Zheng He's inscription describes how the Emperor ordered Zheng He to lead over 100 ships to distant lands to demonstrate China's virtue and kindness. The fleet was intended to establish Chinese power and prestige in the Indian Ocean region through tributary missions and trade, without seeking to conquer or colonize. However, after Zheng He's voyages ended in 1433, China withdrew from maritime exploration and turned inward, forgoing the opportunity to build a naval empire.
he Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.
The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
he Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.
The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
erican cultures. Between A.D. 1345 and 1521, the Aztecs forged an empire over much of the central Mexican highlands. ... The Nahuatl speaking peoples began as poor hunter-gatherers in northern Mexico, in a place known to them as Aztlan.
erican cultures. Between A.D. 1345 and 1521, the Aztecs forged an empire over much of the central Mexican highlands. ... The Nahuatl speaking peoples began as poor hunter-gatherers in northern Mexico, in a place known to them as Aztlan.
Crear una empresa no es una tarea fácil, requiere de mucho papeleo, financiación, contactos, pero algo muy importante a la hora de emprender es mantener una actitud positiva.
¿Quieres saber cómo crear una startup con éxito? sigue estos 5 consejos para llevar a cabo tu idea de negocio de la mejor forma posible.
Chapter 12 Ways of the World, Worlds of 15th century S Sandoval
AP World History / Ways of the World second edition by Robert W. Strayer. Summary of Chapter 12 An Age of Accelerating Connections 500-1500, The worlds of the fifteenth century.
Chapter 11 Mongol Monument Empire - Ways of the World AP World History BookS Sandoval
Summary of Chapter 11 from AP World History book, Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer. Chapter 11 Pastoral peoples on the global stage: Mongol Monument 1200-1500
W4L4Mobile Communities The Huns and the MongolsIn a histo.docxmelbruce90096
W4L4
Mobile Communities: The Huns and the Mongols
In a history of the world over thousands of years, a simplified approach is crucial to getting a glimpse of global developments. Many textbooks look at the rise and fall of specific empires. Yet, the history of civilization is not merely the wave-like rise and fall of imperial power. There were Celtic peoples in Europe who lived outside of the Roman Empire who existed before the Roman occupation. Settlements in Africa, North and South America, and the Pacific Islands have long, complicated histories. Yet because they did not grow into over-large and influential imperial powerhouses, textbooks covering world history often neglect to mention them.
Perhaps a book that covered every single community with a unique collection of traditions and cultural mores would be impossibly long. Yet empires interacted with many peoples, and not all of those interactions favored the larger armies. The Han Dynasty of China reached out to consolidate power among settlements throughout Chinese borders. However, as people outside of China roamed around, seeking new areas for settlement and resources for their communities, they encountered the authority of the Han Dynasty. Fierce battles ensued. One protective approach taken by the Chinese Empire was to build the awesome 1500-mile-long Great Wall. Emperor Wen sent battalions along the wall to repel invading groups. This double approach successfully repelled the Xiognu people from the north. But who were they, and why were they willing to risk life and limb to come into Chinese territory?
Huns
The Xiognu People have many names. Also known as the Hsiung-nu and the Hun Guren, they are possibly best known as the Huns who eventually invaded the Roman Empire in the third and fourth centuries. They are depicted as nomads who tended flocks of sheep and other domesticated animals. Their work with animals allowed them to develop a strong tradition of artful horseback riding. As warriors, this skill with horses made them formidable foes and determined invaders. They prized actions of courage and bravery. Protecting each other was the goal of every responsible adult member of their group.
The Huns developed strong cultural ties through a tradition of wrought metals, jewelry, weapons, and tools for daily life. Commitment to their group was of extreme importance as this group traveled with their animals to new areas for feeding and grazing. There is some evidence that they created a dual-level society that prized egalitarian virtues among the able-bodied adults, both male and female, while also building on a slave class that performed menial tasks – much like the Greeks and Romans. As a nomadic society, though, the Huns left behind mixed evidence for their social organization and much of these theories are subject to debate among scholars. Even the basic argument that the Huns and the Xiognu were probably the same people cannot be proved for sure. We know that they both had simila.
