Romanticism began in Germany and England in the 19th century as a reaction against Enlightenment ideals. It emphasized emotions, individualism, nature and the supernatural. Key artistic movements included Impressionism in France which focused on capturing fleeting impressions using visible brush strokes, loose compositions and light/color. In 19th century France and Europe, Romanticism coincided with the rise of nationalism, industrialization, urbanization and social/political changes like the French Revolution. Artists like Delacroix and Turner embraced Romanticism through their expressive use of color, light, and landscapes to depict emotions and contemporary subjects.
Realism was an art movement that aimed to depict realistic representations of common people and scenes in a plain, straightforward manner, in contrast to the exaggerated emotions of Romanticism. It began in France in the 1850s and focused on everyday subjects painted in a detailed, factual style. Jean-Francois Millet was a famous realist painter known for his scenes of peasants working in the fields, rendered with careful attention to textures, shading, and facial expressions to achieve realistic effects.
Romanticism emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as a reaction against Enlightenment ideals that emphasized reason and science. It valued emotion, imagination, individualism, and nature. Key aspects included:
1) A desire for freedom in politics, expression, thought, and other areas, with the belief that freedom came through imagination rather than reason.
2) An interest in the medieval, fantastic, and sublime - including dark emotions like horror. This was seen in works depicting nightmares and terrifying scenes.
3) Landscape painting that used nature allegorically to comment on spiritual, moral, and philosophical issues of the time. Artists expressed a unity of the soul with nature.
The document summarizes Realism, the first major art movement of the modern period from 1848-late 1800s. It rejected Romanticism in favor of depicting ordinary people and contemporary life realistically and accurately, including the unpleasant aspects, through techniques like close observation of modern subjects. Major Realist artists included Courbet, who declared Realism through his independent exhibitions, and Manet, whose Realist works shocked audiences by depicting modern life and ordinary people. Realism developed alongside trends in photography, which allowed for realistic depictions, and literary Naturalism.
Romanticism was a literary and artistic movement between 1770-1870 that valued emotion, nature, imagination, and the individual. Key aspects included emphasizing feelings over reason, seeing nature as a divine work of art, using symbolism and myth, and focusing on the passions of both artists and romantic heroes who strive for the extraordinary. Romanticism criticized rigid social norms and industrialization, instead promoting intuition and a close connection between humans and the natural world.
The document provides an overview of the Early Renaissance period in Italy from 1400-1490. It summarizes the rise of prominent city-states like Florence and key families that sponsored the arts, such as the Medicis. Major artists that emerged during this time are also profiled, including painters like Masaccio, Botticelli, and Ghirlandaio who pioneered techniques like linear perspective. Contemporary architects like Brunelleschi and Alberti are highlighted for their classical designs of buildings and structures. Leading sculptors of the era included Ghiberti, Donatello, and Verrocchio, who drew inspiration from Roman and Greek works.
Romanticism from 1750-1850 focused on nature, emotion, and individualism as artists rejected reason and realism. Realism from the mid-1800s aimed to accurately portray everyday life, as seen in the works of Charles Dickens. Impressionism from the 1870s emerged as artists explored new techniques like visible brush strokes to capture fleeting moments and impressions.
Neoclassicism was a return to classical models and values from ancient Greece and Rome between the 17th-18th centuries. It emphasized rationality, order, and moderation. Key figures like John Dryden established English literary criticism. Alexander Pope's Essay on Criticism outlined neoclassical principles. Samuel Johnson's works like Lives of the Poets and Dictionary helped define the English literary canon based on neoclassical ideals of reason and morality.
The document discusses different avant-garde art movements that emerged in Europe following World War 1. It provides brief descriptions of 12 avant-garde styles including Futurism, Expressionism, Cubism, Dada, Surrealism, Fauvism, Constructivism, Conceptual Art, Land Art, and Minimalism. The movements generally aimed to reject traditional styles and find new ways of artistic expression, being inspired by science and technology. They developed new rules and assumptions about how to approach and create art.
Realism was an art movement that aimed to depict realistic representations of common people and scenes in a plain, straightforward manner, in contrast to the exaggerated emotions of Romanticism. It began in France in the 1850s and focused on everyday subjects painted in a detailed, factual style. Jean-Francois Millet was a famous realist painter known for his scenes of peasants working in the fields, rendered with careful attention to textures, shading, and facial expressions to achieve realistic effects.
Romanticism emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as a reaction against Enlightenment ideals that emphasized reason and science. It valued emotion, imagination, individualism, and nature. Key aspects included:
1) A desire for freedom in politics, expression, thought, and other areas, with the belief that freedom came through imagination rather than reason.
2) An interest in the medieval, fantastic, and sublime - including dark emotions like horror. This was seen in works depicting nightmares and terrifying scenes.
3) Landscape painting that used nature allegorically to comment on spiritual, moral, and philosophical issues of the time. Artists expressed a unity of the soul with nature.
The document summarizes Realism, the first major art movement of the modern period from 1848-late 1800s. It rejected Romanticism in favor of depicting ordinary people and contemporary life realistically and accurately, including the unpleasant aspects, through techniques like close observation of modern subjects. Major Realist artists included Courbet, who declared Realism through his independent exhibitions, and Manet, whose Realist works shocked audiences by depicting modern life and ordinary people. Realism developed alongside trends in photography, which allowed for realistic depictions, and literary Naturalism.
Romanticism was a literary and artistic movement between 1770-1870 that valued emotion, nature, imagination, and the individual. Key aspects included emphasizing feelings over reason, seeing nature as a divine work of art, using symbolism and myth, and focusing on the passions of both artists and romantic heroes who strive for the extraordinary. Romanticism criticized rigid social norms and industrialization, instead promoting intuition and a close connection between humans and the natural world.
The document provides an overview of the Early Renaissance period in Italy from 1400-1490. It summarizes the rise of prominent city-states like Florence and key families that sponsored the arts, such as the Medicis. Major artists that emerged during this time are also profiled, including painters like Masaccio, Botticelli, and Ghirlandaio who pioneered techniques like linear perspective. Contemporary architects like Brunelleschi and Alberti are highlighted for their classical designs of buildings and structures. Leading sculptors of the era included Ghiberti, Donatello, and Verrocchio, who drew inspiration from Roman and Greek works.
