5.5 the spread of hellenistic culture
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The document discusses the spread of Hellenistic culture in Alexandria, Egypt. It describes how Alexandria became a center of Hellenistic civilization through cultural blending under Alexander's policies. The city attracted scholars with its museum, library, and zoo. Scholars like Euclid and Archimedes made important contributions to mathematics, physics, and astronomy there. The culture also saw new schools of philosophy like Stoicism and sculptures that moved away from classical ideals.
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5.4 alexander’s empire
Philip II of Macedon built a powerful professional army and used it to conquer the disunited city-states of Greece in the late 4th century BC. After defeating Athens and Sparta, Philip formed the Corinthian League to unite Greece and prepare to invade the Persian Empire. However, Philip was assassinated in 336 BC, allowing his son Alexander to become king of Macedonia and complete Philip's plans by conquering the entire Persian Empire between 334-323 BC, spreading Greek culture across Western Asia and into India.
5.3 democracy and greece’s golden age
During Greece's golden age in the 5th century BC, the Athenian leader Pericles strengthened Athenian democracy and cultural works. He commissioned projects like the Parthenon and hired leading artists and architects to beautify Athens. However, tensions grew between Athens and Sparta, leading to the Peloponnesian War from 431-404 BC. The war weakened Athens and led to a Spartan victory. After the war, Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle emerged and made lasting contributions to Western philosophy through questioning, logic, and the examination of ethics, politics, and knowledge.
5.2 warring city states
The document summarizes the development of political systems and governments in ancient Greece, including the rise of city-states and the emergence of democracy in Athens in the 7th century BC. It also describes the unique militaristic society developed in Sparta and the Greek city-states' victories over the Persian Empire in the 5th century BC, which led to Athens becoming the dominant power in the region.
Ch 5.5 -the spread of hellenistic culture
After Alexander the Great's death, a new Hellenistic culture emerged that blended Greek influences with those of Egypt, Persia, and India. This enabled communication across diverse regions. The city of Alexandria in Egypt became a major center of this culture, with a large population that included immigrants from around the world. It was famous for its museum, the largest library in the ancient world housing 500,000 scrolls, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. During this period, Greek scholars made advances in astronomy, mathematics, and physics, including Aristarchus' theory that the Earth revolves around the sun and Archimedes' work on levers and pulleys. However, by
5.1 cultures of the mountains and the sea
The roots of Greek culture developed from the interaction of the Mycenaean, Minoan, and Dorian cultures. Geography shaped Greek life, as the mountains divided the land into regions while the sea and lack of resources encouraged travel and trade. The Mycenaean civilization developed and fought the Trojan War in the 1200s BC, though it later collapsed when the Dorians migrated in around 1200 BC. The Dorians were less advanced and left no written records, while the Greeks developed oral epics like the Iliad and Odyssey and created myths to understand life.
The Battle of Marathon
The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC between Athens and Plataea against the first Persian invasion of Greece led by Darius I. The Persians greatly outnumbered the Greeks but were defeated, marking the end of the first Persian invasion. This showed that the Persians could be beaten and was an important victory for the Greeks that influenced the development of Western civilization.
Greek Civilization
Greek civilization emerged in Southeastern Europe and gave rise to classical civilization. The Minoan civilization on Crete influenced the Greeks and traded extensively. After a volcanic eruption, the Mycenaeans invaded Crete and established separate city-states. Two influential city-states were Sparta, a militaristic society ruled by two kings and elders, and Athens, which developed democracy under Solon and Cleisthenes. The Persian Wars united the Greeks against Persia and allowed Athens to emerge as the most powerful city under Pericles, though this dominance led to war with Sparta. Alexander the Great then conquered Persia and spread Greek culture across his vast empire, establishing the long-lasting Hellenistic civilization.
5.2 warring city states
The document summarizes the political development of Greek city-states between 750 BC and 480 BC. It describes the rise of monarchies, aristocracies, oligarchies, and democracies in different city-states like Athens and Sparta. It also discusses Sparta's conquest of Messenia and harsh rule over the Messenians, and the conflicts between Greek city-states that led to the Persian Wars in which a united Greece defeated the Persian Empire at battles like Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis.
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5.4 alexander’s empire
Philip II of Macedon built a powerful professional army and used it to conquer the disunited city-states of Greece in the late 4th century BC. After defeating Athens and Sparta, Philip formed the Corinthian League to unite Greece and prepare to invade the Persian Empire. However, Philip was assassinated in 336 BC, allowing his son Alexander to become king of Macedonia and complete Philip's plans by conquering the entire Persian Empire between 334-323 BC, spreading Greek culture across Western Asia and into India.
