3 4 ecosystem cycles
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Nutrient cycles like water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle through ecosystems and are powered by solar energy. These cycles connect all organisms and involve reservoirs where nutrients accumulate. Human activities like agriculture, deforestation, and burning fossil fuels are altering nutrient cycles by changing land use, polluting water sources, and increasing carbon dioxide emissions. This disrupts natural cycling patterns and ecosystem functions.
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Summary of topic 4.4
This document discusses water pollution and eutrophication. It defines different types of water pollutants and methods for monitoring pollution, including direct chemical measurements and indirect biological indicators like BOD and indicator species. Eutrophication occurs when a water body receives too many nutrients, causing algal blooms that reduce oxygen levels. Symptoms include decreased biodiversity and dissolved oxygen. Management strategies include reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage, removing pollutants from water, and regulations on industries and public behaviors.
Ecology and ecosystems notes
The Ecology and Ecosystems unit notes blend in Evolutionary adaptations and Evidence for Evolution along with standard E&E topics. The notes has examples of key content areas. Originally designed for Junior High and High School students, we use these for 7-8th grade students and warm ups for High School students. Includes basic concepts, food chain, webs, energy pyramids, matter cyclers, predator-prey, trophic levels; along with Ecosystem types, carrying capacity as well as Rules of the Environment.
Summary of topic 4.3
Aquatic food production systems provide many food sources for human consumption including algae, fish, shellfish, and other organisms. These systems face sustainability challenges due to overexploitation from fishing and environmental impacts from aquaculture. Effective management strategies like catch limits, marine protected areas, and regulating farm practices are needed to support long-term viability of aquatic food resources.
point source and non poinr source in water pollution
This document discusses point source and non-point source water pollution. Point source pollution originates from discrete, confined sources like pipes or ditches. It includes wastewater from municipal treatment plants and industrial discharges. Non-point pollution has diffuse, intermittent sources and is influenced by land use and climate. It includes runoff carrying oils, fertilizers and pesticides from urban and agricultural areas. The document outlines methods to control pollution through infiltration, detention, retention, constructed wetlands, filtration and biofilters. It also discusses regulations aimed at point sources and voluntary efforts to address non-point sources.
Climate change
Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere and have increased by 35% since the Industrial Revolution. This is causing global warming and impacting water resources, increasing extreme weather events, and rising sea levels. Addressing climate change requires reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, industry, agriculture, and deforestation.
Biosphere notes
This document provides an overview of biosphere concepts including:
1. The biosphere consists of all areas on Earth where living organisms are found and it includes biotic and abiotic factors that interact within ecosystems.
2. Ecosystems can be organized into different levels including biomes, ecosystems, habitats, species populations, communities, and trophic levels.
3. Energy and matter cycle through the biosphere via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nutrient cycles.
4. Populations and communities are dynamic and respond to changes in their environment through processes like succession, competition, predation, and carrying capacity.
Lecture 3 material cycles
This document discusses material cycles in ecosystems, including biogeochemical cycles such as the water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles. It explains that as energy flows through an ecosystem, matter is also constantly circulating. Nutrients are taken up by living beings from the abiotic environment and then returned to the environment when those beings die, in a cyclic movement between biotic and abiotic components called the biogeochemical cycle. Key cycles discussed in more detail include the water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus cycles.
Biogeochemical Cycles: Natural Cycles of Elements
The document discusses three major biogeochemical cycles - the water cycle, nitrogen cycle, and carbon cycle. It explains that in each cycle, matter is conserved as it changes forms and moves between different parts of the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and geosphere. Key processes in the water cycle include evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and runoff. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen gas being converted by bacteria into usable forms and cycling between organisms, soil and atmosphere. The carbon cycle moves carbon between the atmosphere, organisms and soil as carbon dioxide and through photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition. It also discusses the greenhouse effect and ozone layer and how human activities can impact these.
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This document discusses water pollution and eutrophication. It defines different types of water pollutants and methods for monitoring pollution, including direct chemical measurements and indirect biological indicators like BOD and indicator species. Eutrophication occurs when a water body receives too many nutrients, causing algal blooms that reduce oxygen levels. Symptoms include decreased biodiversity and dissolved oxygen. Management strategies include reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage, removing pollutants from water, and regulations on industries and public behaviors.