Romanticism from 1750-1850 focused on nature, emotion, and individualism as artists rejected reason and realism. Realism from the mid-1800s aimed to accurately portray everyday life, as seen in the works of Charles Dickens. Impressionism from the 1870s emerged as artists explored new techniques like visible brush strokes to capture fleeting moments and impressions.
Neoclassicism was a return to classical models and values from ancient Greece and Rome between the 17th-18th centuries. It emphasized rationality, order, and moderation. Key figures like John Dryden established English literary criticism. Alexander Pope's Essay on Criticism outlined neoclassical principles. Samuel Johnson's works like Lives of the Poets and Dictionary helped define the English literary canon based on neoclassical ideals of reason and morality.
The document discusses different avant-garde art movements that emerged in Europe following World War 1. It provides brief descriptions of 12 avant-garde styles including Futurism, Expressionism, Cubism, Dada, Surrealism, Fauvism, Constructivism, Conceptual Art, Land Art, and Minimalism. The movements generally aimed to reject traditional styles and find new ways of artistic expression, being inspired by science and technology. They developed new rules and assumptions about how to approach and create art.
Romanticism developed in the early 19th century as a reaction against rationalism and classicism, valuing individualism, feelings, and nationalism. In sculpture, artists expressed movement and patriotism, while paintings featured dramatic landscapes, movement, bright colors, and light. Realism emerged later in the century as artists sought to depict ordinary life and social problems realistically. Key romantic painters included Géricault, Delacroix, and Turner, while Courbet and Millet led the realist movement with scenes of peasant life. Sculptors like Meunier captured working classes, and printmakers like Daumier offered social commentary.
This document provides an overview of art history from the Renaissance era to modern times. It summarizes several major art movements including Renaissance, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, and Expressionism. Key artists from each movement are discussed such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Claude Monet, Vincent Van Gogh, Henri Matisse, and Edvard Munch. Paintings from each era and artist are also depicted.
Rococo & Neoclassicism In Early 18th CenturyAndrea Fuentes
The document provides an overview of Rococo and Neoclassicism in 18th century Europe. It discusses the political context and shifts in power from French royalty to aristocrats. Rococo began as an architectural style featuring undulating forms and spread to painting and sculpture. Neoclassicism emerged in response to Enlightenment ideals and was inspired by the ruins of Pompeii. It featured simpler, more structured compositions with references to Greek and Roman antiquity. The document summarizes key works of Rococo artists like Fragonard and Boucher and Neoclassical artists like David, West, and Ingres.
Rembrandt van Rijn was a famous Dutch painter from 1606-1669 known for his mastery of light and shadow. While his style contrasted with the Baroque period, he is considered one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age for works like "The Night Watch." Rembrandt was skilled at depicting the human condition and used various techniques like strong brushstrokes and leaving white spaces to suggest depth. His works covered religious scenes, portraits, and landscapes through different stages of his career.
This document discusses several key themes and concepts of Romanticism:
1) It explores how social advancement is portrayed in literature through works like Great Expectations and Jane Eyre.
2) It examines how writers saw it as their duty to "civilize" native populations through literature.
3) It analyzes how Romantic poets found inspiration from subjectivity and personal experiences like John Keats' "Ode to the Nightingale."
4) It discusses how imagination was seen as a way to transform reality for poets like Coleridge and Wordsworth.
5) It describes how Romantic poets like Byron, Shelley, and Keats drew inspiration from Greece and the ancient world.
The document discusses the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a 19th century art movement that rejected mainstream academic art in favor of a more realistic, detailed style inspired by late medieval and early Renaissance art prior to Raphael. The movement included painters and poets who sought to portray nature with spiritual sincerity. Key features of Pre-Raphaelite art included realistic details, bright colors sometimes used symbolically, and inspiration from poets like Dante and Shakespeare. The movement had two waves, with the second developing in the 1860s under Klimt and influencing the Arts and Crafts movement.
Neo-Classical art movement from 1750-1880 that drew inspiration from classical antiquity and aimed to promote moral virtues. Characterized by sculptural forms, subdued palettes, and planar compositions modeled after Roman art. Important artists included Jacques-Louis David, Antonio Canova, Angelica Kauffman, and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Neoclassical architecture and art was widely popular during this period in countries like France, England, and America.
Realism in France during the XIX century , the paintings made by DAUMIER and MILLET,New subjects and new themes, Nature and life in the coutryside, the changes with industrialisation, the new working class
Realism in art attempts to represent subjects truthfully without artistic conventions or supernatural elements. In the mid-19th century, artists felt they should portray everyday political and social issues realistically rather than romanticized views. This included depicting familiar scenes as they actually appeared. Realist works often celebrated the working class through realistic situations and paintings done plein air. Gustave Courbet is credited with leading the Realism movement in France by depicting life as it was, not ideally. Other notable realist artists included Jean-Francois Millet, Honore Daumier, and Edward Hopper who sought to objectively capture ordinary scenes and subjects.
Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century. It emphasized emotion, individualism, freedom of imagination and the exploration of the supernatural. Major themes in Romantic art and literature included a love of nature, fascination with death, and nostalgia for the past. The movement emerged in reaction to Enlightenment rationalism and neoclassicism, placing greater importance on emotion and intuition over reason. Romanticism influenced art, music, literature and political thought and had its peak in Europe from 1800 to 1840.
Art in the 19th century went through several major movements that reflected the social and political changes of the time. Romanticism emphasized emotion and individualism as a reaction to Neoclassicism. Realism emerged in response to the failures of 1848 and problems of industrialization, aiming to accurately depict reality. Impressionism focused on light and color, using short brushstrokes. Post-Impressionism and Symbolism explored new techniques. Modernism broke from tradition incorporating nature and technology. New materials like iron and glass influenced architecture.
1. Michelangelo was born in 1475 in Florence and showed artistic talent from a young age, apprenticing under Ghirlandaio as a painter and studying sculpture despite his father's objections to art as a profession.
2. As a sculptor, Michelangelo is renowned for works like the Pietà and David, and as a painter he spent years frescoing the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
3. Throughout his career Michelangelo struggled with the physical toll of his artistic process and perfectionism, seeing himself first as a sculptor though making major contributions in both sculpture and painting.
