lattice wave modes a...Qiang LI
The new results reported here mainly include: 1) recognition that phonon is carrier of electromagnetic interaction between its lattice wave mode and electrons; 2) recognition that binding energy of electron pairs of high-temperature superconductivity is due to escape of optical threshold phonons, of electron pairs at or near Fermi level, from crystal by direct radiation; 3) recognition that binding energy of electron pairs of low-temperature superconductivity is possibly due to escape of non-optical threshold phonons by anharmonic crystal interactions; and, 4) recognition of a possible mechanism explaining why some crystals never have a superconducting phase. While electron pairing is phonon-mediated in general, HTS should be associated with electron pairing mediated by optical phonon at or near Fermi level (EF), so the rarity of HTS corresponds to the rarity of such pairing match.
MOSFET Based High Frequency Inverter for Induction Heating Equipment Using M...ijiert bestjournal
High frequency resonant converters are used widely for induction heati ng. This paper presents a resonant inverter to achieve the desired high frequency with reduced swit ching losses and simulating the power electronic converter circuit using MATLAB/SIMULINK for inducti on heating equipment. The circuit designed has the load as induction coil and high frequency electrici ty is required to heat the work piece placed within the induction coil. The output power of the load coil is v aried by changing the frequency of the inverter. The circuit uses the Power MOSFET instead of t he IGBT.The series-resonant inverter is implemented to provide Zero Current Switching (ZCS) for all the s witches at turn off conditions and Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) at diode turn on. The main features of the proposed inverter are simple PWM control strategy and high efficiency. The operation mode of t he inverter will be evaluated corresponding to the duty cycle of the switch.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis are...Lewis Larsen
Chemical catalysis and electroweak nuclear catalysis share certain key features
Heretofore, chemical and nuclear processes were thought to be vastly distant realms; we now believe that they can happily coexist in close proximity to each other and may interoperate on nm to μ length-scales.
Herein we will argue that there are some very surprising similarities between the operation of active sites in LENR electroweak, enzymatic, and inorganic chemical catalysis: all three can utilize high local electric fields as well as many-body collective quantum effects to achieve dramatic increases in reaction rates and overall catalytic proficiency.
With respect to LENR active sites vs. those of enzymes and other types of chemical catalysts, what separates chemical from nuclear catalysis could be presence of many-body entangled protons and electrons in close proximity, coupled with input energy that triggers attosecond-scale pulses in local electric fields up to values that are > 2 x 1011 V/m.
It has become clear to Lattice that key knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis may well provide very useful insights into chemical catalysis and vice-versa. We look forward to working with others to exploit this and thus advance technical progress in both areas.
Electric Propulsion (EP) is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical and/or magnetic means. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the EP thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Unlike chemical systems, electric propulsion requires very little mass to accelerate a spacecraft. The propellant is ejected up to twenty times faster than from a classical chemical thruster and therefore the overall system is many times more mass efficient.
Electric Propulsion, when compared with chemical propulsion, is not limited in energy, but is only limited by the available electrical power on-board the spacecraft. Therefore EP is suitable for low- thrust (micro and milli-newton levels) long-duration applications on board spacecrafts. The propellant used in EP systems varies with the type of thruster and can be a rare gas (i.e. xenon or argon), a liquid metal or, in some cases, a conventional propellant.
Electric Propulsion System components
An Electric Propulsion System is composed by four different building blocks:
The thruster components,
The propellant components or fluidic management system, The power components, which includes the PPU,
The pointing mechanisms (optional).
Preamble:
In 1820 the Law of Creation of Energy was originally discovered by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted when he employed Electromagnetic Field Energy which was created around a stationary current bearing wire to perform Positive Work (a Kinetic Energy increase) on a compass needle.
In 1821 Michael Faraday also employed the Law of Creation of Energy when he used created Electromagnetic Field Energy in his electric motor prototype which also performed Positive Work (a Kinetic Energy increase of a current bearing wire) which rotated around a stationary magnet.
In 1834 the Law of Creation of Energy would later be applied to electric generator performance by Russian physicist Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz when he used created Electromagnetic Field Energy to perform Negative Work (a Kinetic Energy decrease) in an electric generator.