5.3 democracy and greece’s golden age
During Greece's golden age in the 5th century BC, the Athenian leader Pericles strengthened Athenian democracy and cultural works. He commissioned projects like the Parthenon and hired leading artists and architects to beautify Athens. However, tensions grew between Athens and Sparta, leading to the Peloponnesian War from 431-404 BC. The war weakened Athens and led to a Spartan victory. After the war, Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle emerged and made lasting contributions to Western philosophy through questioning, logic, and the examination of ethics, politics, and knowledge.
5.2 warring city states
The document summarizes the development of political systems and governments in ancient Greece, including the rise of city-states and the emergence of democracy in Athens in the 7th century BC. It also describes the unique militaristic society developed in Sparta and the Greek city-states' victories over the Persian Empire in the 5th century BC, which led to Athens becoming the dominant power in the region.
Ch 5.5 -the spread of hellenistic culture
After Alexander the Great's death, a new Hellenistic culture emerged that blended Greek influences with those of Egypt, Persia, and India. This enabled communication across diverse regions. The city of Alexandria in Egypt became a major center of this culture, with a large population that included immigrants from around the world. It was famous for its museum, the largest library in the ancient world housing 500,000 scrolls, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. During this period, Greek scholars made advances in astronomy, mathematics, and physics, including Aristarchus' theory that the Earth revolves around the sun and Archimedes' work on levers and pulleys. However, by
5.1 cultures of the mountains and the sea
The roots of Greek culture developed from the interaction of the Mycenaean, Minoan, and Dorian cultures. Geography shaped Greek life, as the mountains divided the land into regions while the sea and lack of resources encouraged travel and trade. The Mycenaean civilization developed and fought the Trojan War in the 1200s BC, though it later collapsed when the Dorians migrated in around 1200 BC. The Dorians were less advanced and left no written records, while the Greeks developed oral epics like the Iliad and Odyssey and created myths to understand life.
The Battle of Marathon
The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC between Athens and Plataea against the first Persian invasion of Greece led by Darius I. The Persians greatly outnumbered the Greeks but were defeated, marking the end of the first Persian invasion. This showed that the Persians could be beaten and was an important victory for the Greeks that influenced the development of Western civilization.
Greek Civilization
Greek civilization emerged in Southeastern Europe and gave rise to classical civilization. The Minoan civilization on Crete influenced the Greeks and traded extensively. After a volcanic eruption, the Mycenaeans invaded Crete and established separate city-states. Two influential city-states were Sparta, a militaristic society ruled by two kings and elders, and Athens, which developed democracy under Solon and Cleisthenes. The Persian Wars united the Greeks against Persia and allowed Athens to emerge as the most powerful city under Pericles, though this dominance led to war with Sparta. Alexander the Great then conquered Persia and spread Greek culture across his vast empire, establishing the long-lasting Hellenistic civilization.
5.2 warring city states
The document summarizes the political development of Greek city-states between 750 BC and 480 BC. It describes the rise of monarchies, aristocracies, oligarchies, and democracies in different city-states like Athens and Sparta. It also discusses Sparta's conquest of Messenia and harsh rule over the Messenians, and the conflicts between Greek city-states that led to the Persian Wars in which a united Greece defeated the Persian Empire at battles like Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis.
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The Persian Wars consisted of several key battles between 499-479 BCE when the Persians invaded Greece. The wars began with the Ionian Revolt when Greek cities rebelled against Persian rule. This led to the Battle of Marathon where the Athenians defeated the first Persian invasion force. The second invasion was larger, led by Xerxes, and included battles at Thermopylae, where Spartans heroically delayed the Persians, and Salamis, where the larger Persian navy was defeated by the Greeks. The final battle was Plataea, resulting in a Greek victory and ending the wars, leaving Athens as the dominant power in Greece.
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The roots of Greek culture developed from the interaction of the Mycenaean, Minoan, and Dorian cultures. Geography shaped Greek civilization, as the sea encouraged trade while the mountains and lack of fertile land led to small, isolated populations and a need for colonies. When the Mycenaean civilization collapsed around 1200 BC, the less advanced Dorians moved in and the oral tradition, including the epics of Homer, grew as the Dorians left no written records. Myths also developed as Greeks sought to understand life through attributing human qualities to their gods like Zeus, Hera, and Athena.