This document provides an overview of Romanticism in painting. It discusses how Romanticism valued depictions of nature as sublime and awe-inspiring. Key characteristics included a focus on individual genius and emotion, as well as opposition to classical norms and industrialization. The document explores works by Romantic painters like Caspar David Friedrich, J.M.W. Turner, Theodore Gericault, and Eugene Delacroix that capture feelings of melancholy, mystery, and the power of nature through their dramatic landscapes and scenes. It also notes Romanticism's influence on later artistic periods and questions whether Romantic ideals still exist today.
Most famous paintings of the renaissanceLola García
The document discusses 10 of the most famous paintings from the Renaissance period. It provides context that the Renaissance was a time of rebirth and revival in many areas including art. It then briefly describes each of the 10 paintings, including details like the artist, year created, subject matter, and significance. Some of the most prominent paintings mentioned are the Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci, The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, and The School of Athens by Raphael.
Postimpressionism developed in the late 19th century as artists reacted against Impressionism by focusing more on structure, expression, and personal styles rather than just capturing light. Key characteristics included a return to the importance of drawing, capturing expression as well as light, and using color and form to define space. Major postimpressionist artists included Paul Cezanne, whose works emphasized geometry and volume; Vincent van Gogh, whose expressive and emotionally charged works with thick brushstrokes influenced expressionism; and Paul Gauguin, who simplified compositions and used strong colors influenced by Symbolism and the exoticism of Tahiti.
Romanticism and Realism in European and American art from 1800 to 1870 saw the rise of Romanticism as an artistic style focusing on emotion, nature, and the irrational. It contrasted with earlier Neoclassicism. Realism emerged in the mid-19th century focusing on contemporary social themes and lives of the working classes in a realistic style. Major artists included Goya, Delacroix, Courbet, Manet, and Eakins. Landscape painting flourished. Photography was invented in this period, documenting society in a new realistic medium. Architecture revived historical styles like Gothic. The Pre-Raphaelites focused on medieval themes.
The document provides an overview of several major artistic periods and styles between the 16th and 18th centuries in Europe, including Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo. [1] Mannerism emphasized style over substance and featured twisted figures. [2] Baroque art was characterized by bright colors, dramatic emotions, and grand themes as seen in the works of Bernini and Rubens. [3] Rococo emerged in the 18th century as a lighter and more delicate offshoot of Baroque featuring pastoral scenes and pastel colors.
The Romantic Movement was a revolt against classicism and rationalism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Romantics valued emotion, individualism, nature, and history over order and reason. They stressed imagination and spontaneity in their literature, art, and music. Some key figures were Wordsworth, Coleridge, Delacroix, and Beethoven.
Neoclassicism began in the late 18th century as a reaction against Rococo styles and was adopted by leaders of the French Revolution who wanted to associate themselves with the stability and heroism of ancient Greek and Roman styles. Jacques-Louis David was a leading Neoclassical painter who appealed to republican sentiments with works like Oath of the Horatii. Romanticism emerged in reaction to Enlightenment rationalism and the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing emotion, imagination, and individualism in the arts. Romantic painters like Gericault, Delacroix, and Friedrich focused on landscapes, mythology, and exotic subjects to convey intense emotions.
This document provides an overview of the 17th century Baroque period from 1600-1800. Some key points:
- In the early 1600s, Rome was the leader of the Baroque style, though Baroque arrived later in France due to strict classicism. France later emerged as a major cultural center under Louis XIV.
- The latter half of the period saw the Enlightenment and French Revolution. Rococo style rose as Baroque ended. Neoclassicism followed the Enlightenment with a focus on antiquity.
- The 18th century saw the rise and fall of Rococo style and the emergence of Neoclassicism and later Romanticism, which emphasized emotion and individuality over reason.
Romanticism developed in the early 19th century as a reaction against rationalism and classicism, valuing individualism, feelings, and nationalism. In sculpture, artists expressed movement and patriotism, while paintings featured dramatic landscapes, movement, bright colors, and light. Realism emerged later in the century as artists sought to depict ordinary life and social problems realistically. Key romantic painters included Géricault, Delacroix, and Turner, while Courbet and Millet led the realist movement with scenes of peasant life. Sculptors like Meunier captured working classes, and printmakers like Daumier offered social commentary.
This document provides an overview of art history from the Renaissance era to modern times. It summarizes several major art movements including Renaissance, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, and Expressionism. Key artists from each movement are discussed such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Claude Monet, Vincent Van Gogh, Henri Matisse, and Edvard Munch. Paintings from each era and artist are also depicted.
Rococo & Neoclassicism In Early 18th CenturyAndrea Fuentes
The document provides an overview of Rococo and Neoclassicism in 18th century Europe. It discusses the political context and shifts in power from French royalty to aristocrats. Rococo began as an architectural style featuring undulating forms and spread to painting and sculpture. Neoclassicism emerged in response to Enlightenment ideals and was inspired by the ruins of Pompeii. It featured simpler, more structured compositions with references to Greek and Roman antiquity. The document summarizes key works of Rococo artists like Fragonard and Boucher and Neoclassical artists like David, West, and Ingres.
Rembrandt van Rijn was a famous Dutch painter from 1606-1669 known for his mastery of light and shadow. While his style contrasted with the Baroque period, he is considered one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age for works like "The Night Watch." Rembrandt was skilled at depicting the human condition and used various techniques like strong brushstrokes and leaving white spaces to suggest depth. His works covered religious scenes, portraits, and landscapes through different stages of his career.
This document discusses several key themes and concepts of Romanticism:
1) It explores how social advancement is portrayed in literature through works like Great Expectations and Jane Eyre.
2) It examines how writers saw it as their duty to "civilize" native populations through literature.
3) It analyzes how Romantic poets found inspiration from subjectivity and personal experiences like John Keats' "Ode to the Nightingale."
4) It discusses how imagination was seen as a way to transform reality for poets like Coleridge and Wordsworth.
5) It describes how Romantic poets like Byron, Shelley, and Keats drew inspiration from Greece and the ancient world.
The document discusses the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a 19th century art movement that rejected mainstream academic art in favor of a more realistic, detailed style inspired by late medieval and early Renaissance art prior to Raphael. The movement included painters and poets who sought to portray nature with spiritual sincerity. Key features of Pre-Raphaelite art included realistic details, bright colors sometimes used symbolically, and inspiration from poets like Dante and Shakespeare. The movement had two waves, with the second developing in the 1860s under Klimt and influencing the Arts and Crafts movement.