In 1842, Julius Robert Mayer German physician, chemist and physicist formulated the Law of Conservation of Energy for Newtonian Mechanics.
The Law of Conservation of Energy would then be applied to Electricity and Magnetism, specifically in electric generator performance explanations in order to allow electric generators to violate the Work-Energy Principle and perform Negative Work without energy.
Conceptually, it has been designed to be the most energy-efficient fusion reactor. Effectively, a clean, safe, dense and environmentally friendly power source to supply the world's energy needs, with no greenhouse gases, no neutron emission, no radioactive waste, no thermal waste, no large land areas, no environmental impact, no interruptions by the weather or time of day, no nuclear meltdowns and no proliferation. It is to be the ultimate energy source, an affordable answer to the world’s energy problems; the right path to a more sustainable, peaceful and prosperous future for our planet. Potentially, the CrossFire Fusion Reactor can produce directly and efficiently an enormous quantity of electricity with less cooling water than conventional thermal power stations, releasing only the non-radioactive, non-corrosive, inert, and safe helium-4 gas.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/reactor
Maximum Power Point Tracking using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for ...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a hybrid wind-tidal harvesting system (HWTHS). To extract maximum power from the wind and tidal, HWTHS implements particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method. The proposed HWTHS had been tested on the range of possible input appropriate to the characteristics of the southern coast of Java. The presented result shows that by using PSO-based MPPT algorithm, maximum power point can be achieved. Thus the efficiency of HWTHS is 92 %, 94 % in wind section and 91 % in tidal section. By using PSO-based MPPT, HWTHS can respond well to changes in wind and tidal speed, whether it's a change from low speed to a higher speed or change from high speed to lower speed wherein time to reach new steady state is ± 0.1 s. At varied wind and tidal speed, PSO algorithm can maintain Cp of the system in the range of 0.47 - 0.48 so that power can be extracted to the maximum.
phonon as carrier of electromagnetic interaction between lattice wave modes a...Qiang LI
The new results reported here mainly include: 1) recognition that phonon is carrier of electromagnetic interaction between its lattice wave mode and electrons; 2) recognition that binding energy of electron pairs of high-temperature superconductivity is due to escape of optical threshold phonons, of electron pairs at or near Fermi level, from crystal by direct radiation; 3) recognition that binding energy of electron pairs of low-temperature superconductivity is possibly due to escape of non-optical threshold phonons by anharmonic crystal interactions; and, 4) recognition of a possible mechanism explaining why some crystals never have a superconducting phase. While electron pairing is phonon-mediated in general, HTS should be associated with electron pairing mediated by optical phonon at or near Fermi level (EF), so the rarity of HTS corresponds to the rarity of such pairing match.
El plan colombiano para integrar un ecosistema digital - Fernando Beltrán (2011)ACORN-REDECOM
Colombia ha lanzado recientemente el Plan Vive Digital para el desarrollo integral de la infraestructura de banda ancha.
Algunas iniciativas ya implementadas en otros países han mostrado que el desarrollo de la banda ancha requiere no sólo
reconocer la importancia de la inversión para la ampliación de infraestructura sino también conocer cuál es el papel de cada
uno de los actores para que las políticas en banda ancha cumplan las metas planteadas desde el gobierno. En distintas partes
del mundo la asociación de instituciones públicas con agentes privados aparece como uno de las principales herramientas
para lograr un despliegue más rápido y eficiente de la infraestructura necesaria. La expectativa principal es que este esquema
resulte más eficiente al contemplar los intereses y perspectivas de los principales actores en la construcción de redes de banda
ancha. Es así como los incentivos se convierten en elementos clave para lograr alinear objetivos y minimizar el costo de las
ineficiencias incurridas en un mercado que, de acuerdo con el pensamiento económico convencional, debería ser un asunto
puramente dependiente de la iniciativa privada.
El proyecto social de Agustí Chalaux de Subirà aún no ha tomado la difusión que merece. El Centro de Estudios Joan Bardina hace escuchar su voz en los ambientes académicos, pero su palabra aún es muy débil en los niveles políticos y en los sectores de las altas finanzas.