Ecology and ecosystems notes
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Summary of topic 4.3
Aquatic food production systems provide many food sources for human consumption including algae, fish, shellfish, and other organisms. These systems face sustainability challenges due to overexploitation from fishing and environmental impacts from aquaculture. Effective management strategies like catch limits, marine protected areas, and regulating farm practices are needed to support long-term viability of aquatic food resources.
point source and non poinr source in water pollution
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Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere and have increased by 35% since the Industrial Revolution. This is causing global warming and impacting water resources, increasing extreme weather events, and rising sea levels. Addressing climate change requires reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, industry, agriculture, and deforestation.
Biosphere notes
This document provides an overview of biosphere concepts including:
1. The biosphere consists of all areas on Earth where living organisms are found and it includes biotic and abiotic factors that interact within ecosystems.
2. Ecosystems can be organized into different levels including biomes, ecosystems, habitats, species populations, communities, and trophic levels.
3. Energy and matter cycle through the biosphere via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nutrient cycles.
4. Populations and communities are dynamic and respond to changes in their environment through processes like succession, competition, predation, and carrying capacity.
Lecture 3 material cycles
This document discusses material cycles in ecosystems, including biogeochemical cycles such as the water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles. It explains that as energy flows through an ecosystem, matter is also constantly circulating. Nutrients are taken up by living beings from the abiotic environment and then returned to the environment when those beings die, in a cyclic movement between biotic and abiotic components called the biogeochemical cycle. Key cycles discussed in more detail include the water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus cycles.
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The document discusses three major biogeochemical cycles - the water cycle, nitrogen cycle, and carbon cycle. It explains that in each cycle, matter is conserved as it changes forms and moves between different parts of the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and geosphere. Key processes in the water cycle include evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and runoff. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen gas being converted by bacteria into usable forms and cycling between organisms, soil and atmosphere. The carbon cycle moves carbon between the atmosphere, organisms and soil as carbon dioxide and through photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition. It also discusses the greenhouse effect and ozone layer and how human activities can impact these.
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3 2 major components of an ecosystem
Organisms obtain nutrients in different ways: some produce their own through photosynthesis, others consume other organisms, and decomposers recycle nutrients by breaking down remains. Within ecosystems, producers use photosynthesis to make food, consumers obtain food by eating producers or each other, and decomposers release nutrients by breaking down waste. Nutrient recycling and energy flow from the sun allow ecosystems to be sustained.
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3 3 energy in ecosystems
As energy flows through ecosystems, the amount of available energy decreases at each trophic level. At each level, some energy is lost as heat. Food chains and webs show the transfer of energy as organisms consume other organisms. The second law of thermodynamics explains that as energy is transferred and changed between trophic levels, some is lost as heat. Productivity decreases with each increasing trophic level, following the typical 10% efficiency rule. Primary productivity refers to the energy captured by producers, with net primary productivity being the energy left over after producer needs.
3 2 major components of an ecosystem
Organisms obtain nutrients in different ways: some produce their own through photosynthesis, others consume other organisms, and decomposers recycle nutrients by breaking down remains. Within ecosystems, producers use photosynthesis to make food, consumers obtain food by eating producers or each other, and decomposers release nutrients by breaking down waste. Nutrient recycling and energy flow from the sun allow ecosystems to be sustained.
Ch 3 ecosystems
Tropical rainforests are found near the equator, cover 6% of the land surface, and are home to 50% of the world's plant and animal species. However, at least 50% have been destroyed or disturbed by human activities like cutting down trees, growing crops, grazing livestock, and building settlements. The consequences are a decrease in biodiversity as species go extinct, accelerated global warming due to fewer trees removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and changes to regional weather patterns that can lead to more tropical grasslands.
5 2 population growth
No population can continue growing indefinitely due to limitations on resources and competition among species. Populations can grow, shrink, or stay the same depending on births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment, the population may crash due to lack of resources or disease. Communities and ecosystems change over time in response to environmental conditions through the process of ecological succession as different species colonize and replace one another.