Neo-Classical art movement from 1750-1880 that drew inspiration from classical antiquity and aimed to promote moral virtues. Characterized by sculptural forms, subdued palettes, and planar compositions modeled after Roman art. Important artists included Jacques-Louis David, Antonio Canova, Angelica Kauffman, and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Neoclassical architecture and art was widely popular during this period in countries like France, England, and America.
Realism in France during the XIX century , the paintings made by DAUMIER and MILLET,New subjects and new themes, Nature and life in the coutryside, the changes with industrialisation, the new working class
Realism in art attempts to represent subjects truthfully without artistic conventions or supernatural elements. In the mid-19th century, artists felt they should portray everyday political and social issues realistically rather than romanticized views. This included depicting familiar scenes as they actually appeared. Realist works often celebrated the working class through realistic situations and paintings done plein air. Gustave Courbet is credited with leading the Realism movement in France by depicting life as it was, not ideally. Other notable realist artists included Jean-Francois Millet, Honore Daumier, and Edward Hopper who sought to objectively capture ordinary scenes and subjects.
Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century. It emphasized emotion, individualism, freedom of imagination and the exploration of the supernatural. Major themes in Romantic art and literature included a love of nature, fascination with death, and nostalgia for the past. The movement emerged in reaction to Enlightenment rationalism and neoclassicism, placing greater importance on emotion and intuition over reason. Romanticism influenced art, music, literature and political thought and had its peak in Europe from 1800 to 1840.
Art in the 19th century went through several major movements that reflected the social and political changes of the time. Romanticism emphasized emotion and individualism as a reaction to Neoclassicism. Realism emerged in response to the failures of 1848 and problems of industrialization, aiming to accurately depict reality. Impressionism focused on light and color, using short brushstrokes. Post-Impressionism and Symbolism explored new techniques. Modernism broke from tradition incorporating nature and technology. New materials like iron and glass influenced architecture.
1. Michelangelo was born in 1475 in Florence and showed artistic talent from a young age, apprenticing under Ghirlandaio as a painter and studying sculpture despite his father's objections to art as a profession.
2. As a sculptor, Michelangelo is renowned for works like the Pietà and David, and as a painter he spent years frescoing the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
3. Throughout his career Michelangelo struggled with the physical toll of his artistic process and perfectionism, seeing himself first as a sculptor though making major contributions in both sculpture and painting.
This document provides an overview of Romanticism in painting. It discusses how Romanticism valued depictions of nature as sublime and awe-inspiring. Key characteristics included a focus on individual genius and emotion, as well as opposition to classical norms and industrialization. The document explores works by Romantic painters like Caspar David Friedrich, J.M.W. Turner, Theodore Gericault, and Eugene Delacroix that capture feelings of melancholy, mystery, and the power of nature through their dramatic landscapes and scenes. It also notes Romanticism's influence on later artistic periods and questions whether Romantic ideals still exist today.
Most famous paintings of the renaissanceLola García
The document discusses 10 of the most famous paintings from the Renaissance period. It provides context that the Renaissance was a time of rebirth and revival in many areas including art. It then briefly describes each of the 10 paintings, including details like the artist, year created, subject matter, and significance. Some of the most prominent paintings mentioned are the Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci, The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, and The School of Athens by Raphael.
Postimpressionism developed in the late 19th century as artists reacted against Impressionism by focusing more on structure, expression, and personal styles rather than just capturing light. Key characteristics included a return to the importance of drawing, capturing expression as well as light, and using color and form to define space. Major postimpressionist artists included Paul Cezanne, whose works emphasized geometry and volume; Vincent van Gogh, whose expressive and emotionally charged works with thick brushstrokes influenced expressionism; and Paul Gauguin, who simplified compositions and used strong colors influenced by Symbolism and the exoticism of Tahiti.
Romanticism and Realism in European and American art from 1800 to 1870 saw the rise of Romanticism as an artistic style focusing on emotion, nature, and the irrational. It contrasted with earlier Neoclassicism. Realism emerged in the mid-19th century focusing on contemporary social themes and lives of the working classes in a realistic style. Major artists included Goya, Delacroix, Courbet, Manet, and Eakins. Landscape painting flourished. Photography was invented in this period, documenting society in a new realistic medium. Architecture revived historical styles like Gothic. The Pre-Raphaelites focused on medieval themes.
The document provides an overview of several major artistic periods and styles between the 16th and 18th centuries in Europe, including Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo. [1] Mannerism emphasized style over substance and featured twisted figures. [2] Baroque art was characterized by bright colors, dramatic emotions, and grand themes as seen in the works of Bernini and Rubens. [3] Rococo emerged in the 18th century as a lighter and more delicate offshoot of Baroque featuring pastoral scenes and pastel colors.
The Romantic Movement was a revolt against classicism and rationalism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Romantics valued emotion, individualism, nature, and history over order and reason. They stressed imagination and spontaneity in their literature, art, and music. Some key figures were Wordsworth, Coleridge, Delacroix, and Beethoven.
Neoclassicism began in the late 18th century as a reaction against Rococo styles and was adopted by leaders of the French Revolution who wanted to associate themselves with the stability and heroism of ancient Greek and Roman styles. Jacques-Louis David was a leading Neoclassical painter who appealed to republican sentiments with works like Oath of the Horatii. Romanticism emerged in reaction to Enlightenment rationalism and the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing emotion, imagination, and individualism in the arts. Romantic painters like Gericault, Delacroix, and Friedrich focused on landscapes, mythology, and exotic subjects to convey intense emotions.
This document provides an overview of the 17th century Baroque period from 1600-1800. Some key points:
- In the early 1600s, Rome was the leader of the Baroque style, though Baroque arrived later in France due to strict classicism. France later emerged as a major cultural center under Louis XIV.
- The latter half of the period saw the Enlightenment and French Revolution. Rococo style rose as Baroque ended. Neoclassicism followed the Enlightenment with a focus on antiquity.
- The 18th century saw the rise and fall of Rococo style and the emergence of Neoclassicism and later Romanticism, which emphasized emotion and individuality over reason.
The document provides an overview of developments in France and Europe between 1600-1800. During this period, France emerged as a major power under the rule of absolutist monarchs like Louis XIV. The Baroque style originated in Rome and spread across Europe, though France maintained a neoclassical style for much of the 17th century. The 18th century saw the rise of Rococo art, as well as the Enlightenment and Neoclassical movements, before Romanticism developed by the late 1700s.