Los weblogs que se detallan en el documento adjunto, apoyan ese saber y esas propuestas, las que podrían tener una incidencia considerable en la resolución a mediano y largo plazo de las crisis financieras globales.
Présentation de l'éco-label - Conseil régional d'Aquitaine - AG MOPA 190312MONA
Présentation du label européen écolabel par Alban Martinez de la direction du Tourisme du Conseil régional d'Aquitaine à l'occasion de l'Assemblée générale de la Mopa du 19 mars 2012.
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent
thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the
energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most
readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of
energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of
increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of
energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction i...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges
Горбунов Н.А., Государственная морская академия им. С.О. Макарова, г. Санкт-Петербург
Разработка плазменных технологий для прямого фотоэлектрического преобразования с сфокусированного солнечного излучения
international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea
Boiling heat transfer and Core Hydraulics of NPPMd Asif Imrul
In this report, the objective has been set to provide intense view of boiling heat transfer and core hydraulics. In details the aim was to describe the importance and Fundamentals of Nuclear Power Reactors and thermal hydraulic processes involved in the transfer of power from the core to the secondary systems of a nuclear reactor plant and produce competence in the fundamentals of the calculations associated with these processes.
By this process, here it has been included with a short overview over nuclear power plant definition and types, fission reaction, basic hydraulics, over view over nuclear reactor core and their inter relation.
AN INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PHENOMENA OF PLASMA PHYSICSDr. Ved Nath Jha
Plasma is a set of neutral and charged particles which reveals a number of collective behaviors. The very
long range coulomb forces enable the charged particles in plasma to work together with one another
simultaneously. The study of plasma is actually a really ancient area of investigation in plasma physics
and it remains to be among the vital fields due to the crucial role of its in most plasma uses including
plasma processing, fabrication of semiconductor systems, etching, etc. except the presence of just ions
and electrons, the plasma in many instances, has a number of other species of ions like negative ions
which impact the complete plasma behaviour. Within this paper we study about the fundamental ideas of
plasma physics.
NMR Spectroscopy is abbreviated as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the study of molecules by recording the interaction of radiofrequency (Rf) electromagnetic radiations with the nuclei of molecules placed in a strong magnetic field.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
11.mathematics of fusion reactors and energy gain factor model
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.1, No.4, 2011
1
Mathematics of Fusion Reactors and Energy Gain Factor
Model
Syed Bahauddin Alam1*,
Palash Karmokar†,Asfa Khan†, Md. Nagib Mahafuzz†, Farha Sharmin††, Tahnia Farheen, Md.
Abdullah-Al-Mamun, Md. Rashiduzzaman Bulbul, Hasan Imtiaz Chowdhury, Md. Abdul Matin*
Department of EEE, *Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka
†University of Asia Pacific (UAP), Dhaka
††Development Research Network (D.Net)
baha_ece@yahoo.com
Abstract
Particles are accelerated by gaining the energy from back ground plasmas through MHD waves. Particles
are scattered by the MHD waves which are raised by instability of background plasmas. Probability that a
particle entering to the downstream will eventually return to the upstream energy gain factor when a
particle crosses and re-crosses the shock front. In this paper, Characteristic features of gen-4 nuclear
reactors, its reactivity control mechanism, characteristic features of fission reactors, reactor kinetics and
accelerator models have been discussed. As well as transient analysis of reactor via simulation and its
industrial viability has been discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Fusion Reactors, Energy Gain Factor Model, Neutron Life Time.
