4. scientific methods of research
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This document discusses scientific methods of research. It begins by defining scientific methods as systematic observation, measurement, experimentation, and formulation of questions or hypotheses to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena. It then lists the characteristics of scientific methods, including being orderly, attempting to control external factors, being based on empirical evidence, and allowing findings to be generalized. The purposes of scientific methods are described as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, and identifying relationships. The document outlines the typical steps of scientific methods, from selecting a topic to collecting and analyzing data. It concludes by discussing limitations of scientific methods when applied to humans, such as ethical issues, difficulty measuring human behavior, and inability to fully control external variables.
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Scientific methods of research
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
Descriptive research
This document discusses descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and describe phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation. It can be used to identify problems, justify practices, and develop theories. Descriptive studies describe characteristics like frequency, percentages, averages without relating variables. Types include univariate, exploratory, and comparative designs. Limitations include inability to determine causation and potential for bias. The document provides an example of a descriptive study evaluating nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about Alzheimer's disease.
Research Meaning, Definition, Research Process, Types and Motives
This document discusses research methodology and was presented by S. Harithaa. It defines research as a systematic method for seeking answers to questions through data collection and analysis. The research process involves selecting a topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. Research has objectives like exploring phenomena, producing new knowledge, making discoveries or policies, and testing hypotheses. It is undertaken for motives such as obtaining degrees, solving problems, gaining knowledge, or contributing to society. There are four main types of research: descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, and applied vs fundamental.
Research process
Research involves systematically investigating problems through an open-minded search for knowledge. The research process consists of 7 steps: (1) defining the research problem, (2) reviewing relevant literature, (3) formulating testable hypotheses, (4) designing the research methodology, (5) collecting data, (6) analyzing the data, and (7) interpreting the findings and reporting results. Following these steps in order helps ensure effective and rigorous research.
Research tools & data collection method_vipin
data collection method-
it include following sub points-
1) definition of research tool
2) data
3) primary and secondary data
4) observation method
5) interview
6) questionnaire
7) physiological measure
Hypothesis – Meaning, Definition, Importance, Characteristics and Types
This ppt helps to formulate the Research Hypothesis which covered Meaning, Definition, Importance, Characteristics and Types of Hypothesis
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
This document discusses historical research methods. It defines historical research as the systematic collection and critical evaluation of past data to answer questions about causes and effects of past events. The key steps are: 1) collecting primary and secondary sources; 2) critically examining sources through external and internal criticism; 3) objectively presenting the facts without bias. Historical research allows investigation of topics not studyable otherwise, but limitations include lack of control and representation of samples. Areas of study include periods, locations, and military history. Tools include corroboration, photography, and revisionism.
Scientific method and research
The document discusses scientific method and research. It defines scientific method as integrating deductive and inductive reasoning to systematically study problems through hypothesis formulation, evidence collection, and hypothesis testing. Research is defined as the objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations, principles, or theories. The key aspects of research discussed include formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting evidence, analyzing data, and reporting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
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Scientific methods of research
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
Descriptive research
This document discusses descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and describe phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation. It can be used to identify problems, justify practices, and develop theories. Descriptive studies describe characteristics like frequency, percentages, averages without relating variables. Types include univariate, exploratory, and comparative designs. Limitations include inability to determine causation and potential for bias. The document provides an example of a descriptive study evaluating nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about Alzheimer's disease.
Research Meaning, Definition, Research Process, Types and Motives
This document discusses research methodology and was presented by S. Harithaa. It defines research as a systematic method for seeking answers to questions through data collection and analysis. The research process involves selecting a topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. Research has objectives like exploring phenomena, producing new knowledge, making discoveries or policies, and testing hypotheses. It is undertaken for motives such as obtaining degrees, solving problems, gaining knowledge, or contributing to society. There are four main types of research: descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, and applied vs fundamental.
Research process
Research involves systematically investigating problems through an open-minded search for knowledge. The research process consists of 7 steps: (1) defining the research problem, (2) reviewing relevant literature, (3) formulating testable hypotheses, (4) designing the research methodology, (5) collecting data, (6) analyzing the data, and (7) interpreting the findings and reporting results. Following these steps in order helps ensure effective and rigorous research.
