The document discusses different levels of ecological organization from species to biosphere. It describes producers, consumers, trophic levels, food chains and food webs. Energy and matter cycle through ecosystems. The water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles are important biogeochemical cycles that move elements through living and nonliving parts of the biosphere.

1. The Biosphere! Chapter 3

2. 3-1 What is Ecology? Study of the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment Coined by Earnest Haeckel in 1866 Biosphere: planet, life, water, land, air and part of the atmosphere

3. Levels of Organization Study of the interactions between a particular organization and its surroundings. Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

4. Levels of Organization Species Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. Population Groups of individuals that belong to the same species living in the same area.

5. Levels of Organization Community Groups of different populations within a defined area. Ecosystem Collection of organisms that live in a particular place with nonliving; or physical environment.

6. Levels of Organization Biome Group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities. Biosphere The earth

7. Ecological Methods of Study Tools and techniques for studying the living world. Observing Experimenting Modeling

8. 3-2 Energy Flow Producers: Sunlight is the main source of energy for life It is the ultimate producer Autotrophs

9. Energy Flow Autotrophs: Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Without the presence of light this process is used to release energy from inorganic molecules

10. Energy Flow Consumers: Heterotrophs Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Detritivores Decomposers

11. Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction: From sun or inorganic compounds To autotrophs Then to various heterotrouphs

12. Feeding Relationships Relationships between producers and consumers is based on who eats whom Food Chains Food Webs Trophic Levels

13. Food Chains Transfer of energy by eating and being eaten. Example Algae Zooplankton Small fish Squid Sharks Pg. 69 in book

14. Food Web A network of interconnecting food chains. Quaternary, tertiary, and secondary consumers Tertiary and Secondary consumers Secondary and Primary consumers Producers (plants) Primary consumers.

15. Food Web Figure 3-8

16. Trophic Level Each step in a food chain or food web A aquatic food chain A terrestrial food chain Quaternary conusumers Trophic level Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers Hawk Snake Mouse Grasshopper Plant Phytoplankton Zooplankton Herring Tuna Killer whale

17. Ecological Pyramids Diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level 3 Types: Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers

18. Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat. 100% Producers 10% First Level Consumers 1% Second Level Consumers 0.1% Third Level Consumers

19. Biomass Pyramid Amount of living organic matter in each trophic level. 5000g of Grain 500g of chicken 50g of Human Tissue

20. Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. 5000 Flowers and Grasses 50 Rabbits and Mice 5 Snakes 1 Hawk

21. 3-3 Cycles of Matter Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems Biogeochemical Cycle: Elements, chemical compounds and other forms of matter are passed from one organization to another and from one part of the biosphere to another

22. The Water Cycle Evaporation: Liquid to atmospheric gas Transpiration: Evaporation from leaves; from liquid water to water gas

23. The Water Cycle Condensation Seepage Runoff Precipitation Root Uptake Transpiration Evaporation

24. Nutrient Cycles Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle

25. Carbon Cycle Carbon plays a major role in live. 4 major processes to move carbon through this cycle: Biological Processes Geochemical processes Mixed biogeochemical processes Human activities

26. Carbon Cycle CO 2 in atmosphere Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Burning of fossil fuels and wood Carbon compounds in water Detritus Primary consumers Higher-level consumers Decomposition

27. Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids which are the building blocks for proteins. Nitrogen fixation: Bacteria convert ammonia to nitrates and nitrites.

28. Phosphorus Cycle It is essential to living organisms because it forms part of DNA and RNA. Released as rocks and sediments break down.

29. Nutrient Limitations Factors that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients. Limiting Nutrient: a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly