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2-1. CAKUT. Svetlana Paunova (eng)
- 1. Genetics and congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract
- 2. М.N. (male), 3 мо Yong healthy parents 2-nd normal pregnancy Normal perinatal history BBW – 3450 g, length – 52 sm Brest feeding Normal physical and mental development BW 3 mo – 5600 г. (normal)
- 3. MEDICAL HISTORY Routine examination immunization before DTP WBC (blood count) 21 th. ESR 65 mm/h Admitted to a hospital with Ds: acute otitis?
- 4. ADMISSION STATUS No fever Irritated No appetite Pale skin with grey shade No other disorders Belly - round form, abdominal mass about 8 x 10 cm on the left side
- 6. BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD ANALYSIS - 0,352 (N 0,100 – 0,200) CRP – 0,120 (N до 0,001 г/л) АSLO 1:500 (N 1:250) Other - normal Seromucoid CMV IG M +
- 7. URINE TESTS Clinical urine analysis(twice)- N Bacteriuria- negative
- 8. Renal US Вставить картинку!!!!!! Right kidney 74 х 30 х 33 mm, parenchyma layer 7 mm Left kidney 96 х 53 х 57 mm (N up do 50 mm) Pelvis sinus left26mm, calic- up to 19 mm The cortex layer - lots of fluid inclusions (d) up to 22 mm. Iliac dystopia of left kidney
- 9. INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY Left kidney shadow is approximately absent. 1,5-hour picture left side – several low contrasted round shadows d= 0,7 - 2,0 sm, enlarged calyces. Left kidney function non significant. Conclusion: left hydronephrosis with severe function reduction
- 11. TREATMENT Ceftriaxone 400 mg/24h i/m Detoxic therapy Syndromal therapy A serious condition (depressed appetite has sharply reduced, the skin earthy shades, weight negative dynamics, ESR 52 mm/h, neutrophilia) septicemia !!!
- 12. LEFT TRANSCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY During the operation received 150.0 ml of cloudy urine with lots of lush green pus
- 13. POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT treatment – 14 days Immunocorrection Detoxic therapy A/b
- 14. Date 06.03.08 WBC 11,8 (28,0) RBC 3,58 HB 98 (103) HT 26 PLT 413 SC 1 (2) SN 20 (42) E 4 MON 2 LYMF 73 (43) ESR 16 (59) Общий ан. крови (контроль)
- 15. RENAL US (FOLLOW-UP) Left kidney 75 х 29 х 27мм (96 х 53 х 57) Calyces (left kidney) up to 10 mm (19мм)
- 16. 25 DAYS AFTER NEPHROSTOMY No fever Feeling good (gay, active, interested in toys) Appetite satisfied (requests to eat) Encreases weight
- 17. FOR FUTURE Surgical Good correction of urodynamics prognosis
- 18. CONCLUSION Accidentally revealed gross pathology of the kidney No urinary syndrome The rapid development of urosepticemia
- 19. CAKUT Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract 1:500 live births 1:2000 neonatal deaths Loane M, Dolk H, Kelly A, et al Paper 4: EUROCAT statistical monitoring: identification and investigation of ten year trends of congenital anomalies in Europe. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2011;91 Suppl 1:S31-S43. Anomalies of UT in 10% of relatives of patients with CAKUT (usually asymptomatic!) Winyard P, Chitty LS. Dysplastic kidneys. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;13:142-151.
- 20. Jeffery Fletcher, Stephen McDonald , Stephen I. Alexander, on behalf of the Australian and New Zealand Pediatric Nephrology Association (ANZPNA) Prevalence of genetic renal disease in children Pediatr Nephrol, 2012
- 21. СAKUT KIDNEY Renal agenesia- renal absence Дисплазия почки- kidney contains an undifferentiated tissue and can be small (APLASIA) and extended due to cysts (cystic dysplasia or MCDK) Hypoplasia of kidney (kidney contains normal nefrons, but few of them, or they are big-oligomeganefronia) The doubling of the collective system (upper part is dysplastic, combined with ureteral obstruction, lower-VUR) Horseshoe kidney URINARY TRACT Агенезияотсутствие «треугольника» PUJ stenosis Megaurether Post. Urethral valve VUR
- 22. Stages of renal branching morphogenesis and nephron formation. 35-37 day of gestation Shah M M et al. Development 2004;131:1449-1462 (A) Stages of renal branching morphogenesis and nephron formation. Ureteric bud (UB) outgrowth from the Wolffian duct is induced by signals from the metanephric mesenchyme (MM) (A). (B,C) Invasion of the MM by the UB is followed by iterative branching of the UB and elongation of UB stalks. (D) At the tips of the branches, the epithelium induces the mesenchyme to form pre-tubular aggregates, which are stimulated to undergo mesenchymal to epithelial transformation (E,F) through the formation of comma-shaped (E) and S-shaped (F) bodies to form components of the nephron (G): renal tubules (proximal and distal) and the epithelial component of the glomerulus. (B) Nephron endowment is thought to be largely determined through branching of the UB. (Left) The UB adopts a strategy of lateral branching followed by bifurcation of a stem into two daughter branches (terminal bifid branching) to form the collecting system of the kidney. Nephrons are induced at UB tips but are also formed around the stem of elongating branches during the later branching iterations (arcades) and late-phase lateral branching. (Right) The segments of the collecting system proximal to the ureter (the renal pelvis and calyces) are formed from early branching segments of the UB that have dilated.