Research tools & data collection method_vipin
data collection method-
it include following sub points-
1) definition of research tool
2) data
3) primary and secondary data
4) observation method
5) interview
6) questionnaire
7) physiological measure
Hypothesis – Meaning, Definition, Importance, Characteristics and Types
This ppt helps to formulate the Research Hypothesis which covered Meaning, Definition, Importance, Characteristics and Types of Hypothesis
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
This document discusses historical research methods. It defines historical research as the systematic collection and critical evaluation of past data to answer questions about causes and effects of past events. The key steps are: 1) collecting primary and secondary sources; 2) critically examining sources through external and internal criticism; 3) objectively presenting the facts without bias. Historical research allows investigation of topics not studyable otherwise, but limitations include lack of control and representation of samples. Areas of study include periods, locations, and military history. Tools include corroboration, photography, and revisionism.
Scientific method and research
The document discusses scientific method and research. It defines scientific method as integrating deductive and inductive reasoning to systematically study problems through hypothesis formulation, evidence collection, and hypothesis testing. Research is defined as the objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations, principles, or theories. The key aspects of research discussed include formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting evidence, analyzing data, and reporting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
Research problem
The document discusses research problems, including defining a research problem, identifying sources of research problems, criteria for a good research problem, and the steps involved in formulating a research problem. Specifically, it states that a research problem is a question to be answered or problem to be solved through research. It also notes that selecting a good research problem is challenging but important, as it forms the foundation of the research study. Finally, it outlines the 5-step process for formulating a research problem: 1) selecting a research area, 2) reviewing literature and theories, 3) delimiting the topic, 4) evaluating the problem, and 5) formulating the final problem statement.
Applied research
Research can be classified as either basic or applied. Basic research seeks to expand knowledge and develop theories without necessarily solving immediate problems, while applied research tests theories and principles to solve practical problems. Applied research aims to improve areas like agricultural production, disease treatment, and energy efficiency. Examples of applied research topics include persuasion techniques and interventions for autism.
Data collection
This document discusses various methods and instruments for collecting data in research studies. It begins by defining data and explaining why data collection is important. It then covers primary and secondary sources of data, as well as internal and external sources. The main methods of collecting primary data discussed are direct personal investigation through interviews, indirect oral investigation, case studies, measurements, and observation. Secondary data sources include published and unpublished sources. The document also discusses self-reported data collection methods like surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. Other methods covered include document review, focus groups, and observation. Mixed methods are also briefly discussed.
Research Design
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
Hypotheses
1) A hypothesis is a tentative statement proposed for testing through scientific investigation. It predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
2) Hypotheses guide research design and analysis by specifying the variables to be studied and their expected relationships.
3) The main types of hypotheses are simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative. Hypotheses can also be classified as associative, causal, statistical, or research hypotheses.
Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to develop theories inductively from data. It begins with data collection and analysis to allow concepts and theories to emerge from the data rather than testing a predetermined hypothesis. Grounded theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists Glaser and Strauss and has since split into different paradigms including Straussian, Glaserian, and Constructivist approaches. The key aspects of grounded theory include coding data through open, axial, and selective coding to develop categories and concepts into a theoretical framework or model.
SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
Research objective
Research Objective
Research is an organized investigation of a problem in which there is an attempt to gain solution to a problem.
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important.
Clearly defined objectives enlighten the way in which the researcher has to proceed.
What is Research Objective?
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
Generally research objective focus on the ways to measure the variables , such as to identify or describe them.
Sometime objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.
Objective should be closely related to the statement of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time-bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal & Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
The research objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hopes to achieve by the study
The objective include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Why need Research Objectives?
The formulation of research objectives will help researcher to:
With clearly defined objectives, the researchers can focus on the study.
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding & solving problem that he or she has defined.
The formulation of objectives organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology & will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation, &utilization of data.
Types of Research Objectives
General Objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objectives of the study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
Types of research designs
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
Validity & reliability
This document discusses the validity and reliability of research tools. It defines validity as the degree to which a tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are four main types of validity: face validity, content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measurement tool. There are three aspects of reliability: stability, internal consistency, and equivalence. Stability assesses a tool's consistency over time, internal consistency examines consistency between items, and equivalence evaluates consistency between raters. Factors like length, training, and instructions can impact a tool's reliability. Overall, validity and reliability are important for ensuring research tools produce accurate and reproducible results.
True experimental research design
True experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships. They have four key elements: manipulation of the independent variable, use of control groups, random assignment of subjects to conditions, and random selection of subjects. Randomized controlled trials are a type of true experiment that are considered the gold standard for determining cause and effect. Common true experimental designs include pre-test post-test control group designs, post-test only control group designs, and Solomon four-group designs.
Review of literature
The document discusses the process of conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review and its importance, including providing background for research and keeping professionals informed of the current state of the field. Next, it outlines the purposes of literature review, such as conveying previous knowledge and identifying gaps. It then discusses the functions, sources, and steps involved in conducting an effective literature review.
Research hypothesis
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
Chapter 6 formulation of hypothesis
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
This document outlines the steps for formulating a research problem:
1. Select a broad research area from literature and personal experience.
2. Review literature and theories to understand what has been done and how the research could expand knowledge or test theories.
3. Delimit the topic to a more specific research problem.
4. Evaluate the problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility considering factors like time, cost, and ethics.
5. Formulate a final statement of the research problem that is clear, concise, and measurable.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental research design aims to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. True experimental designs have three key features - manipulation, control, and randomization. Manipulation means consciously controlling the independent variable. Control involves using a control group to account for extraneous variables. Randomization ensures subjects are randomly assigned to conditions. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. While powerful for establishing causation, experimental research also has limitations for studying humans.
Data Collection Process
This document discusses various methods and techniques for collecting data. It begins by defining data collection as the process of gathering quantitative and qualitative information on variables to evaluate outcomes. Some key methods covered include interviews, questionnaires, observation, and record analysis. The document provides details on each method, including their purposes, advantages, disadvantages, and specific tools or techniques used. It emphasizes that the appropriate data collection method depends on factors like the study topic, sample size, and available resources.
Interview method in research
The document discusses different types of interviews that can be used for research data collection. It describes personal interviews, telephone interviews, focus group interviews, depth interviews, and projective techniques. Personal interviews involve face-to-face communication between an interviewer and respondent. They are generally structured with questions planned in advance. Telephone interviews collect information by asking respondents questions over the phone. Focus group interviews involve a moderator leading a discussion among a small group of respondents. Depth interviews are nondirective and give respondents freedom to answer openly. Projective techniques indirectly reveal responses through interpretation of ambiguous objects or activities.
Research
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
1 introduction to research
This document provides an introduction and overview of research concepts. It defines research as a systematic, disciplined inquiry designed to develop new knowledge. The document outlines different types of research including fundamental and applied research, as well as qualitative and quantitative approaches. Key steps in the research process are described, including formulating the problem, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting results. Common research terms are defined, such as variables, data, and study participants. The overall purpose is to explain foundational concepts to learners at the start of their research studies.
Scientific method
This document outlines the scientific method and its key steps. It discusses that scientific investigations are systematic processes aimed at developing general knowledge through empirical evidence and controlled experiments. The main steps of the scientific method include selecting a research topic, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, determining a research design and data collection methods, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. One challenge discussed is conducting scientific research on human subjects, as human behavior is complex, variable between individuals, and difficult to measure accurately due to psychological and external factors.
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Research problem
The document discusses research problems, including defining a research problem, identifying sources of research problems, criteria for a good research problem, and the steps involved in formulating a research problem. Specifically, it states that a research problem is a question to be answered or problem to be solved through research. It also notes that selecting a good research problem is challenging but important, as it forms the foundation of the research study. Finally, it outlines the 5-step process for formulating a research problem: 1) selecting a research area, 2) reviewing literature and theories, 3) delimiting the topic, 4) evaluating the problem, and 5) formulating the final problem statement.
Applied research
Research can be classified as either basic or applied. Basic research seeks to expand knowledge and develop theories without necessarily solving immediate problems, while applied research tests theories and principles to solve practical problems. Applied research aims to improve areas like agricultural production, disease treatment, and energy efficiency. Examples of applied research topics include persuasion techniques and interventions for autism.
