What is glycolysis?  Ten step metabolic pathway to convert glucose into two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules each of NADH and ATP.  All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway. Glycolysis is central in generating both energy and metabolic intermediaries. Also known as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway

1. KARBOHIDRAT II
GLIKOLISIS

2. Fate of glucose
Completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O.
Cellular respiration
Converted to lactate.
Cori cycle converts lactate back to glucose.
Converted to acetyl CoA.
Enters Kreb’s cycle* or is used to synthesize fat.
Converted to other monosaccharides
Pentose phosphate shunt
Stored as glycogen in muscles and liver.

3. GGlluuccoossee MMeettaabboolliissmm

4. GGllyyccoollyyssiiss
What is glycolysis?
 Ten step metabolic pathway to convert glucose into
two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules each of
NADH and ATP.
 All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the
glycolytic pathway.
Glycolysis is central in generating both energy and
metabolic intermediaries.
Also known as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway

5. LINTAS GLIKOLISIS DAN GLUKONEOGENESIS
ATP
ADP
Malat Malat
Oksaloasetat
NAD+
Oksaloasetat ADP
ATP CO2
ATP
ADP
ATP
F6P(fruktosa-6-phospat)
ATP
ADP
NAD+
NADH
H2O ADP
Pi
Piruvat
NADH
GTP
GDP CO2
NAD+
NADH
MITOKONDRIA
SITOSOL
DHAP
Glukosa
G6P(Glukosa-6-phospat)
F 1,6 DP (fruktosa-1,6-diphospat)
G3P(gliseraldehid-3-phospat)
3PGP(pospogliseroil phospat)
3PG
(phospogliserat)
2PG PEP
(phospo enol piruvat)
Piruvat

6. GGllyyccoollyyssiiss hhaass ttwwoo ssttaaggeess..
(i) An energy investment phase. Reactions, 1-5. Glucose
to two glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate molecules. 2
ATPs are invested.
(ii) An energy payoff phase. Reactions 6-10.
two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules
to two pyruvate plus four ATP molecules.
-- A net of two ATP molecules overall
plus two NADH.

7. Why oxidize glucose in stages?
 D G˚’ = -686 kcal/mol
• Direct combustion of glucose occurs at
temperatures incompatible with life.

8. Glycolysis: Step 1
PO3
O
CH2
2-
H O
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H OH
D-Glucose-6-phosphate
( G-6-P )
CH2OH
H O
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H OH
D-Glucose
ATP ADP
Mg2+
hexokinase,
glucokinase
Hexokinase and glucokinase catalyzes
irreversible phosphorylation of glucose (G-6-
P).

9. Glycolysis: Step 2
CH2OH
OH
PO3
O
2-
CH3
H
O
OH H
H OH
D-Fructose-6-phosphate
( F-6-P )
PO3
O
CH2
2-
H O
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H OH
D-Glucose-6-phosphate
( G-6-P )
phosphoglucoisomerase
 Phosphoglucoisomerase converts G-6-P into fructose-
6-phosphate (F-6-P).
 Makes C1 of hexose available for phosphorylation.

10. Glycolysis: Step 3
PO3 2-
O O
CH2
O
OH H
CH2OH
O
2-
OH H
PO3
O
 Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) catalyzes irreversible
phosphorylation of F-6-P to form fructose-1,6-
diphosphate (F-1,6-DP).
OH
H
H OH
CH3
PO3
2-
D-Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
( F-1,6-DP )
OH
H
H OH
CH3
D-Fructose-6-phosphate
( F-6-P )
ATP ADP
Mg2+
phosphofructokinase

11. Glycolysis: Step 4
CH2O
CH
OH CH
O
PO3
2-
PO3 2-
O O
CH2
O
OH H
Fructose diphosphate aldolase catalyzes the
cleavage of F-1,6-DP to form
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P).
PO3
2-
D-Glyseraldehide-3-
phosphate
H2C
O
HOH2C
O
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate
( DHAP )
( G-3-P )
+
fructose
diphosphate
aldolase
OH
H
H OH
CH3
PO3
2-
D-Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
( F-1,6-DP )

12. Glycolysis: Step 5
PO3
2-
Triosa phosphate isomerase
H2C
O
HOH2C
O
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate
( DHAP )
CH2O
CH
OH CH
O
PO3
2-
D-Glyseraldehide-3-phosphate
( G-3-P )
Triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP
to G-3-P.
G-3-P continues through glycolysis.