4 6 species role in ecosystems
Each species plays a unique ecological role called its niche. Generalist species can live in many different environments and eat many foods, like cockroaches, mice, and people. Cockroaches in particular are highly adapted generalists that can survive almost anywhere except the polar regions. Specialist species require very specific habitats, like salamanders and pandas. Some species indicate environmental damage if their populations decline, while keystone species have significant impacts on the ecosystem and can alter its structure if eliminated, such as pollinators and top predators. Foundation species create habitats through their activities.
Chapter 4 biodiversity
The document discusses the importance of biodiversity, which includes genetic diversity within species, species diversity between organisms, and ecosystem diversity of different biomes. It notes that species diversity is vital for sustaining life on Earth as it provides pollination, natural pest control, soil renewal and other important biological and chemical processes. However, human activities like habitat destruction have increased extinction rates and threaten biodiversity by eliminating species prematurely.
5 1 species interactions
Species interactions such as competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism affect population sizes and resource use. Competition is the most common interaction where two species cannot coexist using the same limited resources, often resolved by migration, changing diets/behavior, population drops, or extinction. Predation influences species distributions and regulates populations, while coevolution leads to an arms race between predator techniques and prey defenses. Parasitism and mutualism also impact biodiversity through host regulation or reciprocal benefits between species.
Protein Synthesis Notes
Protein synthesis involves DNA being transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA carries amino acids and bonds to mRNA through anticodons, and rRNA makes up ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs. The sequence of codons in mRNA determines the specific amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
Ecology intro
The document provides an introduction to ecology. It discusses how the Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago based on radioactive dating. The first life formed when lightning helped fuse molecules together to create the first prokaryotic and heterotrophic cell. Ecology is then defined as the study of interactions between living and nonliving factors in an environment. Examples of biotic factors include plants, animals, while abiotic factors include air, water, and energy. Ecosystems are areas that include all organisms and nonliving elements found in a particular place, such as a stream ecosystem containing fish, algae, bacteria, insects, aquatic plants, and nonliving elements like chemicals, pH, and sunlight levels.
Pollution Notes
Pollution is defined as contamination of the environment that harms humans or other organisms. There are two main types of pollution sources: point sources like smokestacks, and nonpoint sources like water runoff. Preventing pollution is more effective and less costly than cleaning it up after the fact. Some major causes of environmental problems are exponential population growth, wasteful resource use, poverty, and failure to account for environmental costs in market prices. Living more sustainably involves relying more on renewable energy, protecting biodiversity, and avoiding disruption of natural chemical cycles.
1-1 Sustainablility Notes
This document discusses environmental sustainability and what is needed for a sustainable society. It provides three key principles of sustainability: 1) dependence on solar energy, 2) biodiversity which renews soil and purifies air/water, and 3) chemical cycling which recycles nutrients. A sustainable society lives off the earth's natural processes without depleting resources. While renewable resources can be renewed, nonrenewable resources are finite and human activity has exceeded replacement rates. Developed countries have a much larger ecological footprint due to higher consumption despite being only 19% of the population.
DNA Replication Notes
DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands. Each single strand then serves as a template for new DNA synthesis. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA and DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, resulting in two identical copies of the original DNA. There are proofreading enzymes that check the newly synthesized DNA for errors and repair mechanisms that help prevent mutations from environmental damage.
Two Major Components Of Ecosystem
The document summarizes the major components of ecosystems, including abiotic and biotic factors. It discusses two major abiotic components - climatic factors like temperature, precipitation, and wind, and edaphic factors concerning soil properties. It also describes the major biotic components - producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers like plants capture energy through photosynthesis while consumers feed on producers or each other. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and release nutrients.
Characteristics of economic systems
A market economy is characterized by private ownership of resources, economic decisions made by individuals competing for profits, and supply and demand determining prices. Command economies have central government planning and allocation of resources with little individual freedom and competition. Traditional economies rely on customs to guide family- and ethnic group-centered economic activities like farming and gathering. Mixed economies involve shared decision-making between government and individuals, with government regulation and private ownership of production.