Data collection
This document discusses various methods and instruments for collecting data in research studies. It begins by defining data and explaining why data collection is important. It then covers primary and secondary sources of data, as well as internal and external sources. The main methods of collecting primary data discussed are direct personal investigation through interviews, indirect oral investigation, case studies, measurements, and observation. Secondary data sources include published and unpublished sources. The document also discusses self-reported data collection methods like surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. Other methods covered include document review, focus groups, and observation. Mixed methods are also briefly discussed.
Research Design
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
Hypotheses
1) A hypothesis is a tentative statement proposed for testing through scientific investigation. It predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
2) Hypotheses guide research design and analysis by specifying the variables to be studied and their expected relationships.
3) The main types of hypotheses are simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative. Hypotheses can also be classified as associative, causal, statistical, or research hypotheses.
Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to develop theories inductively from data. It begins with data collection and analysis to allow concepts and theories to emerge from the data rather than testing a predetermined hypothesis. Grounded theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists Glaser and Strauss and has since split into different paradigms including Straussian, Glaserian, and Constructivist approaches. The key aspects of grounded theory include coding data through open, axial, and selective coding to develop categories and concepts into a theoretical framework or model.
SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
Research objective
Research Objective
Research is an organized investigation of a problem in which there is an attempt to gain solution to a problem.
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important.
Clearly defined objectives enlighten the way in which the researcher has to proceed.
What is Research Objective?
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
Generally research objective focus on the ways to measure the variables , such as to identify or describe them.
Sometime objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.
Objective should be closely related to the statement of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time-bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal & Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
The research objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hopes to achieve by the study
The objective include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Why need Research Objectives?
The formulation of research objectives will help researcher to:
With clearly defined objectives, the researchers can focus on the study.
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding & solving problem that he or she has defined.
The formulation of objectives organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology & will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation, &utilization of data.
Types of Research Objectives
General Objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objectives of the study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
Types of research designs
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
Validity & reliability
This document discusses the validity and reliability of research tools. It defines validity as the degree to which a tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are four main types of validity: face validity, content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measurement tool. There are three aspects of reliability: stability, internal consistency, and equivalence. Stability assesses a tool's consistency over time, internal consistency examines consistency between items, and equivalence evaluates consistency between raters. Factors like length, training, and instructions can impact a tool's reliability. Overall, validity and reliability are important for ensuring research tools produce accurate and reproducible results.
True experimental research design
True experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships. They have four key elements: manipulation of the independent variable, use of control groups, random assignment of subjects to conditions, and random selection of subjects. Randomized controlled trials are a type of true experiment that are considered the gold standard for determining cause and effect. Common true experimental designs include pre-test post-test control group designs, post-test only control group designs, and Solomon four-group designs.
Review of literature
The document discusses the process of conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review and its importance, including providing background for research and keeping professionals informed of the current state of the field. Next, it outlines the purposes of literature review, such as conveying previous knowledge and identifying gaps. It then discusses the functions, sources, and steps involved in conducting an effective literature review.
Research hypothesis
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
Chapter 6 formulation of hypothesis
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
This document outlines the steps for formulating a research problem:
1. Select a broad research area from literature and personal experience.
2. Review literature and theories to understand what has been done and how the research could expand knowledge or test theories.
3. Delimit the topic to a more specific research problem.
4. Evaluate the problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility considering factors like time, cost, and ethics.
5. Formulate a final statement of the research problem that is clear, concise, and measurable.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental research design aims to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. True experimental designs have three key features - manipulation, control, and randomization. Manipulation means consciously controlling the independent variable. Control involves using a control group to account for extraneous variables. Randomization ensures subjects are randomly assigned to conditions. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. While powerful for establishing causation, experimental research also has limitations for studying humans.
Data Collection Process
This document discusses various methods and techniques for collecting data. It begins by defining data collection as the process of gathering quantitative and qualitative information on variables to evaluate outcomes. Some key methods covered include interviews, questionnaires, observation, and record analysis. The document provides details on each method, including their purposes, advantages, disadvantages, and specific tools or techniques used. It emphasizes that the appropriate data collection method depends on factors like the study topic, sample size, and available resources.
