This document provides an introduction to single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). It discusses the history and development of SPECT, including Anger's invention of the scintillation camera. The key components of a SPECT system are described, including the NaI(Tl) crystal, photomultiplier tube array, collimator, computers, and patient table. Clinical applications of planar and SPECT imaging are listed.

1. BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERING SYSTEM
Introduction to single photon emission
computed tomography(SPECT)
KHALEEQUE AHMED
Engr Khaleeque Ahmed
Sir syed university of engineering &
technology Karachi

2. Anger camera
 Hal O. Anger invented
the scintillation camera
in 1958
 Established basic design:
NaI(Tl) crystal
PMT array
Position weighted
signals Hal O. Anger

3. Single photon emission computed
tomography(Spect)
Spect is a nuclear medicine technique used to
create 3D representation of image by 3D
deimensional distribution of radiopharmaceutical
with in the patient’s body.
Spect technique itself a gamma camera
Spect is executed through gamma camera
It’s also called moving gamma camera
While gamma camera is a stationary

4. CONT……..
 SPECT use radiopharmaceuticals same as that are
routinely used in all nuclear medicine department
 radiopharmaceuticals
 Technetium iodide & technetium 99m
 While crystal is thallium activated sodium iodide

5. PULSE
HEIGHT
ANALYZER
POSITION
SIGNALS
ENERGY
SIGNAL
X Y Z
Image Display
NaI(Tl)
Crystal
. . . . . . .
COLLIMATOR
PMT ARRAY

6. Scintillation camera components
Detector
 NaI(Tl) crystal
 Photomultiplier tube (PMT)
array
 Analog-to-digital converters
(ADCs)
Collimator
 Low energy
 Medium energy
 High energy
 Axial shields (coincidence
imaging)
 Pinhole

7. Scintillation camera components
Computer(s)
 Acquisition
 Processing
 Acquisition & processing
 Physicians viewing
Patient Table
 Pallet
 Accessories

8. Collimation
 Purpose: To project gamma ray distribution onto the
detector
 Basic design
 Distance performance
 Spatial resolution vs. count sensitivity

9. Image forming aperture of the scintillation camera.
Limiting component in spatial resolution & count sensitivity.
25 mm
Collimators are fabricated from lead.
1.2 mm
Gamma rays that hit the septa are absorbed.

10. SPECT Reconstruction Algorithms
 FBP (Filtered Back Projection)
 Iterative reconstruction
2D
3D

11. FBP 3D 2D
e.cam 3/8”
Hx: 36-year-old female. Indication staging for osteosarcoma

12. Myocardial perfusion SPECT
FBP
Flash 3D
2D Iterative

13. Clinical Applications
Planar & SPECT
 Cardiac
 Whole-body bone
 Renal
 Gastric
 Hepatobiliary
 Thyroid
 Pulmonary
 Brain

14. Thank you……..