Romanticism emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism, emphasizing individual expression and emotion. Romantic artists found inspiration in nature, the Middle Ages, and dreams/nightmares. They explored political and social themes. Major works include Géricault's Raft of the Medusa, Goya's Third of May 1808, and Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People. Architecture revived Gothic styles. Turner and Friedrich captured the sublime in nature. Photography was invented during this period.
William Wordsworth takes a boat out on a lake one summer evening. As he rows across the water, enjoying the natural scenery, a large black peak suddenly emerges from the horizon. It towers over him and seems to pursue his boat, filling him with fear and trembling. He quickly returns to shore and leaves his boat, going home in a grave and serious mood. For many days after, his mind remains in a state of darkness and uncertainty as he ponders the experience and its implications about the mysterious nature of existence.
Neoclassicism developed in the late 18th century due to renewed interest in classical antiquity inspired by ideals of the Enlightenment. It spread through Europe during this time period. Neoclassicism emphasized geometry, rationality, and morality found in classical Greek and Roman art and architecture. It was particularly appealing during the French and American Revolutions as these ancient cultures represented ideals of liberty, civic virtue, and sacrifice. A leading Neoclassical painter, Jacques-Louis David, depicted heroic stories from antiquity to inspire virtue through his emotionally restrained and geometrically organized compositions.
romanticisim in inglish for bilinguals.pptxssuser13775c
This document provides an overview of Neoclassicism and Romanticism in art. Neoclassicism emerged in the 18th century and was inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art, emphasizing simplicity and rational thought. Romanticism began in the late 18th century as a reaction against Neoclassicism, focusing on emotion, nature, and nationalism. The document discusses characteristics of Neoclassicism and Romanticism in architecture, painting, and sculpture, providing examples such as Jacques-Louis David's neoclassical painting "The Death of Marat" and Eugène Delacroix's romantic painting "Liberty Leading the People."
ARTS OF THE NEOCLASSIC AND ROMANTIC PERIOD.pptxReyna775976
The document summarizes the key characteristics and major artists of the Neoclassic and Romantic periods in Europe between 1780-1910. Neoclassicism was inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman art and portrayed historical Roman themes through formal compositions and structures. Major artists included Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Romanticism embraced emotion, nature, and social issues through dramatic compositions and heightened sensations. Key Romantic artists were Théodore Géricault, Eugène Delacroix, Francisco Goya, and François Rude. Both periods influenced architecture through styles like Temple, Palladian, and Gothic Revival.
How Art Works Week 9: Revolutionism Case Studies: Romanticism ImpressionismDeborahJ
Romanticism emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. Key aspects of Romanticism included a focus on emotion, nature, individualism, imagination, exoticism, and revolution. Notable Romantic artists and works included David's Napoleon at Saint-Bernard, Delacroix's Arabs Skirmishing in the Mountains, Blake's Newton as a divine geometer, Turner's Rain, Steam and Speed, and Constable's Flatford Mill. The Impressionists in the late 19th century, such as Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Cassatt, painted everyday life and focused on the
Here are the answers to the identification questions:
1. Francisco Goya
2. The Third of May
3. Liberty Leading the People
4. Juan Luna
5. Fernando Cueto Amorsolo
6. Guillermo Estrella Tolentino
7. Napoleon Isabelo Veloso Abueva
8. U.P. Oblation
The two architects who used Neogothic style are:
29. Charles Barry
30. James Renwick
The five Neoclassicism and Romantic artists of the Philippines are:
31. Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla
32. Juan Luna y Novicio
33. Fernando Cueto Amors
The document provides an overview of artistic styles and movements from Rococo in the early 18th century through Romanticism. It traces how Rococo emphasized delicate forms and pastoral themes but gave way to Neoclassicism during the Enlightenment which praised Greek and Roman antiquity. The Industrial Revolution and French Revolution led to further changes, with Romanticism emerging in reaction to Neoclassicism by emphasizing emotion, imagination, and the individual over reason. Key artists discussed include Watteau, Fragonard, David, Géricault, Delacroix, and Blake.
The Romantic period in English literature began in 1798 with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Some key aspects of Romanticism included an emphasis on emotion and imagination over reason, a focus on individual experiences and common people, and an interest in nature. Major Romantic poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Keats were influenced by political events like the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution as well as the beauty of the natural world.
he Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.
Slideshow complements Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Global) textbooks. Prepared for ART 102 - Montgomery County Community College - Jean Thobaben - Adjunct Instructor.
This document provides an overview of mid-19th century art and architecture, focusing on the rise of realism alongside technological developments of the Industrial Revolution. Key points include:
- The increasing use of iron in architecture, seen in buildings like the Crystal Palace and Eiffel Tower, enabled new construction possibilities.
- Realist works depicted everyday subjects and the working classes in a truthful, unidealized manner. Artists included Courbet, Millet, Daumier, Eakins, and Homer.
- Photography influenced realism by providing reference for accurate depictions.
- Developments in transportation like trains contributed to industrial and economic changes in society.
- The Arts and Crafts movement
Romanticism was a 19th century cultural movement that emphasized individualism, emotion, and nature. It emerged in response to industrialization and coincided with political upheavals like the French Revolution. Romantic artists rejected conventions and explored human experiences and nature's power. Some key themes included glorifying nature, valuing emotion over reason, and giving voice to the oppressed. Romantic literature featured works like Gothic novels and poems by English poets like Wordsworth who celebrated nature. Romantic paintings also emphasized nature's power and themes of political change.
Romanticism was an artistic movement from 1800-1810 that sought to express emotion through paintings. Artists embraced themes like nature, history, and social injustice. Jean Louis Theodore Gericault and Eugene Delacroix were influential French Romantic painters known for works like The Raft of the Medusa and Liberty Leading the People. They used techniques like contrasting colors. Landscape painting also grew more popular as artists expressed nature's romantic appeal, including painters Theodore Rousseau and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.
Romanticism was a 19th century artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature. It saw a shift from reason to emotion and imagination. Romantic artists often depicted intense emotions, untamed nature, exotic locales, and the supernatural. They also celebrated individual genius and originality of expression. Some key Romantic artists included Eugène Delacroix, Théodore Géricault, Francisco Goya, and Caspar David Friedrich who are known for their dramatic landscapes and emotionally charged subjects.