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Biogeochemical cycles describe the recycling of essential chemical elements and compounds between living organisms and their inorganic environment through biological and geological processes. Major biogeochemical cycles include the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle, which involve the exchange of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus between living things and the air, soil, oceans, and land. Disruptions to biogeochemical cycles through human activities like pollution, deforestation, and climate change can negatively impact ecosystems.
carbon cycle ppt 2.pptx
The document defines key terms like ecosystems, biodiversity, biotic and abiotic factors. It then summarizes several important biogeochemical cycles - carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, water and phosphorus. These cycles describe how each element moves through biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere. Human impacts like burning fossil fuels and agriculture are increasing the amounts of carbon and nitrogen in cycles and affecting global ecosystems.
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The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles and how human activities impact them. It provides figures and descriptions of the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. For each cycle, it summarizes how human activities like burning fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation, and industrial processes alter the natural cycling of these essential elements. It concludes by briefly introducing the Gaia hypothesis that life influences or controls Earth's climate and other environmental processes.
Different BIO - GEO cycle of eco system
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life cycle related to subject ES.
Our environment
Our environment consists of living and non-living components that interact in complex ways. Humans rely on healthy ecosystems, but our activities have disrupted natural cycles and caused pollution. Key issues include climate change from greenhouse gas emissions, which risks a runaway warming effect. While scientists agree human activity contributes to current warming trends, fully predicting climate impacts remains challenging given its complexity. Maintaining sustainable resource use requires understanding our role within natural systems.
Our environment
Our environment consists of living and non-living components that interact in complex ways. Humans rely on healthy ecosystems, but our activities have disrupted natural cycles and caused pollution. Key issues include climate change from greenhouse gas emissions, which risks a runaway warming effect. While scientists agree human activity contributes to current warming trends, fully predicting climate impacts remains challenging due to its complexity. Maintaining sustainable resource use requires awareness of our footprint on ecological systems.
BIO GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES.pptx
The document summarizes several biogeochemical cycles. It describes the carbon, nitrogen, water, and sulfur cycles. For each cycle it explains the sources, pathways, and how elements are exchanged between living organisms and the environment. It also discusses some human impacts such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, fertilizer use, and industrial emissions which can disrupt the natural cycling of these elements.
Biogiochemical cycle ppt
The biogeochemical cycle involves the movement of nutrients between living organisms and their non-living environment. This includes gaseous cycles like the carbon and nitrogen cycles, as well as sedimentary cycles involving phosphorus and sulfur. The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, organisms, oceans, soils, rocks and fossil fuels. Photosynthesis captures carbon from the air and incorporates it into organic molecules, while respiration and combustion release carbon back into the atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Carbon cycle
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles and focuses on the carbon cycle. It defines biogeochemical cycles as pathways that move chemical substances through biotic and abiotic parts of Earth. It describes the carbon cycle, noting that carbon is recycled through photosynthesis, respiration, and the decomposition of organic matter, moving between the atmosphere, organisms, oceans, soils, and fossil fuels. It explains how human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are disrupting the carbon cycle and leading to issues like global warming.
Nutrient cycles presentation
Three key nutrient cycles - water, carbon, and nitrogen - allow organisms to obtain needed nutrients. The water cycle is driven by the sun and involves evaporation from bodies of water and transpiration from plants, condensation in the atmosphere, and precipitation back to the ground. The carbon cycle moves carbon between living things and the atmosphere, with photosynthesis fixing carbon and respiration releasing it. Nitrogen gas makes up 80% of the atmosphere but is not directly usable, so bacteria play a crucial role in nitrogen fixation, making nitrogen bioavailable to plants through processes like nitrification and ammonification.
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Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water through biotic and abiotic components of the Earth system. The document discusses several key biogeochemical cycles, including how they facilitate the transfer and transformation of matter between the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It also explains how human activities like burning fossil fuels and using fertilizers have significantly impacted various biogeochemical cycles.