Interview method in research
The document discusses different types of interviews that can be used for research data collection. It describes personal interviews, telephone interviews, focus group interviews, depth interviews, and projective techniques. Personal interviews involve face-to-face communication between an interviewer and respondent. They are generally structured with questions planned in advance. Telephone interviews collect information by asking respondents questions over the phone. Focus group interviews involve a moderator leading a discussion among a small group of respondents. Depth interviews are nondirective and give respondents freedom to answer openly. Projective techniques indirectly reveal responses through interpretation of ambiguous objects or activities.
Research
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
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This document outlines the scientific method and its key steps. It discusses that scientific investigations are systematic processes aimed at developing general knowledge through empirical evidence and controlled experiments. The main steps of the scientific method include selecting a research topic, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, determining a research design and data collection methods, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. One challenge discussed is conducting scientific research on human subjects, as human behavior is complex, variable between individuals, and difficult to measure accurately due to psychological and external factors.
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research methodology
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Topic-2-Introduction-to-Scientific-Method.pptx
The document provides an overview of the scientific method and compares it to common sense reasoning. It discusses how science uses structured processes like empirical testing, replication, and verification of conclusions. In contrast, common sense relies more on individual experience and intuition, which can be biased. The document also covers different types of research methods like descriptive, correlational, explanatory and exploratory research. It discusses approaches like quantitative structured research versus qualitative unstructured research. Finally, it discusses various aspects of the research process like problem identification, data collection and analysis, and interpretation of results.
Research: It's nature & classifications
This lecture covers the nature of research, the importance of research, the purposes and classifications of research, and the research process. It discusses how research should be empirical, systematic, controlled, valid, and reliable. It identifies predictive, directive, and illuminative research based on purpose. Basic and applied research are classified by goal. Exploratory, descriptive, and experimental research differ by level of investigation. Evaluation and development research answer problems differently. Quantitative and non-quantitative research vary in statistical content. The kinds of research also depend on the type and field of study.
1 thinking about research & nature of research2
This document outlines a course on research methods. The course is worth 1 credit unit and involves 15 hours of theory. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, and an exam. The course will cover topics such as formulating research questions, reviewing literature, research designs, data collection methods, writing research papers, and research ethics. It will teach students to understand different types of research and how to conduct academic research and present their findings. The overall aim is to provide an overview of research methods and skills for designing and conducting research studies.
Anila(1)(1)
This document discusses the need for research in the teaching and learning process. It defines research as a systematic quest for knowledge aimed at increasing our understanding. Research involves identifying a problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The document outlines several benefits of research, including gathering necessary information, making improvements, and understanding history. Research is significant as it leads to progress, safer living, and exposing the truth. Several key steps in conducting research are also described. The document concludes that research is essential across all fields of study, including education, as it enhances efficiency and advances human welfare.
Research Methodology in Architecture
This document provides an overview of research methodology in architecture. It defines research and discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, and significance of good research. The document outlines the types of research such as basic, applied, experimental and non-scientific research. It also describes the research cycle and some common problems faced by researchers, such as a lack of resources or self-clarity regarding the research topic. Theories in research are discussed, including the differences between deductive and inductive approaches.
1 thinking about research & nature of research2
This document outlines a research methods course taught by Sherzad Ali Ismael in the Community Medicine Department at a College of Medicine. The 15-hour course covers topics such as formulating research questions, reviewing literature, research designs, data collection methods, writing research papers, and research ethics. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, and a final exam. The goal of the course is to help students understand different types of research methods and conduct their own academic research.
Research methodology
This document provides an overview of research planning and report writing, specifically focusing on research methodology. It defines key terms like research and describes the various types of research such as pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlative research. It also outlines important steps in the research process like defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. Additionally, it discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. Finally, it covers important topics like the characteristics of good research, methods of data collection, and the qualities of an effective researcher.
PR1 UNIT 1-NATURE AND INQUIRY OF RESEARCH.pptx
The document outlines a lesson plan on research that includes explaining the importance of research in daily life, describing the characteristics and processes of research, differentiating between quantitative and qualitative research, and providing examples of different types of research. It covers topics such as the definition of research, the importance of research, the research process, ethics in research, and the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. The goal is for students to understand research and be able to apply research concepts and methods.