13. Glycolysis: Step 6
CH2O
CH
OH CH
O
PO3
2-
 G-3-P dehydrogenase catalyzes oxidation and
phosphorylation of G-3-P to form 3-
Phosphoglyceroil phosphate
O
PO3
2-
D-Glyseraldehide
phosphate
dehydrogenase
NADH + H+
Pi NAD+
D-Glyseraldehide-3-phosphate
CH2O
CH
C OH
O
PO3
2-
3-Phosphoglyceroil phosphate

14. Glycolysis: Step 7
CH2O
CH
C OH
O
PO3
2-
O
PO3
2-
3-Phosphoglyceroil phosphate
CH2O
CH
C OH
O
 Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) transfers
phosphate from 3-PGP to ADP to form ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation) and 3-
phosphoglycerate (3-PG).
PO3
2-
O-
3-Phosphoglycerate
ADP ATP
Mg2+
Phosphoglycerate kinase

15. Glycolysis: Step 8
CH2O
CH
C OH
2-
 3-PG is converted to 2-PG by phosphoglycerate
mutase.
 Moving phosphate closer to carboxyl group makes
molecule more unstable (­ G) and thus more likely to
transfer phosphate to another substrate.
O
PO3
O-
3-Phosphoglycerate
CH2OH
CH
C O
O
O-PO3
2-
2-Phosphoglycerate
Mg2+
Phosphoglycerate mutase

16. Glycolysis: Step 9
CH2OH
CH
C O
 Dehydration of 2-PG to form phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP) is catalyzed by enolase.
 Traps PEP in enol form (tautomer), which is very
unstable facilitating transfer of phosphate to ADP in
step 10.
O
O-PO3
2-
2-Phosphoglycerate
CH2
C
C O
O
O-PO3
2-
Phosphoenolpyruvate
K+,Mg2+
enolase

17. Glycolysis: Step 10
CH2
C
C O
O
O-PO3
2-
Phosphoenolpyruvate
ADP ATP
Mg2+
Pyruvate kinase
 Pyruvate kinase catalyzes irreversible transfer of phosphate
from PEP to ADP to form ATP (2nd substrate-level
phosphorylation) and pyruvate.
CH3
C
C
O
O-O
Pyruvate

18. What Happens to Pyruvate?
PyruvatPyruvatee
AAllccoohhooll AAnnaaeerroobbiicc
FFeerrmmeennttaattiioonn GGllyyccoollyyssiiss
AAeerroobbiicc GGllyyccoollyyssiiss

19. -PPyyrruuvvaattee can be further processed:
a) anaerobically : to llaaccttaattee in
muscle
b) anaerobically : to eetthhaannooll
(fermentation)
c) aerobically to CO2 and H2O via the
citric acid cycle.

20. a) Lactic Acid Fermentation
O
O
O-pyruvate
• Occurs in muscles.
OH
O
O-lactate
NADH + H+ NAD+

21. Siklus Cory
Liver Glycogen
Lactate acid Blood Glucose
Muscle Glycogen

22. b) Alcoholic Fermentation
O
O
O-pyruvate
+ H+
CO2
O
acetaldehyde
HO
ethanol
NADH+H+ NAD+
1 2
1. Pyruvate decarboxylase – irreversible
2. Alcohol dehydrogenase – reversible
Note : NADH used up

23. Metabolism of Other Sugars
Glikogen
Glukosa
1-fosfat
Glukosa
6-fosfat
Fruktosa
6-fosfat
Fruktosa
1,6-difosfat
Gliseraldehida
3-fosfat
OH
H
H
OH
O
H
CH2OH
OH
H OH
D-Galaktosa
CH2OH
OH
CH2OH
H O
CH2OH
H
O
OH
H OH
OH H
D-Fruktosa
OH
H
OH
H
H OH
D-Glukosa
CH2OH
H O
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
H H
D-manosa
UDP-galaktosa
UDP-glukosa
Manosa 6-fosfat
ATP
Fruktosa 1-fosfat
ATP
Fruktosa fosfat aldolase
Gliseraldehida + Dehidroksiaseton fosfat
ATP
ATP
ATP
Pi
fosforilase
Fosfogluko-mutase
heksokinase
Fosfomano-isomerase
heksokinase
heksokinase
fruktokinase
triosa kinase
triosa fosfat
isomerase

24. SSuummmmaarryy GGlluuccoossee
ooff RReeaaccttiioonnss 2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
2 NADH 2 NADH
aannaaeerroobbiicc aannaaeerroobbiicc
2 ethanol + CO2 2 lactate
2 CO2 + 2 acetyl CoA
O2 aaeerroobbiicc
4 CO2 + 4 H2O

25. SSuummmmaarryy ooff EEnneerrggyy RReellaattiioonnsshhiipp ffoorr
GGllyyccoollyyssiiss
Input = 2 ATP
1. glucose + ATP  glucose-6-P
2. fructose-6-P + ATP  fructose 1,6
diphosphate
Output = 4 ATP + 2 NADH
a. 2 glyceraldehyde-3-P + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+
2 (3-phosphoglyceroil phosphate) + 2 NADH
b. 2 (3-phosphoglyceroil phosphate) + 2 ADP
2 (3-P-glycerate) + 2 ATP
c. 2 PEP + 2 ADP  2 pyruvate + 2 ATP
Net = 2 ATP and 2 NADH