Vesicoureteral reflux is a condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. It is most common in young children and can be caused by defects in the valve between the ureter and bladder. Left untreated, it increases the risk of urinary tract infections. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent infections as well as procedures to correct the valve defect surgically or using gel injections. Ongoing monitoring is also needed to ensure no long-term kidney damage occurs.
Bladder exstrophy is a congenital (present at birth) abnormality of the bladder. It happens when the skin over the lower abdominal wall (bottom part of the tummy) does not form properly, so the bladder is open and exposed on the outside of the abdomen. In epispadias, the urethra does not form properly.
Bladder exstrophy is a congenital (present at birth) abnormality of the bladder. It happens when the skin over the lower abdominal wall (bottom part of the tummy) does not form properly, so the bladder is open and exposed on the outside of the abdomen. In epispadias, the urethra does not form properly.
Detailed Powerpoint Presentation on Wilms Tumour …. It includes definition with images, causes, sign and symptoms all treatment modalities with nursing responsibilities and recent research related to this...
definition of hydronephrosis,
causes and types of hydronephrosis
pathophysiology of hydronephrosis
clinical manifestation and diagnostic test for hydronephrosis
management
Hypospadias is a relatively rare congenital condition where the opening of the penis is on the underside of the organ. This condition is more common in infants with a family history of hypospadias.
The penis may curve down in an infant and the baby may spray while urinating.
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction by\ Eman Salman
It was used for student presentation in Urology course rotation
I Hope you find what is helpful for your knowledge ♥
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.
Detailed Powerpoint Presentation on Wilms Tumour …. It includes definition with images, causes, sign and symptoms all treatment modalities with nursing responsibilities and recent research related to this...
definition of hydronephrosis,
causes and types of hydronephrosis
pathophysiology of hydronephrosis
clinical manifestation and diagnostic test for hydronephrosis
management
Hypospadias is a relatively rare congenital condition where the opening of the penis is on the underside of the organ. This condition is more common in infants with a family history of hypospadias.
The penis may curve down in an infant and the baby may spray while urinating.
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction by\ Eman Salman
It was used for student presentation in Urology course rotation
I Hope you find what is helpful for your knowledge ♥
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.
A presentation about Intravenous Urography (Also known as Intravenous Pyeography).
The presentation contains 41 slides, and is divided into 4 parts :
1 - Introduction.
2 - The procedure.
3 - Examples for abnormal findings.
4 - Studies comparing IVU accuracy with KUB & USG with CT Scan.
This presentation was prepared and presented by me in the tutorials of the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
Vesicoureteric Reflux in Children—Current ConceptsApollo Hospitals
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem in infants and young children affecting about 2–5% of all small
children. Almost a third to half of infants who are inflicted with urinary infection are likely to have an abnormal urinary
tract, commonest of which is vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). Around 10–20% of children with VUR end with hypertension
or end stage renal disease stressing the need to diagnose and manage these children early. This article reviews
current status of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of children with VUR.
Vesicoureteral Reflux Causes, Symptoms And Treatments by Dr. Prashant Jain-co...Dr. Prashant Jain
Kidneys are important organ for urine formation. Normally, urine flows into the bladder through ureters. However, in some children, urine from the bladder flows back through the ureters. This condition is known as Vesicouretral reflux (VUR) and is common in infants and children. It can be unilateral or bilateral. This could cause infections and damage your kidneys. VUR affects about 10% of children. Although most can grow out of this condition, people who have severe cases may need surgery to protect their kidneys.
This condition should not be ignored as it damages the function of kidneys and can lead to high blood pressure later in life. The risk of kidney damage is greatest during the first 6 years of life.
POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES- Pediatric Surgery
• Dear viewers,
• Greetings from “ Surgical Educator”
• Today I have uploaded one more video in Pediatric Surgery/Pediatric Urology- “ Posterior Urethral Valves”
• Posterior Urethral Valves is the congenital cause for Bladder Outlet Obstruction, resulting in abnormal development of the kidneys as well as the bladder.
• In this video, I talked about the learning outcomes, introduction, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, differential diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and prognosis of “ Posterior Urethral Valves”
• I hope you will enjoy the video for its educational value.
• You can watch all my teaching videos in the following links
• surgicaleducator.blogspot.com youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
• Thank you for watching the video.
Disorders of kidney and urinary tract are commonly seen in pediatric units as medical and surgical problems. Congenital malformations, neoplasms, infections, inflammations and progressive impairment of renal functions are common conditions found in children.
metabolic acidosis develops because of defects in the ability of the renal tubules to perform the normal functions required to maintain acid-base balance.
Hemorrhage is a process of lose of blood either through a wound or because of any medical condition. Children are very prone to injuries as they are in the stage of attaining their motor developments.
Different medications must be absorbed to be effective. For absorption, the drug must be administered in proper manner. To choose a route of administration we need to relate the dosage form, the advantages and disadvantages etc.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. VUR implies the passage of urine into the
ureter and kidney during micturition.
Normally the long submucosal and intra
vascular segment of the ureter at the
ureterovesical junction closes when bladder
contracts, effectively preventingVUR.
3. It is an abnormal retrograde
flow of bladder urine into the
ureters. Urine normally
travels from the kidneys via
the ureters to the bladder. In
vesicoureteral reflux the
direction of urine flow is
reversed.
4. <10% of the population.
17.2-18.5% in children without UTI
In those with UTI the incidence is 70%
Younger children are more prone
It decreases to 15% by the age of 12.
It is more common in males ante-natally, in
later life there is a female preponderance
with 85% of cases.
5. Vesicoureteral reflux may present before
birth as prenatal hydronephrosis, an
abnormal widening of the ureter or with
a UTI or acute pyelonephritis.
It is associated with recurrent UTI
6. Newborns may be lethargic with faltering growth
UTI
If the child is with UTI, he may have:
pyrexia
dysuria
frequent urination
malodorous urine
Chills
Vomiting
feeling that the bladder does not empty completely
7. History Collection & Physical Examination
urinary tract infection
Nuclear cystogram
for subsequent evaluations as there is less exposure to radiation
Fluoroscopic voiding cysto urethrogram
Grading the initial work up
Ultrasonic cystography
Abdominal ultrasound
Urethral dialation
urine culture
to check for a UTI
Ultrasound of the kidneys
to find out the size and shape of the kidneys. It can't detect
reflux.
10. present at birth.
It is caused by a defect in the development of
the valve at the end of the tube that carries
urine from the kidneys to the bladder
(ureter). This is the most common type of
VUR and is usually detected shortly after
birth.
11. occurs when an obstruction in the bladder or
urethra causes urine to flow backward into
the kidneys.
occur at any age and can be caused by
surgery, injury, a pattern of emptying the
bladder that's not normal, or a past infection
that puts pressure on the bladder. It is more
common in children who have other birth
defects, such as spina bifida.
12. International Classification
Grade I - reflux into non-dilated ureter
Grade II - reflux into the renal pelvis and calyces
without dilatation
Grade III - mild/moderate dilatation of the ureter, renal
pelvis and calyces with minimal blunting of the fornices
Grade IV – dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with
moderate ureteral tortuosity
Grade V – gross dilatation of the ureter, pelvis and
calyces; ureteral tortuosity; loss of papillary
impressions
13.
14.
15. Goal
- to minimize infections,renal injury and other
complications of reflux.
In newborn & infants , prophylactic antibiotics
In older children, bowel and bladder
management
Good perineal hygiene, and timed and double
voiding are also important aspects of medical
treatment. Bladder dysfunction is treated with
the administration of anticholinergics.
16. Deflux is a gel that is used in endoscopic
injections to treat Vesicoureteral Reflux. Deflux
consists of two types of sugar-based molecules
called dextranomer and hyaluronic acid. Both
materials are also biocompatible, which means
that they do not cause significant reactions
within the body. Hyaluronic acid is produced and
found naturally within the body.
17. A surgical approach is necessary in cases where
a breakthrough infection results despite
prophylaxis.
There are three types of surgical procedures
endoscopic (STING/HIT procedures)
laparoscopic
open procedures (Cohen procedure, Leadbetter-
Politano procedure).