Research Methodology - introduction
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research as a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge. Research aims to discover answers to questions through scientific procedures and leads to progress. The document outlines the meaning, purpose, characteristics, types (including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative), approaches, and process of research. It also provides definitions of research from several scholars and discusses the key steps in research including defining the problem, literature review, formulating hypotheses, design, data collection, analysis, and reporting.
Research, its meaning and concept
These slides are mainly based on research and its meaning and concept and it is prepared mainly for PG learners and researchers in Education. In the above 3rd slide, 5th line please write "search' instead of 'research".
Chapter Session 1. Introduction.ppt
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
week Nature of Inquiry and Research.pptx
This document provides an overview of research including its nature, importance, characteristics, processes, and ethics. It discusses that research is a systematic process of inquiry and investigation conducted to gather information and establish facts. The document outlines the key stages of research including defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing and conducting the study, analyzing and interpreting data. It emphasizes that research should be empirical, systematic, and objective. The document also highlights the importance of research in expanding knowledge and contributing to improvements in various aspects of life. Ethical considerations like informed consent and protecting participants are also discussed.
Foundations of research methodology for Post Graduate students by Dr.KKK.pptx
This document discusses various aspects of research, including:
- Definitions of research as a systematic investigation to gain knowledge and insights.
- The objectives of research as gaining familiarity with phenomena, describing characteristics, determining frequencies of associations, and testing hypotheses.
- Criteria for good research including being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable.
- The main types of research as descriptive vs. analytical, applied vs. fundamental, and quantitative vs. qualitative. Descriptive research focuses on describing facts while analytical evaluates materials. Applied research solves problems while fundamental expands knowledge. Quantitative relies on measurement while qualitative uses non-numerical data.
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Foundations of research methodology for Post Graduate students by Dr.KKK.pptx
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Introduction of Communicable and Tropical Diseases
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- Dynamics of disease transmission, known as the "chain of infection," which involves a source/reservoir of the disease, modes of transmission (direct or indirect), and a susceptible host.
- Modes of transmission including direct contact, droplets, vehicles, vectors that can transmit mechanically or biologically, and airborne transmission.
- Key terms like carriers, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and vectors.
The document aims to educate students on communicable disease
Innovative teaching methods & strategies
This document discusses innovative teaching techniques and strategies. It begins by outlining objectives of implementing teaching skills and identifying various methods into the classroom. These include lecture-based teaching, case studies, group discussions, brainstorming, field trips, role-playing, and other active learning strategies. The document then examines different teaching methods like jigsaw puzzles, concept mapping, debates, cooperative learning, and using panels of experts. It emphasizes the importance of using teaching aids and varied techniques to increase learner participation. Throughout, it promotes the idea that teaching requires utilizing diverse "lures" and "instruments" to engage different learners, and that combining methods creates an amazing learning experience.
Syphilis
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Laprosy
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Dysentery
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Control of infection
This document discusses various methods of infection control including notification, early diagnosis, isolation, disinfection, investigation of illness outbreaks, immunization, and health education. It provides details on early diagnosis methods, types of steam used for disinfection, investigating illness attacks, and the purposes of immunization and health education. The objective is to explain different infection control methods.
Nursing Critique
This document provides an overview of critiquing research. It defines research critique as a systematic and unbiased examination of all aspects of a study. The purposes of critique include assessing methodological skills, advancing nursing knowledge, and guiding researchers. Both quantitative and qualitative critiques are discussed. For quantitative critiques, elements like the introduction, problem statement, literature review, methodology, and results are evaluated. For qualitative critiques, aspects such as the phenomenon of interest, purpose, method, sampling, data analysis, findings, and conclusions are examined. Overall, the document outlines the important components and process of critiquing research to strengthen evidence-based practice in nursing.
4. action research
Action research is a form of applied research that aims to empower people through a process of constructing and using knowledge. It involves practitioners systematically examining their own practices to improve conditions. Participatory action research specifically seeks to empower vulnerable groups through generating knowledge and action. The process involves identifying issues, collecting and interpreting data, acting on evidence, and evaluating results in continuous cycles of self-reflection. Outcome research assesses the end results of healthcare to develop evidence-based practices and improve services.