11216 Syllabus overviewPrimary vs secondary sources11416.docxhyacinthshackley2629
1/12/16
Syllabus overview
Primary vs secondary sources
1/14/16
Ren. and Recon. In Red White and Black (Johnson 2-2; Brinkley Chapter 1)
Image: romantic view of Columbus setting foot in the new world
I. Intro Big Themes
II. The world ca. 15th century
III. Portuguese Beginnings
IV. Columbus the 1st Conquistador
America Discovery
Norse occupation of upper Canada during the middle ages
Basque fishermen fishing off of the New England and Upper Canada
Population estimates of 15-50 million of Native American descent in 1492
15th century = 1400s
Looking at the world during the 1400s, with broad brushstrokes laying out some of the rpe conditions for conquest in the hew world.
What were the goals and provisions of the Europeans that instigated them breaking from tradition and setting out to discover.
The real pioneers were the Portuguese, outside of brazil they do not have a large presence in the New World
Big Themes:
Conquest changed everything, most momentous single event that historians can think of. It changed the fortunes of the entire globe.
In the 15th century Europe was emerging from the middle ages, sometimes refered to as the dark ages and as prospering especially in maritime states, such as Genoa where Columbus was born. It was however a sideshow of the economic worlds wealth. Much of the worlds trading systems was being traded across land or hugging the coasts between Europe and the far east. Along the silk roads. Europe lay at the very end of these roads.
By being at the end of the roads Europe was on the periphery. This changed with the age of exploration.
Exploration completely changed the map of the world. What Europeans changed despite the map was to create an Atlantic system of trade and commerce, sometimes referred to as the Triangle Trade. Trade between Europe-Africa-New World (N. and S. America and the Caribbean)
The rise of the west was built on this Atlantic system. The fortunes of Europe over the next 500 years will be laid economically, politically, militarily, etc. in the colonial outposts in the New World.
Effects dramatic in other locations as well.
Africa will export slaves to work vast plantations, mining facilities, as well as other things that were done to produce wealth. The fortunes of Africans thus will be dramatically transformed.
No less dramatic to Native Americans 15-50 million indigenous inhabitants of N. and S. America. It has been estimated that a figure as high as 90% died within a century of Columbus’s ‘discovery.’
The first group that Europeans hope to enslave are N. Americans and some die from overwork, and labor.
Most die due to disease-smallpox, etc.
For peoples of Asia and Middle East will see their fortunes change in particular to that of Europe. Prior to the discoveries the east was the center of the knowledge, wealth and power, with the Middle East as Middle men in the trade routes also benefitting.
With the development of the trade routes these centers of power would diminish
Q: did the.
Worlds ApartAbdulrahman AlbasariDr. Dana M. ReemesHistory .docxambersalomon88660
Worlds Apart
Abdulrahman Albasari
Dr. Dana M. Reemes
History 110A-04
05/13/16
In the ninth and early tenth centuries, after the collapse of Teotihuacan, the central valley of Mexico was divided between many powers. It was only the emergence of Toltecs and Mexica that delivered unification in the area again. The Toltecs started migrating in Mexico at around eight century. They came from an arid land and settled in a new area called Tula. Tula is an important place for the Toltec’s development of their weaving poetry, and obsidian work. The place served as their center of trade between Toltecs and the other places in Mesoamerica. By the end of twelfth century, many civil conflict and nomadic incursion destroyed Tula and eventually caused the destruction of the Toltecs.
One of the migrating groups that entered Tula is Mexica. Its people are also often called Aztecs for being part of the alliance that built the Aztec empire. In 1345, the group settled in a “marshy region of Lake Texcoco and found that city that would become their capital –Tenochtitlan.” The Mexica defeated many of its opposing tribes and started its empire. It conquered nearby cities including those in the gulf coast. The group then formed an alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan creating a powerful empire called Aztec empire.
The Mexica society was formal and “rigidly hierarchical.” The power division is so defined that they were able to establish good warriors who strictly follow orders. The same goes with the priests of the group. They have defined roles and power structure. Having a strong sense of spirituality, the Mexica society put utmost importance to their priests. They bear many rituals which includes bloodletting and sacrificial killing. Also, women in their society do not hold big power and are only limited for child-bearing.
On the other part of the globe, North American societies developed “rich variety of political, social, and cultural tradition.” They depended so much in agriculture and fishing making their people mastered the craft of cultivating and fish catching. Through woodlands and mound of earth they created infrastructures meant for dwelling and burial. The trade system in the region is also well-developed through rivers. Through these rivers, they also developed communication between nearby areas.