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King Philip II of Macedon built a powerful army and conquered Greece in the 4th century BC. He introduced innovations like the Macedonian phalanx armed with long pikes. His son, Alexander the Great, further strengthened the army and used its combined arms tactics to invade and conquer the vast Persian Empire between 334-331 BC. At the pivotal Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander defeated the Persian king Darius III, bringing an end to the Persian Empire and allowing Alexander to expand his empire across Western Asia and into India. However, Alexander's troops grew exhausted by the campaign and he died of illness in 323 BC at the age of 32, leaving his generals to divide up his empire.
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After the decline of Greek city-states, Macedonia rose to power under King Philip II in the 4th century BC. Philip unified the Greek city-states through military force and created a powerful professional army and tactics like the phalanx formation. Before Philip could invade Persia, he was assassinated and succeeded by his son Alexander the Great. Alexander conquered the massive Persian Empire and expanded into Central Asia and India, spreading Greek culture and founding many new cities named Alexandria. However, after Alexander's death at a young age, his vast empire quickly fell apart.
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Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece in 338 BCE. His son Alexander expanded the empire greatly, conquering Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Syria before his death in 323 BCE. The empire was then divided among his generals. Hellenistic culture saw developments in realistic sculpture and melodramatic drama. Philosophy schools like the Skeptics, Cynics, Epicureans and Stoics focused on practical everyday life over rational investigation. Science and mathematics advanced, while religion incorporated mysteries from Egypt and Persia. This period expanded Greek influence and set foundations for Rome and Christianity.
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13.4 the power of the church (1)
Pope Gelasius I established the idea of two powers - the holy authority of bishops and the royal power of kings. He believed bishops had authority over spiritual matters while kings had authority over political matters. In reality, the church and state struggled for power throughout the Middle Ages. The Catholic Church established a strict hierarchy with the Pope as the supreme authority over clergy such as bishops and priests. Canon law governed all aspects of religious and personal life and Kings were expected to obey the Pope under threat of excommunication. Otto I allied with the Church to gain power in Germany and Italy, crowning himself Holy Roman Emperor, but future emperors like Henry IV clashed with popes over lay investiture, the practice of kings appoint
13.1 charlemagne unites germanic kingdoms
Charlemagne reunited many of the Germanic kingdoms that had succeeded the Western Roman Empire under his empire in the late 8th century. He extended Frankish rule across Western Europe and was crowned emperor by the pope in 800, unifying the traditions of the Germanic peoples, the Catholic Church, and the former Roman Empire. However, upon his death the empire was divided among his heirs and fell apart, with his grandsons dividing it into three kingdoms by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
13.2 feudalism in europe
Feudalism emerges in Europe as a political and economic system based on landholding and protection in exchange for services. As invaders like the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims attacked Europe, feudalism structured society into a pyramid with the king at the top, lords and nobles below providing land grants to vassals who became knights and protected the land. Society was divided into those who fight, those who pray, and those who work, mainly peasants who lived on self-sufficient manors providing goods to the lord in exchange for housing and protection.
3.1 The Indo Europeans
Indo-Europeans migrated throughout Europe, India, and Southwest Asia between 1700-1200 BCE. As nomadic pastoral people from the steppes north of the Caucasus mountains, they introduced horses, chariots, and iron technology to the peoples they encountered. Their languages gave rise to language families across the regions like English, Spanish, Persian, and Hindi. Groups like the Hittites established kingdoms in Anatolia and Southwest Asia, while Aryan peoples entered India and developed one of the earliest caste systems as they established kingdoms across the subcontinent.
2.3 Indus Valley Civilization
The first Indian civilization built well-planned cities on the banks of the Indus River around 2500 BCE. The Harappan civilization constructed cities out of mud bricks laid on a grid system with infrastructure like plumbing and sewage. Though the writing system of this civilization remains undeciphered, the cities were uniform in culture. The planning and culture of the early Indus cities still influence India today.
7.2 trade spreads indian religion and culture
Buddhism and Hinduism evolved over time as Indian religions and culture spread through trade. Buddhism developed new sects like Mahayana that accepted new doctrines, while Hinduism moved toward monotheism centered around Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Indian trade networks grew through overland Silk Roads and sea routes, spreading Indian culture, religions, and increasing influence while advancing astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
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1) Jesus was born in Bethlehem around 6-4 BC and grew up in Nazareth. He began preaching at age 30 and performed miracles according to the Gospels. He was crucified under Pontius Pilate but his followers believed he resurrected.