3. epidem research designs
This document discusses different epidemiological research designs including cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, and case-control studies. Cross-sectional studies measure prevalence of disease or risk factors at a single point in time. Cohort studies follow groups over time to measure incidence. Case-control studies identify existing cases and look back to compare exposures between cases and controls. Each design has advantages and limitations for establishing causality and informing public health strategies.
2. experimental designs
This document discusses various experimental research designs, including pre-experimental, true experimental, and randomized controlled trial designs. It provides examples and descriptions of different types of designs, such as one-shot case design, one-group pretest-posttest design, post-test-only control design, pretest-post-test-only design, Solomon four-group design, factorial design, randomized block design, and crossover design. The goal is to help students understand how to properly structure experiments to minimize threats to validity and draw accurate conclusions about causal relationships between independent and dependent variables.
1. quantitative research types
This document discusses different types of quantitative research designs:
1. Descriptive research involves exploring and describing phenomena without manipulating variables. It provides accurate characteristics of individuals, situations, or groups.
2. Correlational research investigates relationships between variables by measuring selected variables and determining their relationships using statistics. It can identify positive, negative, or no correlations.
3. Quasi-experimental research examines causal relationships by implementing an intervention or treatment and measuring its effects, with less control than experimental research.
4. Experimental research objectively and systematically predicts and controls phenomena by controlled manipulation of an independent variable, exposing subjects to treatment/control groups, and establishing cause-and-effect through random assignment.
medical error
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Applied ergonomics safe patient's handling
This document discusses ergonomic guidelines for safely handling patients to prevent musculoskeletal disorders. It defines MSDs and risk factors like force, awkward postures, and repetitions. The document provides instructions for different lifting techniques like the Australian lift, 3-person lift, and moving patients between beds and chairs.
medical error
This document discusses medical errors and medication errors. It defines medical errors as failures of planned actions or use of wrong plans that lead to unintended outcomes like adverse drug events. Medication errors are defined as preventable events involving medication use that may cause harm. The document notes that medical errors are the eighth leading cause of death in Pakistan, with around 7,000 deaths annually due to medication errors. Causes of medication errors discussed include omissions, commissions, communication failures, and environmental factors. The Swiss cheese model is presented as a way to understand how latent errors in the system can combine to cause patient harm when defenses are missed. Types of medication errors and steps to prevent errors are also outlined.
Unit 9 Proposal Writing
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It defines a research proposal as a written document specifying what an investigator proposes to study before a project commences. The purpose is to convince a funding agency that the problem is significant, the approach is novel, and the investigator is qualified. Key parts of a proposal include an introduction, background, problem statement, theoretical framework, hypotheses, scope, limitations, and definition of terms. Variables, significance, and references are also discussed. The overall goal is to provide learners with the ability to define, describe, and complete guidelines for writing a successful research proposal.
Unit 8 evidence based practice
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- EBP follows steps including asking questions, locating evidence, critically appraising evidence, integrating the information, and evaluating outcomes.
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unit 6 historical research
This document provides an overview of historical research methods. It defines historical research as a systematic attempt to study past life experiences by gathering and analyzing data. The goals are to understand what occurred in the past and use those findings to modify current practices to prevent unwanted past experiences. Historical research analyzes primary sources like eyewitness accounts and secondary sources more removed from the event. The researcher evaluates the authenticity and value of the evidence using external and internal criticism. An example is given of a historical study analyzing nursing literature from 1895-1935 to understand how nurses worked to prevent sepsis in surgical wounds before antibiotics.
phenomenology
This document provides an overview of phenomenological research methods. Phenomenology aims to understand the lived experiences of participants and discover the essence of phenomena. It involves in-depth interviews to understand participants' perceptions of their lived space, body, time, and relationships. The researcher acts as the primary data collection instrument and analyzes transcripts for themes without leading participants. The goal is a rich description of the meaning and essence of participants' experiences.