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The document discusses the carbon cycle and how carbon moves between organic and inorganic forms through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It describes how producers convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds through photosynthesis, and how consumers and producers return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through cellular respiration. It also discusses how carbon is absorbed by oceans and sediments, and incorporated into shells, coral, and limestone over long periods of time. The document then explains how humans disrupt the natural carbon cycle by burning fossil fuels, releasing carbon that has been fixed for thousands of years back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. This increased carbon dioxide is contributing to rising global temperatures and global warming.
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The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles including the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. It provides details on the reservoirs, assimilation, and release stages of each cycle. For example, it notes that the water cycle involves evaporation and precipitation moving water between oceans, air, groundwater, lakes, and glaciers. Plants absorb water from the ground and animals drink or eat plants, while transpiration and excretion release water back. The carbon cycle describes photosynthesis fixing carbon from the air and respiration releasing it, and the nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification moving nitrogen between air, soil, plants, and animals.
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The document summarizes key aspects of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, trophic levels, food webs, and biogeochemical cycles. It then discusses specific biogeochemical cycles such as the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, and water cycle. Key reservoirs and processes are identified for each cycle, including how nutrients move between ecosystems and the environment over time.
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The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles that recycle nutrients through the biosphere, including the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. It provides diagrams of each cycle and notes how human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation, and industrial processes are altering the natural cycles and negatively impacting the environment. The document also mentions the Gaia hypothesis which proposes that life on Earth influences or controls certain global geochemical processes.
Biogeochemical cycles
The document summarizes several important biogeochemical cycles. It discusses the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur cycles. For each cycle it describes the key reservoirs, assimilation, and release processes involved in recycling nutrients and moving elements through ecosystems. Maintaining these biogeochemical cycles is essential for sustaining life on Earth.
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The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through Earth's biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, living organisms, oceans, soil, rocks through various processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion of fossil fuels and weathering of rocks. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased atmospheric CO2 levels, impacting Earth's climate by enhancing the greenhouse effect.
biogeochemical_cycles_chapter_5_1.ppt
Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements and molecules through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Key cycles include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. In these cycles, matter is transferred between living organisms, non-living matter like soil and water, and long-term stores like fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks. The recycling of nutrients through biogeochemical cycles is essential for sustaining life on Earth.
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DNA Function and Structure Notes
DNA contains all of an organism's genetic information and is found in the cells of all living things. DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. The order of these bases in the DNA determines an organism's traits by encoding genes. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the bases pairing together in a complementary way between chains.
Mitosis Notes
Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two daughter cells from one parent cell. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During interphase, the cell's DNA is replicated in S phase in preparation for division. In mitosis, the chromosomes condense and align at the center of the cell before being separated and moved to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, in telophase and cytokinesis, the cell cytoplasm divides and separates to form two new daughter cells each with identical DNA to the original parent cell.
Introduction to Cell Division Notes
This document provides an introduction to cell division. It explains that cell division, also called mitosis, allows cells to reproduce through copying their DNA and splitting into two identical daughter cells. This process allows for growth and repair of tissues. The key stages of mitosis are described, including how DNA condenses into chromosomes, replicates, and separates so each new cell contains an identical copy. Mitosis produces new cells with identical genetic material, while meiosis creates gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
Chemosynthesis Notes
The document discusses chemosynthesis, a process by which bacteria living symbiotically with tubeworms at deep sea thermal vents produce food. At these vents, bacteria inside the tubeworms' cells use hydrogen sulfide from the hot water as an energy source to produce glucose through chemosynthesis. This provides the basis for a unique food chain at the vents, where no sunlight penetrates.
Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into usable energy (ATP). There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 net ATP. The process begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm, which breaks glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules. The cell then undergoes either anaerobic respiration through fermentation, or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.
Photosynthesis Notes
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in chloroplasts through two stages - the light reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds using the energy from the light reactions. Photosynthesis is essential as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all life on Earth and removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Active Transport Notes
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using ATP as an energy source. Endocytosis and exocytosis transport large substances across cell membranes. Endocytosis ingests external fluids and particles by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Exocytosis moves proteins and other large molecules out of cells. The Golgi body packages proteins into vesicles, which the ER transports to the cell membrane for export outside the cell. These processes help maintain homeostasis by ensuring cells have sufficient macromolecules to function correctly.