There are also empires in South America that developed their own social system. After the twelfth century, the “kingdom of Chucuito dominated the highlands region around Lake Titicaca. The group depended on the cultivation of potatoes and herding of llamas and alpacas. Another group is the Kingdom of Chimu which is a powerful society. Both the Chucuito and Chimu ruled Andean South America. Yet, the two kingdoms eventually fall under the domination of the societies of Incas.
The Incas started to be one of the many people inhabiting the region around Lake Titicaca. In 1438, the group launched military campaigns and expanded its authority. Under the Inca admin.
C H A P T E RT H R E EEmpires, States, and the New Worl.docxclairbycraft
C H A P T E R T H R E E
Empires, States, and the New World, 1500–1775
In the period from 1500 to 1775, many of the ways in which the world was or- ganized began to change. First and foremost, most parts of the world were drawn into regular, ongoing contact in ways that had never happened in the past. Where previously there had been several “worlds” in the world—the Chinese world, the Indian Ocean world, the Mediterranean world, and the Americas, as yet unknown to Europeans, Asians, or Africans—after 1500 two new links drew the entire globe into a single world for the first time. The voy- age of Christopher Columbus in 1492 opened up the New World and estab- lished new relations among the Americas, Europe, and Africa. But there was also a less well-known Pacific route linking the New World to China after the Spanish established a colony in the Philippines in 1571. These new linkages led to the exchange around the world of commodities, ideas, germs, foods, and people, in the process creating a dynamic but also very peculiar kind of New World, quite different from the Old (that is, Afro-Eurasia). We can eas- ily think of these sixteenth-century developments as the “first globalization.” A second large process was the continued growth and vitality of empires throughout Eurasia. In the sixteenth century, empires remained the most com- mon political form for bringing large parts of the earth under human control. Of all the various kinds of political and economic systems that humans have devised to draw sustenance from the land and to increase our numbers, by far the most successful was an empire. Why we are not now living in empires in- stead of nation–states is worth pondering. We aren’t because a new kind of state system developed in western Europe. To be sure, Spanish control of much of the New World initially gave them the resources to attempt to establish an
empire, but that attempt also elicited fierce resistance among other European states, both killing the prospects for an empire in Europe and launching a new kind of international political order.
The third major process concerns the growth of a system of sovereign states in Europe and the linkage between that process and war. In comparison with Asian empires, the European states appear to be small and rather fragile constructs that could not possibly compete with the larger empires. Their rulers were so poor that they constantly had to seek loans to maintain their militaries. They were so small that they did not have within their borders all the resources necessary for their own defense, and, had the Spanish succeeded in establishing an empire in Europe and eliminating interstate war, indepen- dent European states might not have developed at all. As it was, the system of European interstate war favored a particular kind of state that developed in England and France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, leading to conflict between those two for much of the eighteenth century.
The major colonizers of Southeast Asia were Europeans, Japanese and the U.S. All in all, there were seven colonial powers in Southeast Asia: Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, the United States, and Japan. From the 1500s to the mid-1940s, colonialism was imposed over Southeast Asia.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
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info@kuddlelife.org
1. “The Emperor…has ordered
us…to ascend more than one
hundred large ships to go and
confer presents on them in
order to make manifest the
transforming power of the
(imperial) virtue and to treat
distant people with
kindness.”
Zheng He’s inscription on a stele
erected at temple
2. The fifteenth century, during which both Zheng
He and Columbus undertook their momentous
expeditions, proved in retrospect to mark a
turning point in world history
The outcome especially of the processes set in
motion by Columbus’ three small ships would
utterly transform the world, with enduring
consequences which included the Atlantic slave
trade, the decimation of the native population of
the Americas, the massive growth of world
population, the Industrial Revolution, and the
growing prominence of Europeans on the world
state
But none of these developments were even
remotely foreseeable in 1492
3. Gatherers and hunters, agricultural villages,
chiefdoms or small states, pastoral communities,
and established civilizations and empires all still
existed in the fifteenth century.