1. Introduction
Reactivity control and its safety is treated by assimilation of neutrons in the nuclear reactor. For controlling
reactivity, Gen-4reactors are robust enough. In these reactors different mechanisms are used for controlling
the mechanism of reactor core’s activity. In Gen-4 nuclear reactors heavy particle scattering may be done
because of smoothing of the reactor process. Heavy Particle scattering from an Electron and by this
mechanism reactivity and atom speed can be controlled. For PARR-1 Nuclear Reactor Computer-Aided
Testing and simulation has evolved. In the design of thermal reactor Resonance Escape Probability is one of
the important factors. Difference of the power-law index Equation which shows difference between Vietri &
Peacock
This equation becomes 0 when variance of the energy gain factor is 0. In a thermal reactor, most of the
neutrons are immersed after they have retarded to thermal energies. Thermal reactors are typical to diverse
escape probability. All of the fission neutrons must eventually be absorbed some wherein the reactor and
there having no ef ux of neutrons from an infinite nucleus. . In most reactor designs, various restraints ensue
in this heat departure the reactor chamber at a comparatively low temperature, so that trivial or none of it can
be retrieved as wattage. In a fusion power reactor a plasma must be exerted at a high temperature in order
2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.1, No.4, 2011
2
that nuclear fusion can pass off. A system’s energy is lost to its surroundings is defined as Confinement
times . In a plasma device, whether enough fusion will occur to sustain a reaction is determined by
confinement times. Thermal Utilization factor of Fusion reactor and Prompt neutron lifetime. For an infinite
thermal reactor time required for neutron to slow down to thermal energies is small compared to the time
neutron spends as a thermal neutron before it is finally absorbed. Reactor kinetics model for delayed
neutrons and no delayed neutrons are twisted with prompt neutron lifetime. Industrial applications of gen-4
nuclear reactor are basically wide enough. Accelerator kinetics and its models are used in the reactors for
industrial applications. Transient analysis of nuclear reactors basically provides security information and its
operating condition at different valve position, temperature etc. In this paper, Characteristic features of
gen-4 nuclear reactors, its reactivity control mechanism, characteristic features of fission reactors, reactor
kinetics and accelerator models have been discussed.
2. Characteristics Features of Gen-4 Nuclear Reactors (CTFNR): Reactivity Control
By immersion of neutrons in the reactor fuel, secure reactivity command is fundamentally acted. For
ascertaining reactivity, Gen-4 reactors are robust enough. In these reactors different mechanics are exploited
for operating the mechanics of reactor core’s process. By insuring circulation rate through the jet pumps
short term reactivity commutes are performed. When the water through the core is changed magnitude,
because of neutron temperance, reactivity is as well increased. Control cruciform control vanes are required
for longer term reactivity. By the commixture of Gadolinium Oxide (GdO2 ) and U O2 pellets, reactivity
control for counterbalancing fuel burn up is rendered. Gadolinium is transmuted into low neutron
absorption cross-sectional and by that way more neutrons are imbibed in the reactor fuel. An electrons
scatters heavy electrons. Since smoothening of the reactor operation, in Gen-4 reactors, heavy particle
dispersion is done. As alpha is heavy charged particles, pass through matter and they interact through the
Coulombic force, predominately on the electrons of the medium as of they occupy most of the matter’s bulk.
Towards heavy charged molecules with kinetic energy (MeV range), the more minuscule separation energy
of an electron to the nucleus is tri ing. Thus, a “free” electrons at rest is that, with which an incident alpha
particle interacts. To analyze this scattering reaction, identify particles X and y as the electron. For this
scattering process, there is no change in the rest masses of the reactants, i.e., Q = 0. Now
2
cose e M e
e
E Mm E
M m
θ=
+
(1)
The maximum electron recoil energy and the maximum kinetic energy loss by the incident heavy particle,
occurs for
2
cos 1θ = (2)
Thus, the maximum energy of the recoil electron is
max( ) 4 /e e ME M E M= (3)
This is energy sufficient to free most electrons from their atoms and create an ion-electron pair. Virtually
collisions transferless energy from the alpha particle, and, consequently, tenners of grands of ionization and
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3
innervations fundamental interaction are requisite for an alpha with respective MeV of kinetic energy to
retard and become part of the ambient medium. Data processor (PC) accomplishes reactivity reckonings
from the static positive reactor period info for the control rod and accomplishes online acquisition of distinct
signals exploitation of the well-known in - hour equation as given below,
6
1
i
l it
β
ρ = 1 / Τ +
+ λ
∑ (4)
where, ρ= scheme reactivity, T = static reactor flow, l= neutron interim time period, and iβ , iλ the
fraction and decay constant of the thi group of delayed neutrons, respectively Testing for PARR-1
Nuclear Reactor. Resonance Escape Probability is one of the crucial factors out the contrivance of nuclear
reactor. Thermal reactors are distinctive to diverse escape probability. All of the fission neutrons must
eventually be absorbed somewhere in the reactor. However, some neutrons might be absorbed as retarding
by nuclei having absorption resonances at energies over the thermal region. Most of the neutrons are
assimilated in a nuclear reactor subsequently decompressing to thermal energies. If P is the probability that,
a fission neutron is not immersed in any of these resonances, then P is the Resonance Escape Probability.