Passive Transport Notes
Passive transport involves the movement of substances down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. There are four main types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and diffusion through ion channels. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low concentration and does not require energy. When a cell is placed in solutions of different concentrations, water will move in or out of the cell by osmosis to reach equilibrium. [/SUMMARY]
Introduction to Transport Notes
Cell membranes allow molecules to pass in and out of cells through passive or active transport in order to maintain homeostasis. Passive transport involves molecules moving down their concentration gradient through the cell membrane without requiring energy. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient by using energy. This allows cells to regulate the movement of substances and control what passes through the selectively permeable cell membrane.
Cell Organelle Notes
This document provides information on the structures and functions of various cell organelles. It begins by stating that the following slides will review the names and functions of important cell organelles. It then discusses the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cilia, flagella, nucleus, and three additional organelles found in plant cells: cell walls, vacuoles, and plastids such as chloroplasts. For each organelle, it provides a brief definition of its name and role within the cell.
Introduction to Cell Notes
This document provides an introduction to cell structure and function. It defines what cells are and how they were first discovered using microscopes in the 17th century. The three main points of the cell theory are outlined. Cell diversity is discussed in terms of size, shape, and internal organization. The main organelles of animal and plant cells are defined, including their locations and functions. The key differences between plant and animal cells are that plant cells contain cell walls, vacuoles, and plastids.
Proteries of Water Notes
Water is essential for living things because it makes up most of their bodies. It has unique properties including polarity, hydrogen bonding, and temperature moderation. Polarity gives water polar molecules that allow it to dissolve many substances. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules accounts for its three states as a solid, liquid, or gas and allows water to stick to itself and other surfaces. Its high heat capacity means water absorbs large amounts of energy during temperature changes to maintain homeostasis in organisms.
Macromolecule Notes
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of many subunits or monomers linked together. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates which provide energy, proteins which make up cells and catalyze reactions, lipids which store energy efficiently, and nucleic acids which store genetic information. Each macromolecule type has characteristic monomer subunits that polymerize to form larger structures with distinct functions, such as starch, keratin, phospholipids, and DNA/RNA.
Biochemistry Notes
Chemistry is important in biology because the structure and function of living things are governed by chemical laws. All living things are composed of six main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Atoms of these elements form bonds and combine to create molecules and compounds through chemical reactions. Carbon is unique in that it can form four bonds, allowing it to make complex molecules with different shapes that are essential for life.
Catalysts Notes
Cells use catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy required. Catalysts work by lowering the energy barrier of a reaction without being used up in the process, allowing reactions to occur faster and with less energy. The most common type of catalyst in living things are enzymes, which are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions and help processes like digestion occur quicker without changing their own structure.
Scientific Method Notes
The document outlines the scientific method process. It begins with forming a hypothesis to explain an observation, such as predicting that adding salt to water will allow a golf ball to float. An experiment is then designed to test the hypothesis, with a control group (golf ball in plain water) and experimental group (golf ball in saltwater). Data is collected from both groups and analyzed to determine if it supports or disproves the original hypothesis. If repeated experiments continue to support the hypothesis, it may eventually become a scientific theory.
Characteristics of Living Organisms
All living things must have five key characteristics: 1) cells, 2) use energy, 3) homeostasis, 4) growth through cell division, and 5) reproduction. The document discusses these characteristics and provides examples of each one. Living things are made of cells, require food/energy, regulate internal conditions, grow by cell division, and reproduce offspring that are similar to the parents. Nonliving things do not possess all of these characteristics.