2) Paul originally persecuted Christians but had a vision of Jesus and became an apostle, preaching that Christianity was open to all. He wrote many New Testament letters.
3) Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 AD and it became the official religion under Theodosius I in 380 AD, spreading across the Roman Empire.
10.3 muslim cultural
Muslim culture flourished in its golden age and made significant contributions. Architecture blended styles with features like domes, arches and minarets. Scholarship was highly valued and translations preserved Greek knowledge and advanced fields like algebra, optics, and medicine. Literature, art, music and poetry also thrived as sciences did under patronage of leaders. Women's roles and rights varied depending on social class and era. Overall Muslim achievements expanded human knowledge across many disciplines.
12.4 feudal powers in japan
Japanese civilization was shaped by cultural influences from China and the rise of feudalism under military rulers. The Yamato clan took control in the 400s and named emperors to rule, though sometimes in name only. Buddhism spread from China and mixed with existing Shinto practices. In the late 700s, the capital moved to Heian where an refined aristocratic culture developed, illustrated by The Tale of Genji. However, as central power declined in the 1000s, large landowners built private armies and established feudal rule over smaller landowners seeking protection. The Minamoto family established the Kamakura shogunate in 1192, placing a military dictator or shogun in power supported by samur
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The document summarizes the establishment of two major empires in India - the Mauryan Empire from 321 BC to 232 BC, and the Gupta Empire from AD 320 to 550. The Mauryan Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and expanded by his grandson Asoka, who promoted Buddhism. The Gupta Empire was founded by Chandra Gupta I and expanded by his son Samudra Gupta and grandson Chandra Gupta II, during which time Indian culture flourished. Both empires declined after the deaths of their strongest rulers.
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This document provides an overview of classical Greek culture and values during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. It discusses the contributions of pioneers in many fields during the Golden Age of Athens in the 5th century BCE. The rise of Athenian democracy and tragedies are described. The document also examines the works and philosophies of famous Greek dramatists like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. It outlines the decline of Athens after the Peloponnesian War and the rise of Macedon under Philip.
After alexander, before_rome_-_project_1 (2)
The document summarizes the political and religious landscape in Judea between 320-63 BC, after the death of Alexander the Great and before the rise of Rome. It describes the rule of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties, including the Hellenization of Jews under Ptolemaic rule. It then discusses the desecration of the Temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes that sparked the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus. The revolt resulted in Jewish independence and the establishment of the Hasmonean dynasty until it was defeated by Rome in 63 BC.
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The document summarizes the Golden Age of Athens following the Persian Wars. It describes how the Delian League was formed for defense but came under Athens' control. Athens used the League's funds for its own building projects and glory. Pericles strengthened Athens' democracy and funded projects like the Parthenon. Playwrights like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides flourished in this period. Eventually, Athens' oppression of its neighbors led to the Peloponnesian War with Sparta.
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5.5 the spread of hellenistic culture
- 1. The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Chapter 5, Section 5
- 2. Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria ► Cultural Blending Result of Alexander’s Policies—a new vibrant culture Hellenistic culture —Greek blended with Egyptian, Persian, Indian culture ► Trade and Cultural Diversity Alexandria —Egyptian city become the center of Hellenistic civilization
- 3. Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria (cont.) ► Alexandria’s Attractions Lighthouse, called the Pharos , stands over 350 feet tall Museum contains art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, dining hall Library holds masterpieces of ancient literature; supports scholars
- 4. Science and Technology ► Alexandria’s Scholars Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian learning in the sciences ► Astronomy Astronomer Aristarchus proves sun is larger than Earth Proposes planets revolve around sun; not accepted for 14 centuries Eratosthenes uses geometry to calculate Earth’s circumference
- 5. Science and Technology ► Mathematics and Physics Euclid —mathematician; his work Elements is the basis for courses in geometry. Archimedes —scientist and mathematician ►He accurately estimated the value of pi ( π). ►He explained the law of the lever. ►He invented the Archimedes screw —a pump which raised water from one level to another. ►He invented the compound pulley for lifting objects.
- 6. Philosophy and Art ► Stoicism and Epicureanism Zeno founds Stoic school of philosophy which promoted virtuous and simple lives. Epicurus believes people should focus on what the senses perceive. ► Realism in Sculpture Colossus of Rhodes —Hellenistic bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall. Sculptors move to non-classical, natural forms; real people.