4. Among the Yoruba in West Africa, a series of
city-states emerged, each within a walled town
and ruled by an oba, or king (many of whom were
women), who performed religious and political
functions
As ancient Mesopotamia or classical Greece, no
single state or empire encompassed all of
Yorubaland
But in the nearby kingdom of Benin, a small,
highly centralized territorial state emerged by
the fifteenth century and was ruled by a warrior
king named Ewuare
Benin’s administrative chiefs replaced the heads
of kinship groups as major political authorities,
while the ruler sponsored extensive trading
missions and patronized artists
E
5. The artists of Benin were famous for the
remarkable brass sculptures they created.
6. The Igbo peoples rejected the kinship and state-
building efforts of their neighbors
Instead the Igbo relied on other institutions –
title societies in which wealthy men received a
series of prestigious ranks, women’s associations,
hereditary ritual experts serving as mediators, a
balance of power among kinship groups – to
maintain social cohesion beyond the level of
village
It was a “stateless society,” famously described in
Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, the most
widely read novel to emerge from twentieth-
century Africa
Yet the Yoruba and Igbo peoples did not live in
isolated, self-contained societies rather they
traded actively with distant peoples
E
7. The Yoruba and Igbo traded with the large African
kingdom of Songhay far to the north. The West
African kingdom of Songhay (the last in a line of
kingdoms beginning with Ghana and then Mali)
controlled the vital Trans-Saharan trade routes
or the salt for gold routes.
8. But soon, all of West Africa’s diverse societies
would find themselves caught up in the
transatlantic slave trade
In what is now New York State, the Iroquois
developed a remarkable political innovation – a
loose confederation among five Iroquois peoples
based on an agreement known as the Great law
of Peace
This agreement allowed the Iroquois to settle
their differences peacefully through a
confederation council of clan leaders who had the
authority to adjudicate disputes and set
reparation payments
Operating by consensus, the Iroquois League of
Five Nations suppressed blood feuds and tribal
conflicts
9. The Iroquois League gave expression to values of
limited government, social equality, and personal
freedom, concepts that some colonists found
highly attractive. But over the next several
centuries, the lives of the Iroquois, Yoruba, and
Igbo peoples as well as others would be
increasingly affected by expanding economic
networks and conquest empires based in Western
Europe or in Russia.
E.Napp
10. As the Mongol Empire disintegrated, a brief
attempt to restore it occurred in the late
fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries under
the leadership of a Turkic warrior named Timur,
known in the West as Tamerlane
Timur’s army of nomads brought immense
devastation yet again to Russia, Persia, and
India
Timur died in 1405, while preparing for an
invasion of China
Conflicts among successors prevented any lasting
empire
Timur’s conquest proved to be the last great
military success of nomadic peoples from Central
Asia
In the centuries that followed, homelands of
steppe nomads were swallowed up by Russian
and Chinese empires
11. Yet the majority of the world’s people lived within
one of the city-centered and state-based
civilizations. In China, after a century of Mongol
rule and a sharply reduced population due to the
plague, the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) set about
restoring Chinese civilization in the fifteenth
century.
12. The Ming promoted Confucian learning based on
earlier models from the Han, Tang, and Song
dynasties
The Ming reestablished the civil service
examination system that had been neglected
under Mongol rule
The Ming created a highly centralized
government
Power was concentrated in the hands of the
emperor while a cadre of eunuchs (castrated
men) personally loyal to the emperor exercised
great authority, much to the dismay of the official
bureaucrats
The state acted vigorously to repair the damage
of the Mongol years by rebuilding canals and
reclaiming land for cultivation
E.Napp
13. The Ming restored millions of acres to cultivation.
They rebuilt canals, reservoirs, and irrigation
works and planted a billion trees in an effort to
reforest China. As a result, the economy
rebounded, both international and domestic trade
flourished, and the population grew.
E.Napp
14. China also undertook the largest and most
impressive maritime expeditions the world had
ever seen
An enormous fleet, commissioned by Emperor
Yongle, was launched in 1405, followed over the
next twenty-eight years by six more such
expeditions
Visiting many ports in Southeast Asia, Indonesia,
India, Arabia, and East Africa, these fleets,
captained by the Muslim eunuch Zheng He,
sought to enroll distant peoples and states in the
Chinese tribute system
Dozens of rulers accompanied the fleets back to
China, where they presented tribute, performed
the required rituals of submission, and received
in return abundant gifts, titles, and trading
opportunities
E.Napp
15. Officially described as “bringing order to the
world,” Zheng He’s expeditions served to
establish Chinese power and prestige in the
Indian Ocean and to exert Chinese control over
foreign trade in the region.