- 23. An overview of the major signaling pathways involved in ureteric epithelial branching. Utip – epithelium CapMtissue urethral mesenchimal Gdnf, Vegfa, Hgf, Fgf10 – growth factors Agt- angiotensinogen Ret/Gfrα1, Kdr, Met, Fgf r2, Egfr, Agtr1/2 receptor tyrosine kinase ©2012 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Little M H , and McMahon A P Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012;4:a008300
- 24. Nature Rev Genetics 3, 533-43, 2002 Coordinating early kidney development: lessons from gene targeting
- 26. Ontogenic mechanisms involved in the formation of CAKUT. A primary defect in either the growing ureter or the differentiating metanephric blastema can cause both ureter and kidney. POPE J C et al. JASN 1999;10:2018-2028
- 27. Genetics and CAKUT Gene CAKUT phenotype Type of mutations identifieda Mutation detection rate in unrelated cases BMP4 Renal hypoplasia Missense 5/250 (2%) EYA1 Renal hypoplasia Insertion, deletion 2/99 (2%) GDNF Renal agenesis, renal dysplasia Missense 1/33 (3%) GFRA1 Renal agenesis, renal dysplasia None 0/33 (0%) HNF1β Renal agenesis, renal hypoplasia, renal dysplasia Deletion, splice site HOXA11/HOXD11 Renal agenesis, renal hypoplasia, renal dysplasia None PAX2 Renal hypoplasia, renal dysplasia RET Renal agenesis, renal dysplasia Missense, stop ROBO2 VUR Missense 6/95 (6%) SALL1 Renal hypoplasia Deletion 1/99 (1%) SIX1 Renal hypoplasia Missense 1/99 (1%) SIX2 Renal hypoplasia Missense 5/250 (2%) SOX17 VUR, UPJ obstruction Missense, insertion 6/178 (3%) UMOD Complete CAKUT spectrum None 0/96 (0%) UPK3A Renal agenesis, renal dysplasia, renal hypoplasia, PUV, VUR Missense 8/99 (8%), 75/377 (20%), 5/50 (10%), 25/80 (31%) 0/59 (0%) Insertion, deletion, splice site, stop 6/99 (6%), 2/20 (10%), respectively 9/33 (27%), 7/101 (7%) 0/76 (0%), 2/170 (1%), 4/17 (24%)
- 28. Novel perspectives for investigating congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) Locus CAKUT phenotype Model Parametric (H)LOD score NPL (P-value) VUR Autosomal dominant 3.16 5.76 (0.0002) 1p32–33 Renal agenesis, renal hypoplasia Autosomal dominant 3.50 5.30 (0.00015) 1q41–44 and 11p11 PUV and Prune Belly syndrome Autosomal recessive 3.01 2q37 VUR Nonparametric 6p21 Hydronephrosis, UPJ obstruction Autosomal dominant 3.09 – 8q24 Renal agenesis, VUR Autosomal recessive 4.20 – VUR Autosomal recessive 3.60 1p13 12p11–q13 – – 4.10 (0.001) 4.00 (0.0001)
- 29. Kerecuk L et al. (2008) Renal tract malformations: perspectives for nephrologists Nat Clin Pract Nephrol doi:10.1038/ncpneph0807
- 30. Effect of Drugs on Renal Development Drug Effect of Maternal Treatment during Pregnancy on Offspring Kidney Development Effect of Treatment during Postnatal Kidney Development Aminoglycosides Tubular alterations (16), low nephron number (17–19) Tubular damage (21), low nephron number (19) Cyclosporin A Low nephron number (22) Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors Tubular alterations (21), similar nephron number (28) Glomerular and tubular injury (21), similar nephron number (21,26,27) ACEIs/ARBs Renal insufficiency (31) Atrophy of the renal papilla, tubular alterations (32), low nephron number (33) Dexamethasone Altered tubular transporters (36,37), low nephron number (5), similar nephron number (38) Low nephron number (5,35) Furosemide Renal concentrating defect (40) — Antiepileptic drugs More congenital malformations, specifically MCDK (44) — Mycophenolate mofetil Renal agenesis/ectopia (45,46) — Adriamycin Bladder agenesis, hydronephrosis (48) — Cyclophosphamide Hydro(uretero)nephrosis (49) — Effect of Drugs on Renal Development Michiel F. Schreuder, CJASN January 2011 vol. 6 no. 1 212-217