/F F M MsM
N V I V
P e
− ξ ∑= (5)
Fusion energy gain factor, Q is the ratio of fusion power density to to the externally supplied power for
heating unit volume of plasma in steady state. Plasma must be maintained at a high temperature in a fusion
power reactor in order that nuclear fusion can occur. Various constraints ensue in this heat imparting the
reactor chamber at a relatively low temperature in virtually reactor excogitations,
so that minuscule or none of it can be recuperated as wattage. In these reactors, wattage is brought forth from
the fraction of the fusion power comprised in neutrons. The neutrons are not moderated by the obtuse
plasma in inertial confinement fusion or the magnetic fields in magnetic confinement fusion but are
absorbed in a encompassing “blanket”. Imputable to versatile exothermic and endothermic reactions, the
blanket may have a power gain factor a few per centum higher or lower than 100%, but that will be
neglected in our scheme. A fraction of the electrical power is re-circulated to run the reactor arrangements.
It is defined as,Let,
Pfus=fusion power density
Pheat =Power supplied by external power sources
Pelect=Produced electric power
frecirc=fraction of power used to run fusion reactor
Here,
Pelect= ηelect(1 – fc)Pfus
Pheat=(1 – fc)Pfus ηelect ηheat frecirc
Thus Fusion energy gain factor is,
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4
( )c fus elect heat recirc
1
爁1 ? f P
Q
η η
= (6)
The one conduct of energy expiration that is autonomous of the confinement intrigue and practically
inconceivable to obviate is Bremsstrahlung actinotherapy. Alike the fusion power density, the
Bremsstrahlung power density devolves on the square of the plasma compactness, but it does not alter as
apace with temperature. Fig. 5 represents the quality factor and Fig. 6 shows the particle confinement times.
2.6 Energy Confinement times
In which 0.5 of a system’s energy is lost to its surroundings is defined as Confinement times. In a plasma
device, whether enough fusion will occur to sustain a reaction is determined by confinement times.
A simple expression for the optimal confinement for the optimal confinement time is given. In a plasma
ignition, the fusion power density that goes into heating the plasma Pheat, must exceed the power density
lost to the environment, Ploss . The energy confinement times, Eτ is as follows,
3
E
l o s s
n k T
P
τ = (7)
Where we have used the fact that the average kinetic the average kinetic energy of the electrons and ions
with 3K T/2. Considering a core in which the neutron cycle takes
'
l seconds to complete. The alteration
∆n in the entire count of thermic neutrons in one cycle at time t is (keff - 1)n(t),
Where n (t) is the amount of neutrons at the setting out of the cycle. Thus,
1( )
( )
'
effkdn t
n t
dt l
−
= (8)
The solution of this first-order differential equation is,
'
1
( ) (0) exp[ ( )]
effk
n t n n t
l
−
=
(9)
where n(0) is the neutron population at t = 0. In this framework, the neutron population and
therefore the reactor power alters exponentially soon enough, 1effk ≠
(10)
.
For an infinite thermal reactor, time expected for neutron to retard to thermal energies is minuscule equated to
the time neutron drops as a thermal neutron before it is finally engulfed. The interim between emanation of
the prompt neutrons and immersions in nuclear reactor is called Prompt neutron lifetime, lfp. Mean diffusion
time is td.
2 ( )
d
V T a a
I I
t
F M
=
+∑ ∑ (11)
Considering an infinite homogenous thermal reactor whose thermal flux must be independent of the
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5
position. Time dependent diffusion equation for thermal neutron is,
,t a
d n
s
d tφ Τ
− =∑ (12)
where Ts is the source density of neutrons into the thermal energy region, and n is the density of thermal
neutrons.
