What is Perception and what are its types are some common questions put up in this presentation to access thorough knowledge even for a layman.

1. PERCEPTION

2. PERCEPTION
• A process of interpretation
of a present stimulus on the
basis of past experience
• It is an integrated approach.
• It is a synthetic process
where different
physiological and
psychological processes are
involved.

3. Why We Study Perceptions
• To better understand how people make attributio
ns about events.
• We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see a
nd call it reality.
• The attribution process guides our behavior, reg
ardless of the truth of the attribution.

4. PERCEPTUAL
PROCESS
The perceptual
process is the
sequence of
psychological steps
that a person uses to
organize and
interpret
information from
the outside world.

5. PERCEPTUAL
SELECTION

6. PERCEPTUAL
SELECTION
INTERNAL
FACTORS
• Personality
• Motivation
• Experience
EXTERNAL
FACTORS
• Size
• Intensity
• Contrast
• Motion
• Repetition

7. Internal factors
• Personality –
Personality traits influence how a person selects perceptions. For
instance, conscientious people tend to select details and external
stimuli to a greater degree.
• Motivation –
People will select perceptions according to what they need in the
moment. They will favour selections that they think will help them
with their current needs, and be more likely to ignore what is
irrelevant to their needs.
• Experience –
The patterns of occurrences or associations one has learned in the
past affect current perceptions. The person will select perceptions in
a way that fits with what they found in the past.

8. External Factors
• Size – A larger size makes it more likely an object will be
selected.
• Intensity –Greater intensity, in brightness, for example, also
increases perceptual selection.
• Contrast – When a perception stands clearly out against a
background, there is a greater likelihood of selection.
• Motion – A moving perception is more likely to be selected.
• Repetition – Repetition increases perceptual selection.

9. Perceptual
Organization
• Figure Ground
• Perceptual grouping
• Closure
• Proximity
• Similarity
• Perceptual Constancy
• Shape
• Size
• Colour
• Perceptual Context

10. Figure-
ground
Once perceived, objects
stand out against their
background. This can
mean, for instance, that
perceptions of
something as new can
stand out against the
background of
everything of the same
type that is old.

11. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
Grouping is when perceptions are brought
together into a pattern.

12. • Similarity - Similarity between perceptions promotes a tendency
to group them together.
• Proximity - Perceptions that are physically close to each other
are easier to organize into a pattern or whole.
• Continuity-Objects arranged in either a straight line or a
smooth curve tend to be seen as a unit.
• Closure - This is the tendency to try to create wholes out of
perceived parts.

13. PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY
This means that if an object is perceived
always to be or act a certain way, the person
will tend to infer that it actually is always
that way.
• Shape constancy
• Size constancy
• Colour constancy

14. ERRORS OF
PERCEPTION

15. • Selective Perception
– People selectively interpret what they see based on their interes
ts, background, experience, and attitudes.
• Halo Effect
– Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a si
ngle characteristic.
• Contrast Effects
– A person’s evaluation is affected by comparisons with other in
dividuals recently encountered.
• Projection
– Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people.
• Stereotyping
– Judging someone on the basis of your perception of t
he group to which that person belongs.

16. Recency Effect
When the most RECENT information influence our
judgement, even though we have a whole of other
information on the Person.

17. The Similar-to-Me Effect
We tend to favour/like or give favourable
judgement to those who are similar to us.
Example
• Two candidates came along for interview, one from Delhi and
the other from Bihar. As interviewer is from Delhi, he tend to
the candidate from Delhi, better evaluation.

18. Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to
underestimate the
influence of external
factors and overestimate
the influence of internal
factors when making
judgments about the
behavior of others.

19. Self-Serving Bias
The tendency for
individuals to attribute
their own successes to
internal factors while
putting the blame for
failures on external factors.

20. Self-fulfilling prophecy
People’s preconceived expectations and beliefs determine their
behavior, thus, serving to make their expectations come true