Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum in the form of spin 1 bosons (photons). Matter consists of standing wave resonances in the form of spin 1/2 fermions created from energetic photons. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.

1. Origin of inertia

2. Confinement of light
• Confinement of traveling EM waves creates rest mass and inertia.

3. Matter waves
• Light is a self-sustaining traveling wave of electromagnetic energy.
A photon is described as a spin 1 boson with helicoid geometry and
represents a freely-propagating spin wave disturbance in a polarizable
vacuum.
• An electron consists of an energetic photon confined within a deep
potential well in the quantum vacuum. An electron is described as
as a spin ½ fermion with toroidal geometry and forms a closed-loop
standing wave resonator.
• Matter consists of electromagnetic energy topologically bound within
in standing wave resonant structures such as electrons and aggregate
composites such as protons, neutrons, atoms and molecules.
Confinement of light creates rest mass and inertia.
• Motion of matter with respect to an inertial reference frame creates
de Broglie matter waves which are contracted moving standing waves.

4. Self-referral dynamics of radiation trapped
in a phase-locked resonator

5. Contracted moving standing wave

6. Lorentz contraction of a standing wave
resonator in motion
• Matter in motion undergoes a Lorentz
contraction in the direction of motion
as a result of increased EM flux density
• Inertial mass and gravitation mass are
equivalent as both arise from the same
causal mechanism as a result of motion
in regions of increased energy density.

7. Toriodal electron model
Parameter Symbol Relation Value Units
Electric charge e = F/E = mwC =
√(aqP
2)
1.60217E-19 C
Mass me
= E/c2 = ħc/RC =
e/wC
9.10938E-31 kg
Compton wavelength lC = h/mc = h/p 2.4263E-12 m
Compton frequency fC = mc2/h = c/lC = wC
/2p
1.2355E20 Hz
Compton radius: RC = lC/2p = aa0 =
√(E/mw2)
3.8616E-13 m
Compton angular
frequency
wC = c/RC = mc2/ħ =
e/m
7.7634E20 rad/s
Zitterbewegung angular
frequency
wzbw
= 2wC 1.5527E21 rad/s
Spin angular momentum s = ½ ħ = iw =
½meRC
2w
5.2725E-5 J∙s
Bohr magneton mB = e ħ /2m 9.274E-24 J/T
Rest Energy E = ħ c/RC 8.187E-14 J
• Toroidal electron formed
by a high energy photon
topologically confined
inside the Compton radius.
• Propagation of the rotating
spin wave describes a
current loop equal to ½
of Compton radius.
• Charge path rotation
generates toroidal swept
volume.

8. Electron ring configuration
• Electron depicted as a
precessing epitrochoid
charge path composed of
two orthogonal spinors of
2:1 rotary octave
• Spin ratio of Compton
angular frequency wC and
Zitterbewegung frequency
wzbw (= 2wC) corresponds
to observed spin ½.
• Electric charge arises as a
result of a slight precession
of angular frequency we/m.

9. Electromagnetic energy E vs. Lorentz factor g
After Bergman
The Lorentz factor g is inversely proportional to the Lorentz contraction g.
g = 1/√(1 – v2/c2) = 1/√(1 – b2) = 1/g
Electromagnetic energy of an electron as a function of Lorentz factor g.

10. Electron mass energy MeV/c2 vs. Velocity ratio b
Relativistic increase in electron mass energy as a function of velocity ratio b (= v/c)

11. Contracted moving standing wave

12. Constant wave energy phasor
Traveling wave, standing wave and contracted moving standing waves

13. Contracted moving wave diagram for an
electron moving @ 0.5 c
• Compton, Lorentz Doppler and de Broglie wave components

14. EM cavity resonator equivalent LC circuit
• A lossless electromagnetic cavity resonator and equivalent LC circuit.
• The electric and magnetic energy are in phase quadrature.
• A resonant system must contain at least one element in which kinetic
energy is stored and another element in which potential energy is stored.

15. Resonator velocity staircase
A Minkowski spacetime diagram illustrating a phased-locked
standing wave resonator in wave resonator

16. Coupled standing wave resonators

18. Book Details:
Author: Larry Reed
Pages: 710
Publisher: BookLocker
Language: English
ISBN: 978-1-63492-964-6 paperback
Publication date: 2019-01-13

19. Abstract
A comprehensive description of the nature of light, electricity and gravity is provided in
terms of quantum wave mechanics. Detailed models include the photon as a travelling
electromagnetic wave and the electron as a closed loop standing wave formed by a
confined photon. An electron is modeled as a torus generated by a spinning Hopf link
as a result of an imbalance of electrostatic and magnetostatic energy. Electric charge is a
manifestation of a slight precession characterized by the fine structure constant. The
physical vacuum as a polarizable medium enables wave propagation and appears
ultimately to be quantized at the Planck scale. Standing wave transformations for objects
in motion are reviewed and Lorentz Doppler effects compared. The mechanism for
generation De Broglie matter waves for objects in motion is depicted including the inverse
effect of induced motion of an object by synthesis of contracted moving standing waves.
Gravity is viewed as a frequency synchronization interaction between coupled mass
oscillators. The acceleration of gravity is described by a spectral energy density gradient.
Antigravity corresponds an inversion of the naturally occuring energy density gradient.
Gravitons are shown to be phase conjugate photons. The metric of curved spacetime
corresponds to the electromagnetic wave front interference node metric. Hence, the
gravitational field becomes quantized.
Quantum Wave Mechanics

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Quantum Wave Mechanics