This document discusses the artistic movements of Neoclassicism, Romanticism, and Realism. Neoclassicism drew inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman art and emphasized rationality and order. Romanticism was an emotional reaction that valued intuition and nature. Realism depicted everyday subjects and social issues in a realistic style. The document provides examples of major artists from each movement like David, Friedrich, and Courbet. It describes how Realism grew out of Romanticism but focused on ordinary people and scenes instead of the idealized.
WK 10 & 11 - 18th Century, Early Classical Period Opera, VOcal, Instrumental.pptAlicia Wallace
This document provides an overview of classical music and culture in the 18th century. It discusses the development of classical style with influences from galant and empfindsam styles. It describes the political and economic changes in Europe during this period including the American and French Revolutions. The Enlightenment is discussed as an influence on education, the arts, and music. Specific genres of classical music are then outlined including opera buffa, opera seria, and reforms to opera. The development of instrumental music such as the string quartet and sonata are also mentioned.
Similar to Realism, Romanticism, Impressionism Art His Presentation Lois, Pam, Zach, SS (20)
2. What is Romanticism?
• Began in Germany and England
• Entered Europe in 19th century
• Deeply connected with politics and was the
voice of changes that Europe went through
3. Origins of Romanticism
• Folklore and popular art
• Nationalism
• Shakespeare
• Gothic romance
• Medievalism
• Emotions
• Religion
• Individualism
• Nature
• Victorianism
4. Impressionism
• Originated in France in the last quarter of 18th
century as a reaction against traditional art
and its strict rules
• Concentrated on the impression produced by
a scene or object
• A lot of colours
• Little details
5. Impressionism
• More of a state of mind than a technique
• ‘Sunrise’ by Claude Monet
Sunrise, by Claude Monet
8. 19th century France
• Begin with French Revolution and ended with
outbreak of WWI
• By the end of 19th century, sense of national
identity increased
9. Social Climate of 19th century France
• 2nd most populated country in Europe in early
19th century, but experienced a drop in
population in second half of 19th century
• Immigration
10. Social climate of 19th century France
• Education:
– literacy rate increased drastically.
– Education improved.
• Religion:
– less stress in the importance of religion
11. Political climate in 19th century
France
• Urbanization and industrialization
• In brief:
– 1804-1814: First French Empire under Napoleon
– 1814-1830: Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X
– 1830-1848: July Monarchy under Louis Philippe d’Orleans
– 1848-1852: Second Republic
– 1852-1871: Second Empire under Napoleon III
– 1871-1940: first decades of the Third Republic
12. 1804-1814: First French Empire
under Napoleon
• Napoleon named First Consul
for life
• Empire was authoritarian and
freedom restricted
• Control over religion
• Invasion of other countries
• Napoleon abducted as emperor
and Louis XVIII installed as King
of France
13. 1814-1830: Restoration under Louis
XVIII and Charles X
• Louis XVIII ended more
than 2 decades of war,
peace treaty imposed
• Charles X of France more
conservative.
• People unhappy and forced
Charles X of France to flee.
• Louis-Philippe took over as
King of the French, not King
of France Louis XVIII
14. 1830-1848:
July Monarchy under Louis Philippe
d’Orleans
• Liberal monarchy
• Importance given to
middle class people
instead of the wealthy
and noble
15. 1848-1852:
Second Republic
• New constitution adopted
• Executive power given to
President of the Republic
• Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
as president
16. 1852-1871: Second Empire under
Napoleon III
• Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte suddenly seized
power from the government and declared
himself Napoleon III
• On the surface, France faced economical
success but Napoleon’s regime was
threatened to be brought down
17. 1871-1940:
first decades of the Third Republic
• Accidental and unloved republic
• Politically unstable
• Period of imperial expansion and scientific and
artistic achievement.
• McMahon, a republican, assigned as
President. Monarchist unhappy.
18. 1871-1940:
first decades of the Third Republic
• Scandals: Boulanger Affair, the Panama Scandal, the
Dreyfus Affair, struggle between church and state.
• However, also known as the Belle Epoque (Beautiful
period)
– Paris became center of Fashion and culture
– Impressionist school of painting
– Music and writing
– Scientific and technological achievements
19. 19th Century Europe
• Feminist ideas and social
movements emerged.
• Feminist ideas fueled by social,
intellectual, political, economic
and cultural transformation in
Europe
• Romanticism also helped in the
feminist movement
• Revolution of 1840 created
opportunities
20. 19th century Europe
• Democratic government
• More people could vote (First, working class
men, then gradually, women)
• Ideas of equality, cooperation, democracy and
shared prosperity
22. Eugene Delacroix
• One of the greatest and most
influential French painters
• Romanticism art style
• Use of colours influenced
impressionist painters
• Used rough but swinging brush
strokes, experimented with light and
colours, neglected proper use of
perspective
• More than 850 paintings, and more
than 2000 drawings, murals and other
works. Illustrated books.
• Subjects: Classical battles
23. Eugene Delacroix
The Women of Algiers Borders Christ on Lake Genesareth
Louis d’Orleans showing
his mistress
The Battle of Taillebourg
25. Liberty Leading the People
• July Revolution of 1830, when Charles X of
France was toppled
• Delacroix’s best known work
• In brief: women’s image used to represent
divine purity but in social context, women
treated with little personal liberty. Delacroix
vision of ‘liberty’ connect 2 different worlds.
Shows his romantic spirit.
26. Liberty Leading the People
• 3 methods used to examine Delacroix’s work
and how it relates to the social-political
climate of the 19th century France/ Europe.
By:
– Erwin Panofsky
– Heinrich Wolffin
– Arnold Hauser
27. Erwin Panofsky
Pre-iconographical
• What we see in the painting
• Large canvas with group of armed individuals
• Female figure
• Young boy waving hands equipped with guns
• Armed men with rifles, pistols and sabers
• Individual trying to rise up
• Silhouettes of buildings in fuzzy landscape
• Notre Dame Church
28. Erwin Panofsky
Iconographical Analysis
• Pyramid composition draws attention
to the female
• Liberty- Sculpture Nike of Samothrace
• Liberty- represents women who
fought alongside men during July
Revolt
29. Erwin Panofsky
Iconographical Analysis
• Young boy- new generation who fought
against ruling authorities
• Left of painting- French society, different
social class fighting alongside one another
30. Erwin Panofsky
Iconographical Analysis
• Man with top hat- revolutionary middle class
• Crawling character- French Republic trying to rise
again
• Dead man- sacrifices have to be made
31. Erwin Panofsky
Iconographical Analysis
• Dead soldiers on the right- fall of King Charles
X
32. Erwin Panofsky
Iconographical Interpretation
• Emphasize of the
female character
• Reflection of troubles
of the civil disorder
33. Heinrich Wolffin
Use of colour
• Various dark tone, but red, white and blue
prevails.