Midterm review game 2016
This document contains questions and answers about various topics in biology. It covers information about the antennae of different subphylums, appendages of arthropods, feeding techniques of sponges, jellyfish and tapeworms, important characteristics of rotifers, classes of cnidarians, the exoskeleton of arthropods, body forms of cnidarians, parts of a mollusk's body, classes of mollusks and platyhelminthes, segments of annelids, requirements for coral reefs, examples of different kingdoms, the anticoagulant in leech saliva, classes that leeches and earthworms belong to, parapodia, characteristics of animals, meaning of a
Class Oligochaeta notes
The document discusses the class Oligochaeta, which includes earthworms. It notes there are about 3,000 species of oligochaetes that are mostly terrestrial or freshwater. Earthworms have poorly developed heads and setae. They live underground and feed on decomposing organic material in soil by swallowing it. At night, they move to the surface to pass soil waste. Earthworms are ecologically important as their burrows allow air into the soil to support plants and other animals.
Class Bivalvia Notes
The document discusses bivalve mollusks such as mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops. It defines key anatomical features including the umbo, pallial line, and adductor muscles. The foot of bivalves is described as extendable and used for digging or swimming. Scallops swim by clapping their shells together. Zebra mussels were introduced accidentally to North American waters and have become an invasive species, costing millions in damage by clogging water intake pipes. Bivalves play an important ecological role which has been disrupted by zebra mussels in some areas.
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3 4 ecosystem cycles
- 2. Concept to Understand Matter, in the form of nutrients, cycles within and among ecosystems and in the biosphere, and human activities are altering these nutrient cycles.
- 3. Nutrient Cycles Driven by solar energy and gravity Reservoirs – storage sites where nutrients accumulate and remain there for some time Connect all organisms through time Nutrient Cycles - Water, Carbon, Nitrogen
- 4. Hydrologic (Water) Cycle Water cycle is powered by the sun 1. Evaporation 2. Transpiration - evaporates from plant surfaces 3. Condenses (in atmosphere) 4. Precipitation
- 5. Hydrologic Cycle Water vapor in the atmosphere comes from the oceans 84% Over land, ???% of water reaching the atmosphere comes from transpiration 90% Only 0.024% of water is available for human use (too salty, ice, too deep underground)
- 7. Increased flooding from wetland destruction Condensation Evaporation from ocean Climate change Infiltration and percolation into aquifer Condensation Ocean Lakes and reservoirs Ice and snow Surface runoff Surface runoff Aquifer depletion from overpumping Point source pollution Reduced recharge of aquifers and flooding from covering land with crops and buildings Groundwater movement (slow) Runoff Precipitation to land Precipitation to ocean Transpiration from plants Evaporation from land Fig. 3-12, p. 49 Processes Processes affected by humans Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway
- 8. Carbon Cycle Carbon – basic building block of organic molecules (carbohydrates, fats, protein, DNA) Carbon dioxide (CO2) also controls warming and cooling of the Earth.
- 9. Carbon Cycle Major cycle processes Photosynthesis – remove from air make sugars Aerobic respiration – release CO2 into air Burning Fossil fuels add CO2 to the atmosphere and contribute to global warming
- 11. Respiration Forest fires Deforestation Diffusion Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean Carbon in limestone or dolomite sediments Marine food webs Producers, consumers, decomposers Transportation Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Carbon in animals (consumers) Plants (producers) Animals (consumers) Decomposition Respiration Compaction Carbon in fossil fuels Carbon in plants (producers) Burning fossil fuels Photosynthesis Fig. 3-13, p. 51 Processes Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway
- 12. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen- needed for proteins and DNA Multicellular plants and animals cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) So how do we get Nitrogen? Eating other organisms
- 13. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation- lightning, some bacteria, and legumes (beans) (convert N to ammonia then Nitrate) Nitrate is fertilizer
- 15. Nitrogen Cycle Added to soil by farmers – runs off causing problems for local streams or lakes
- 16. Nitrogen in atmosphere Nitrogen loss to deep ocean sediments Nitrogen oxides from burning fuel Nitrates from fertilizer runoff and decomposition Nitrogen in ocean sediments Ammonia in soil Volcanic activity Electrical storms Nitrogen in animals (consumers) Bacteria Nitrate in soil Nitrogen in plants (producers) Nitrification by bacteria Denitrification by bacteria Uptake by plantsDecomposition Fig. 3-14, p. 52 Processes Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway