Perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to make meaning of their environment. It involves stimulus, confrontation, interaction, registration, interpretation, feedback, behavior, and consequences. Perception is influenced by the perceiver's attitudes and experiences, the target, and the situation. Attribution theory examines how people determine if behavior is internally or externally caused. Selective perception means people interpret what they see based on their interests and experiences. Social perception concerns how individuals perceive others and involves factors like the halo effect, contrast effect, projection, and stereotyping.

1. PERCEPTION

2. PERCEPTION
• “A process by which individuals
organize and interpret their
sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their
environment”

3. Sub processes of perception
• Stimulus or situation
• Confrontation
• Situation person interaction
• Registration
• Interpretation
• Feedback
• Behavior
• Consequences

4. Factors influencing perception
• The perceiver - attitudes, motives,
interests, past experiences and
expectations
• The target
• The situation

5. Attribution theory
• “When individuals observe behavior, they
attempt to determine whether it is internally
or externally caused”
• Internally caused behavior are those that
are believed to be under the personal
control of the individual
• Externally caused behavior is seen as
resulting from outside causes, I-e having
been forced into the behavior by the
situation

6. Factors involve in Attribution
• Consensus related to other people (do other act
this way in a situation?)
• Consistency related to time (does this person act
this way in this situation at other times?)
• Distinctiveness relates to other tasks (does this
person act differently in in other situations?)

7. Selective perception
• People selectively interpret what
they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience ,
and attitudes.

8. Factors in selectivity
• Intensity
• Size
• Contrast
• Repetition
• Motion
• Novelty and familiarity

9. Perceptual organization
• Figure ground
• Perceptual grouping – closure,
continuity, proximity, similarity
• Perceptual constancy
• Perceptual context

10. Social perception
• “Social perception is directly concerned
with how one individual perceives other
individuals, how we get to know others”
• Organizational participants must realize
that their perceptions of another person are
greatly influenced by their own
characteristics and the characteristics of
the other person

11. Halo Effect
• “Drawing a general impression
about an individual on the basis of
a single characteristic”

12. Contrast effect
• “Evaluations of a person’s
characteristics that are affected by
comparisons with other people
recently encountered who rank
higher or lower on the same
characteristics”

13. Projection
• “Attributingone’s own
characteristics to other people”

14. Stereotyping
• “Judgingsomeone on the basis of
one’s perception of the group to
which that person belongs”