• France lives on
34. Arnold Hauser’s
Interpretation
• Perception of historical truth regulated though
social conditions
• Socio-political situation in France, painting
represents social discontent
• Each character a specific social issue
35. Arnold Hauser’s
Interpretation
• Man in top hat- lack of unity and hesitation
• Young boy- young, bored with insufficiency of
changing governments. Poor and homeless.
• Left of painting- people ready to reconstitute
republican values
37. J.M.W Turner
• Famous English romantic landscape and marine
artist.
• Works gradually show less form and more effects of
light and color.
• More and more interested in natural and
atmospheric elements.
Dido building Carthage, 1815 Rain, Speed and Steam, 1844
38. What was the
19th century UK/Europe like?
• 1801 – 1900
• Victorian era
• Ongoing industrial revolution/2nd phase of
industrial revolution: resulted mainly in
Population boom
Economic boom
41. Battle of Trafalgar, 1806
The Battle of
Trafalgar, as Seen
from the Mizen
Starboard Shrouds of
the Victory
1806, oil on canvas
42. The Fighting Temeraine, 1838
The Fighting
Temeraire tugged
to her last Berth to
be Broken up
1838, oil on
canvas
43. The Slave Ship, 1840
Slavers Throwing
Overboard the
Dead and Dying-
Typho[o]n Coming
on
1840, oil on canvas
44. Peace – Burial at sea, 1842
Peace-Burial at Sea
1841, oil on canvas
45. Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844
Rain, Steam,
Speed
1844, Oil on
Canvas
46. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
How realism came about?
• Royal Academy supported age-old belief that art should be:
-morally uplifting
-refined
-inspired by the Classical tradition
-good reflection of culture
-beauty
• Trying to keep young 19th century artists’ eyes on the past became an
issue.
• World changing rapidly artists wanted work to be about their
environment, about themselves, their perceptions of life
47. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
• They believed modern era deserved to have modern art
• During Industrial Revolution in late 18th century, basic necessities
were modernised. Modern life was about social mixing, social
mobility, and generally faster pace.
• With such progress, paintings and sculptures about Classical gods
and biblical stories cannot relate to a population keeping up with
this progress.
• Therefore, Social Realism developed to go against idealism and the
exaggerated ego of Romanticism.
48. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
• Effects of Industrial Revolution became apparent gap widened
between rich and poor.
• With a sense of social consciousness, Social Realists pledged
to “fight the beautiful art”.
• They focused on ugly realities of life and sympathized with
working-class people (esp. poor).
• They recorded and painted what they saw (“as it existed”).
49. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
What exactly is Realism?
• Realism movement in French art is an artistic movement.
• Flourished from about 1840 until the late 19th century.
• Sought to convey truthful and objective vision of current
life.
• Usually depicts social and racial injustice, economic
hardship, through unvarnished pictures of life's struggles.
50. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
Neo-classicism & Romanticism VS. Realism
51. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
Gustave Courbet
• Gustave Courbet, set himself up as
the leader for a new art: Realism.
• He believed that if he could not see
something, he should not paint it.
• He decided that his art should have a
social consciousness
to awaken self-involved Parisian
to social concerns.
52. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
• To achieve honest and straightforward depiction of life, he
avoided idealized academic technique and employed a
deliberately simple style, which seemed crude to many critics.
• He created controversy by addressing social issues in his
work, and painting subjects which considered vulgar (e.g.
bourgeoisie, peasants, working conditions of poor).
• He believed that only possible source for a living art is the
artist's own experience.
53. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
Courbet returns art to those who know about life, not those who have been
trained or educated to comment upon it. He relegates it to where it
started out hundreds of years ago. Discuss this in relation to ‘Realism’.
• During French revolution, gap between rich and poor widened.
• Art at that time depicts wealth and superiority of the past,
thus seemed as though art was made for the rich.
• Romanticism, which was optimistic about mankind could not
relate to middle-class and poor.
• Art at that time only relates to the rich (upper class) and
seemed to specifically be created for them.
54. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
• Through Realism, Courbet wanted Art to portray the real
things and depicts current situation of society, NOT idealised
characters or scenes.
• He wanted to return art to people who actually experience it
and know about life.
• He wanted Art to be not just for the rich but also for the poor.
• He created art that the poor could understand and relate to
and at the same time create a social awareness in the society.
55. Realism and the Painting of Modern Life
• Thus, through Realism, Courbet offered a stark vision of
poverty and despair.
His art did not focus on beauty but ugly side of the real
situation at that time.
• He made Art the way it used to be hundreds of years ago,
when everyone can appreciate and relate to it.
57. 18th to 19th Century France
• Industrial revolution
• Gap between classes widens
• ¾ Frenchmen lived by farming
• Art was dominated by renaissance
• Idealized Paintings
• High art executed in the grand manner
• Art serves the rich and powerful
59. The Upper Class
• Rich and powerful
• Art only affordable to them
• See themselves as leaders of France
• Believes it’s the golden age of Europe
• Chose to ignore the problems of lower class
69. The Stonebreakers
• Unflattering realism
• Revolutionary in art
• Confrontational in contents
• Indictment of the prevailing economic/
political system
• Birth of Realism in art
70. Realism
• Defiance from the status quo of art
• Heralded a general move away from the 'ideal'
towards the ordinary
• depict real-life situations stripped of
aesthetics and universal truths
71. Public responses
• Courbet was called the murderer of art
• Works deemed ugly
• Rejected for exhibitions
• Denunciations from critics
• “Engine of revolution”
75. 1856
• Courbet visited Germany
• Welcomed by the artistic community
• Undisputed leader of the new generation of
French realist movement
76. Realism rise in recognition
• Public starts to tolerate realism
• Inspired artist of Impressionisms, literature,
and performing arts
77. Realism rise in recognition
• Works of realism and Impressionism was
allowed for display once again
• Realism took over romanticism art and idealist
• Beginning of an new era in art history
78. Fate of The Stonebreakers
• Destroyed during world war 2 near Dresden,
bombed by Allied forces in Feb 1945
• Though the painting is destroyed, the
influence carries on till today
• Root of modernism
79. “True realism consists in revealing the
surprising things which habit keeps covered
and prevents us from seeing.”
