This document discusses fluoroscopy and image intensifiers. It explains that fluoroscopy uses X-rays to produce real-time moving images on a monitor, allowing doctors to see the movement of body parts in detail. It describes how image intensifiers work, using a photocathode and phosphors to convert X-ray photons into many more visible light photons, increasing image brightness. This allows fluoroscopy to be performed without needing total darkness and long adaptation times. The document provides examples of medical procedures that use fluoroscopy like cardiac catheterization and orthography.

1. To study the fluoroscopy
Engr Khaleeque Ahmed
Sir syed university of engineering &
technology Karachi

2. Fluoroscopy
• Fluoroscopy is a type of medical
imaging that shows a real time X-ray
image on a monitor, much like
an X-ray movie. During a
fluoroscopy procedure, an X-ray
beam is passed through the body.
The image is transmitted to a
monitor so the movement of a
body part can be seen in detail.

3. image intensifier
•The image-intensifier tube is a complex
electronic device that receives the image-forming
x-ray beam and converts it into a
visible-light image of high intensity.
•The input phosphor converts the x-ray photons
to light photons, which are then converted to
photoelectrons within the photocathode

4. image intensifier
• Through this process, several
thousand light photons are
produced for each x-ray photon
reaching the input phosphor.
Most modern image intensifiers
use cesium iodide for the input
phosphor because it has a high
absorption efficiency and thus
decreases patient dose.

6. image-intensifier tube
• The image-intensifier tube is
approximately 50 cm long. A
potential difference of about
25,000 V is maintained across
the tube between photocathode
and anode so that electrons
produced by photoemission will
be accelerated to the anode

7. photocathode
•The photocathode emits electrons when
illuminated by the input phosphor.
•This process is known as photoemission.

8. Advantage of Image intensifier
• The principal advantage of image-intensified
fluoroscopy over earlier types of fluoroscopy is
increased image brightness. this requires high levels
of image brightness.
• The image intensifier was developed principally to
replace the conventional fluorescent screen, which
had to be viewed in a darkened room and then only
after 15 minutes of dark adaptation.

9. Types of Image Intensifier
FIXED
• Fixed…may be mounted no
closer than 15 inches or 38
cm to patient
MOBILE
• Mobile may be brought no
closer than 12 inches or 30
cm to patient

10. FLUOROSCOPIC DATA AQUSITION-IMAGE
INTENSIFIED SYSTEM
1. X-RAY TUBE
2. PATIENT
3. IMAGE INTENSIFIER
4. OUTPUT PHOSPHOR
5. CAMERA
6. MONITOR

11. Applications
• Fluoroscopy is used in many types of examinations
and procedures such as
• cardiac catheterization
• orthography (visualization of a joint or joints)
• lumbar puncture,
• placement of intravenous (IV) catheters (hollow
tubes inserted into veins or arteries)

12. Thank you………….!!!!