- 31. РАЗВИТИЕ ПОЧКИ (В НОРМЕ И ПАТОЛОГИИ) Гипоплазия почки – меньше рядов нефронов при сохранной экскреторной функции Кистозная дисплазияпорочные канальца, маленькие кисты, остаточная экскреторная функция, лоханка не изменена МКДП- нет функции, нет собирательной системы Аплазия-нет первичного роста ткани Larissa Kerecuk, Michiel F Schreuder and Adrian S Woolf, Renal tract malformations: perspectives for nephrologists Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology (2008) 4, 312-325,
- 32. Renal agenesia
- 33. HORSESHOE KIDNEY
- 35. MULTICYSTIC DISPLASIA John J. Bissler, Brian J. Siroky and Hong Yin Glomerulocystic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol. 2010 October; 25(10): 2049–2059.
- 36. KIDNEY DYSPLASIA WITH PUJ STENOSIS
- 37. ADPKD
- 38. СИНДРОМ MECKEL–GRUBER (гломерулярно-кистозная болезнь) fetal glomeruli and surrounding dysplastic tissue with tubular cystic changes
- 39. Paradigm shift from classic anatomic theories to contemporary cell biological views of CAKUT Iekuni Ichikawa, Fumiyo Kuwayama, John C Pope IV, F Douglas Stephens and Yoichi Miyazaki
- 40. VUR
- 43. Condition Postnatal 99mTcFetal Postnatal DMSA ultrasonographic ultrasonographic renography findings findings findings Renal agenesis Absent kidney (adrenal gland Absent kidney might be mistaken for kidney) No renal uptake (also rules out ectopic kidney) Renal aplasia Absent kidney (adrenal gland Absent kidney might be mistaken for kidney) No renal uptake (also rules out ectopic kidney) Large cysts replacing kidney parenchyma and Multicystic lack of central dysplastic kidney pelvis, or tiny remnant kidney (if organ involuted) Large hypoechogenic cysts not communicating with the renal pelvis, or tiny remnant kidney (if organ involuted) No or very little renal uptake19, 30 Further postnatal radiological assessment Investigation of contralateral kidney (see congenital solitary kidney) Investigation of contralateral kidney (see congenital solitary kidney) Investigation of contralateral kidney (see congenital solitary kidney)
- 44. No renal uptake by Kidney should be Congenital solitary Kidney might be absent kidney (also larger than normal if kidney larger than normal rules out ectopic healthy kidney) Smooth kidney outline (pyelonephritic Hypoplastic kidney Small kidney Small kidney scarring usually produces focal defects) Echobright kidney Cystic dysplastic with cysts and poor Decreased renal Echobright kidney kidney corticomedullary uptake30 differentiation Echobright, large Autosomal recessive Large, bright kidney kidney with small polycystic kidney cysts Focal defects (but not usually performed)31 Generalized Autosomal Large, bright Cysts that increase decreased uptake dominant polycystic kidney, sometimes in size and number and focal defects kidney with cysts with age (but not usually performed)32 Detection of any vesicoureteric reflux and/or ureteric obstruction Detection of any vesicoureteric reflux and/or ureteric obstruction Detection of any vesicoureteric reflux and/or ureteric obstruction Detection of dilated bile ducts (by hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid isotope scan) Detection of any pancreatic or liver cysts or cerebral aneurysms
- 45. RENAL AGENESIA IN NEONATE
- 46. POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY IN NEONATES
- 48. Novel perspectives investigating CAKUT Renkema K Y et al. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2011;26:3843-3851 © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com
- 49. Vicious cycle of progressive functional and structural deterioration shared by many chronic renal diseases. ©1999 by American Society of Nephrology POPE J C et al. JASN 1999;10:2018-2028
- 50. LONG LIVE KIDNEY !!!!! Nephron 1 mln in every kidney Length of tubules – 18-50 мм Tubules length of all nephrons – 100 km 80% in cortex