Jean Cocteau
80. “Art is a lie that makes us realize truth.”
Pablo Picasso
82. Photos
Delacroix
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix
Delacroix
http://www.artunframed.com/delacroix.htm
Dido building carthage:
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/img/turner-dido-building-
carthage-NG498-fm.jpg
Flag of France
http://graafix.blogspot.com/2011/05/wallpapers-flag-of-france.html
Frightened Horse
http://www.prints.co.nz/page/fine-art/PROD/1225
Gustave Courbet
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-
s01/boheme/courbet.htm
83. Photos
Delacroix
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix
Delacroix
http://www.artunframed.com/delacroix.htm
Dido building carthage:
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/img/turner-dido-building-
carthage-NG498-fm.jpg
Flag of France
http://graafix.blogspot.com/2011/05/wallpapers-flag-of-france.html
Frightened Horse
http://www.prints.co.nz/page/fine-art/PROD/1225
Gustave Courbet
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-
s01/boheme/courbet.htm
84. Impresionistic art
http://www.galleryartcenter.com/art/Impresionistic_art.html
Impressionist paintings
http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/50-impressionist-paintings.htm
Impressionist seascape
http://www.bridgat.com/files/18th_Century_American_Impressionist_Seasca
pe.jpg
Impression, sunrise
http://blogs.cornell.edu/stap_kj83/
Impression-sunrise
http://modernart2011.blogspot.com/2011/02/impression-sunrise.html
John Constable, View on the Stour near Dedham 1822
http://toffsworld.com/lifestyle/art-information/romanticism-constable/
85. Liberty leading the people
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberty_Leading_the_People.jpg
Louis XVIII and Napoleon
http://blog.catherinedelors.com/louis-xviii-and-napoleon-the-king-and-the-
emperor/
Napoleon
http://www.french-at-a-touch.com/French_History/napoleon_i_1804-
1814.htm
Peace – Burial at sea :
http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999996&workid=14
784&searchid=10534&tabview=image
Plymouth over Mount Batten:
http://media.artfinder.com/works/r/vanda/6/6/7/78766_full_570x374.jpg
86. Self portrait (Turner):
http://www.artble.com/imgs/e/d/0/45775/joseph_mallord_william_turner.jp
g
Sunrise
http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~MidLink/Impress.html
Snow effect by Camille Pissarro
http://site.artsheaven.com/blog/2011/08/famous-impressionist-artists-of-
the-19th-century/
The battle of Trafalgar 1806 :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1806).jpg
The battle of Trafalgar 1822:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg
The fighting temeraine:
http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/turner/paintings/temeraire.html
87. The Stone Breakers
http://www.usc.edu/schools/annenberg/asc/projects/comm544/library/imag
es/162.html
The Stone Breakers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Breakers
The Stone Breakers
http://streamsandforests.wordpress.com/2010/06/15/the-stone-breakers/
The Stone Breakers – Gustave Courbet
http://kdigital.tumblr.com/post/357145975/the-stonebreakers-gustave-
courbet
The women of Algiers
http://judaica-art.com/art-masterpieces-by-artist/euga-ne-delacroix/eugene-
delacroix-the-women-of-algiers-fine-art-oil-painting-gallery/prod_1907.html
19th century france
http://www.littlesisters.org/history.html
88. Research - Websites
Bobbie, “Joseph William Turner”, <
http://www.hoocher.com/Joseph_William_Turner/Joseph_William_Turner.ht
m >, Consulted July 10, 2010
Brians, Paul, “Socialism”, <
http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/socialism.html >, Consulted March
28, 2005
Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “France”, <
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/40437/The-
Second-Republic-and-Second-Empire >, consulted October 31, 2011
Ellen, “J.M.W. Turner”, < http://www.ellensplace.net/turner4.html >,
Consulted September 8, 2005
Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism". In Heilbrunn Timeline
of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. <
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October 2004
89. Fischer Katie, “Courbet, Manet and Modernity”, <
http://evergreen.loyola.edu/brnygren/www/Honors/modernity.htm >,
Consulted April 28, 2009
Geerte, “July Monarchy (1830-1848)”, <
http://19thcentury.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/july-monarchy-1830-1848/ >,
consulted July 20, 2008
Gersh-Nesic, Beth, “ Realism ”, <
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Hoving, Thomas, “J.M.W. Turner, One of A Kind, Once and Forever”, <
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Consulted July 1, 2008
Hudelson, “Movements in Late Nineteenth Century Art”, <
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Consulted June 8, 2005
90. Landow, George P., “J.M.W.Turner’s Slave Ship”, <
http://www.victorianweb.org/art/crisis/crisis4e.html >, Consulted July 15,
2007
Lynn University, “Realism”, <
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/painting/modernity/realism/reali
sm/realism.htm >, Consulted April 29, 2003
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2007
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>, Consulted October 14, 2002
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Consulted October 30, 2011
91. Research - Websites
Bobbie, “Joseph William Turner”, <
http://www.hoocher.com/Joseph_William_Turner/Joseph_William_Turner.ht
m >, Consulted July 10, 2010
Brians, Paul, “Socialism”, <
http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/socialism.html >, Consulted March
28, 2005
Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “France”, <
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/40437/The-
Second-Republic-and-Second-Empire >, consulted October 31, 2011
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Consulted September 8, 2005
Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism". In Heilbrunn Timeline
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October 2004
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and Social Movements Influenced the Emergence of Feminism in the Atlantic
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>, consulted Spring 2002
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2011
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10, 2005
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Bobbie, “Joseph William Turner”, <
http://www.hoocher.com/Joseph_William_Turner/Joseph_William_Turner.ht
m >, Consulted July 10, 2010
Brians, Paul, “Socialism”, <
http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/socialism.html >, Consulted March
28, 2005
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Second-Republic-and-Second-Empire >, consulted October 31, 2011
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Consulted September 8, 2005
Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism". In Heilbrunn Timeline
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October 2004
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century >,
Consulted October 30, 2011
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Wikipedia, “Social Realism”, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism
>, Consulted October 31, 2011
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September 23, 2011
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8, 2010
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Consulted April 2010