grounded theory
This document provides an overview of grounded theory as a qualitative research method. It describes grounded theory as a systematic approach used to generate theories about processes or interactions by inductively analyzing a corpus of data. The key aspects of grounded theory covered are that the goal is to develop a theory grounded in data from a natural setting; it involves concurrent data collection and analysis using techniques like theoretical sampling and constant comparison; and the researcher aims to minimize assumptions to allow a theory to emerge from the data.
ethnography Research
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a qualitative research method. It defines ethnography as the description and interpretation of cultural behavior through field work and written text. Ethnographic research aims to understand a culture from an emic or etic perspective by observing cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech in natural contexts over time. The key characteristics of ethnographic research are that it is contextual, unobtrusive, longitudinal, collaborative, interpretative, and organic. Successful ethnographies employ methods like interviews, observation, and document analysis to develop a rich narrative description of a culture. The outcome is a holistic understanding of cultural norms, behaviors, and practices that can provide insights for health research.
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Olfactory Genes:
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400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
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Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
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4. scientific methods of research
- 1. UNIT-I (d): SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF RESEARCH Ms. Chanda Jabeen Lecturer RN, RM, BSN M.Phil. Epidemiology & Public Health PhD (Scholar) Epidemiology & Public Health 1
- 2. OBJECTIVES At the end of this session, the students will be able to: Define Scientific methods. Discuss Characteristics Of Scientific Methods. Explain Purposes Of Scientific Methods. Discuss Steps Of Scientific Methods. Explain Limitations Of Scientific Methods. 2
- 3. DEFINITION OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS “ Scientific methods consists of systematic observation, measurement, experiment, and the formulation of questions or hypotheses. The scientific method has been the gold standard for investigating the natural world. It is how scientists correctly arrive at new knowledge, and update their previous knowledge. ” 3
- 4. DEFINITION OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS (con…) OR “ Scientific methods are defined as controlled, systematic investigations that are rooted in objective reality & that aim to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena. ” 4
- 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS 5 1) They are orderly & systematic processes. 2) Scientists attempt to control external factors that are not under direct investigation. 3) Their findings are based on the empirical evidences. 4) Findings of scientific methods can be generalized, which means that they can be used in situations other than the one under study. 5) Scientific methods are based on assumptions or hypothesis. 6) They are basically conduced to develop or test hypothesis.
- 6. PURPOSES OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS The basic purposes of scientific methods are description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, and identification of relationship of the facts. 6
- 7. STEPS OF SCIENTIFC METHODS 1) Selecting the topic & identifying the research problem. 2) Defining the objectives of the study. 3) Reviewing the literature from theory & other related studies. 4) Defining concepts & variables to be studied. 5) Stating hypothesis about expected. observations or phenomenon to be studied. 7
- 8. STEPS OF SCIENTIFC METHODS (con…) 6) Identifying assumptions & implications. 7) Determining the ethical implication of the proposed study. 8) Describing the research design & methods for data collection. 9) Defining study population & sample. 10) Planning the data analysis & discussion. 11) Collecting data from subjects. 12) Analyzing &interpreting data. 13) Communicating finding of the study. 8
- 9. LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS 1. Moral or ethical problem 2. Human complexity 3. Measurement problems 4. External variable control problems 9
- 10. 1. MORAL OR ETHICAL PROBLEM Most nursing studies would require humans as the subject of their research. The constraint of involving humans, which is essential for observing human behavior for experimentation, is one such ethical problem. Thus, reliable scientific data cannot always be collected. 10
- 11. 2. HUMAN COMPLEXITY Human behavior is complicated, subtle & varied. It is very difficult to categorize human behavior when human behavior is studied & analyzed by other human beings, the personal biases come into the picture & distort the analytical facts. 1111
- 12. 3. MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS Different aspects of human behavior are psychological in nature, which cannot be accurately measured. Human behavior is not uniform, certain, or predictable. All the people do not behave in the same way in similar circumstances. Therefore, with humans as subjects, measurement becomes a challenge. 12
- 13. 4. EXTERNAL VARIABLE CONTROL PROBLEMS Scientific studies conducted on humans may have a limitation of weak or no control over external variables in scientific activity. 1313
- 14. References Augustine, R. (2016).Nursing Research Made Easy. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. Basavanthappa, B. T. (2007). Nursing Research.(2nded.). Jaypee Brothers Publishers. 14