The rate of change of neutron density is,
6
1
(1 ) i i
a T i
dn
k C
dt
ξ
φ
β λ
=
= − +∑ ∑
(13)
where
T
n Aeω
=∑ ,
T
C Beω
=∑
The complete solution for n is
p
t
l
n no e e
ρ βλρ
β ρβ ρ
β ρ β ρ
−
−
= −
− − (14)
Finally it is,
/( 1)PT l ka= − (15)
3. Industrial Applications of GEN-4 Nuclear Reactor via Accelerator Model (IANRAM)
Radioisotopes can retraces ideally from a tracer bullet. To discern the tracer bullet in a sample,few atoms are
mostly necessitated. Let, the actinotherapy emitted by the disintegration of a distinct radionuclide with a half
time of T 0.5 can betraced in a sample distribution with an efficiency of e. If a sample contains N atoms of the
radionuclide,the calculated countrate is,
0.5
0.693
CR N N
T
=∈ λ =∈
To observe the comportment of the radionuclide label, this count rate must be greater than some minimal
count rate CRmin which is above the base count rate. Then the minimum number of radioactive subatomic
particle in the sample required to observe the comportment of the radioisotope is,
min 0.5
min
1.442CR T
N =
∈
atoms
If the atomic weight of the radionuclide is A, the minimum mass of radionuclides in the sample is
m in 0.5
m in
1.442
a
C R T
M
N
=
∈
(16)
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6
A cyclotron comprises of two D-shaped realms cognised as dees. The oscillation degenerates with the
magnetic field in the dees continually contributing the charge back to the gap. As the charge is in the dee, the
force field in the gap is inverted, so the charge is once again accelerated across the gap. There is a magnetic
flux vertical to the plane of the page in each dee. All time the charge cuts through the gap it picks up speed.
These cause the half-circles in the dees to step-up in radius and finally the charge issues from the cyclotron at
high speed. The terminal kinetic energy is fundamentally independent of the potential drop in the gap, but the
kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the magnetic field, so increasing the magnetic field is the way
to increase the kinetic energy. An ion reaching the exit port at radius R with speed v has an energy given by,
K=qV , where v is the equivalent potential difference.
2 2
0.5
q
V B R
m
= (17)
If the magnetic field increases, there is a varying flux connecting the loop of electrons and so an induced
e:m:f: which accelerates the electrons. As the electrons get quicker they motive a larger magnetic field to
extend moving at an invariant radius, which is rendered by the modifying field; the issues are proportional, so
the field is always impregnable enough to keep the electrons in orbit. The magnetic field wont to cause the
electrons draw in a circle is also the one used to speed up them, though the magnet must be cautiously
contrived so that the field intensity at the orbit radius is equal to half the average field strength relating the
orbit. The E-field is, The field is changed by passing an alternating current through the primary coils and
particle acceleration occurs on the first quarter of the voltage sine wave’s cycle. The force on the electron
produced by the E-field is
( )
( ) 0.5a
dB t
F t eR
dt
= (18)
However, if the total energy is much greater than the rest energy then E = pc is an effective estimation. When
the magnetic field is at its strongest value, the subatomic particles have maximum energy. But the formula
used for the cyclotron will not work for betatron because the electron will be relativistic. As the centripetal
force is again rendered by the Lorentz force, Betatron is still used in industry and medicine as they are the
very compact accelerators for electrons.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, Characteristic features of gen-4 nuclear reactors, its reactivity control mechanism,
characteristic features of fission reactors, reactor kinetics and accelerator models have been discussed. As
well as transient analysis of reactor via simulation and its industrial viability has been discussed in this
paper.
References
Syed Bahauddin Alam et. al, Modeling of Physics of Beta-Decay using Decay Energetics, in American
Institute of Physics (AIP) Proceedings, 2012.
Syed Bahauddin Alam et. al Dosimetry Control and Electromagnetic Shielding Analysis, in American
7. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
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Vol.1, No.4, 2011
7
Institute of Physics (AIP) Proceedings, 2012.
Syed Bahauddin Alam et. al Transient and Condition Analysis for Gen-4 Nukes for Developing Countries,
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