E.Napp
16. The Chinese, however, did not seek to conquer
new territories, establish Chinese settlements, or
spread their culture
The most surprising feature of these voyages was
how abruptly and deliberately they were ended
After 1433, Chinese authorities simply stopped
such expeditions and allowed this enormous and
expensive fleet to deteriorate in port
Part of the reason involved the death of the
emperor Yongle, who had been the chief patron of
the enterprise
Many high-ranking officials had long seen the
expeditions as a waste of resources because
China, they believed, was the self-sufficient
“middle kingdom,” requiring little from the
outside world
E.Napp
17. Many Chinese believed that the real danger to
China came form the north, where nomadic
barbarians constantly threatened. Finally, they
viewed the voyages as the project of the court
eunuchs, whom these officials despised.
Therefore, the Chinese state deliberately turned
its back on what was surely within its reach – a
large-scale maritime empire in the Indian Ocean
basin.
E.Napp
18. At the other end of the Eurasian continent,
similar processes of demographic recovery,
political consolidation, cultural flowering, and
overseas expansion were under way
Western Europe, having escaped Mongol
conquest but devastated by the plague, began to
regrow its population during the second half of
the fifteenth century
But unlike China’s unitary and centralized
government, Europe, a decidedly fragmented
system of many separate, independent, and
highly competitive states made for a sharply
divided Christendom
Many of these Western European states learned
to tax their citizens more efficiently, to raise
standing armies, and to create more effective
administrative structures
19. A small Russian state centered on the city of
Moscow also emerged in the fifteenth century as
Mongol rule faded away.
E.Napp
20. Much of this state building was driven by the
needs of war
The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1454) between
England and France over rival claims to territory
in France
A renewed cultural blossoming, known as the
Renaissance celebrated and reclaimed a classical
Greek tradition
The Renaissance began in the commercial cities
of Italy (between 1350 and 1500)
-Reflected the belief of the wealthy elite that they
were living in a new era removed from the
religious confines of feudal Europe
Humanists reflected on secular topics such as
history, politics, poetry, and rhetoric
E.Napp
21. Machiavelli’s (1469-1527) The Prince was a
prescription for political success based on the way
politics actually operated in a highly competitive
Italy of rival city-states. The focus of Renaissance
thinkers was the affairs of the world. Its secular
elements challenged the otherworldliness of
Christian culture, and its individualism signaled
the rise of a more capitalist economy of private
entrepreneurs.
E.Napp
22. A new Europe was in the making, rather more
different from its own recent past than Ming
dynasty China from its pre-Mongol glory
Initiated in 1415 by Portugal, maritime voyages
sailed farther down the west coast of Africa
In 1492, Columbus, funded by Spain, made his
way west across the Atlantic hoping to arrive in
the East and ran into the Americas
In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed around the tip of
South Africa and with the help of a Muslim pilot,
across the Indian Ocean to Calicut in southern
India
The European fleets were minuscule fleets
compared to Zheng He’s hundreds of ships
Motivation also differed
E.Napp
23. Europeans were seeking the wealth of Africa and
Asia – gold, spices, silk, and more. Europeans
were also in search of Christian converts and of
possible Christian allies with whom to continue
their long crusading struggle against threatening
Muslim powers.
24. In addition, unlike China, Europe had no unified
political authority with the power to order an end
to its maritime outreach
Europe’s system of competing states ensured the
continuation of rivalry
Budding European merchant communities saw
opportunity for profit and monarchs viewed that
revenue as a source of taxation and the seizing of
overseas resources
The Church saw the possibility of widespread
conversion
The Chinese withdrawal from the Indian Ocean
facilitated European entry
Europe’s agriculture expanded primarily by
acquiring new lands in overseas possessions as
opposed to China’s expansion toward Central
Asia
E.Napp
25. The most impressive and enduring of these new
states was the Ottoman Empire, which lasted in
one form from the fourteenth century to the early
twentieth century
By the mid-fifteenth century, the Ottoman Turks
had carved out a state that encompassed much of
the Anatolian peninsula and had pushed deep
into southeastern Europe (the Balkans),
acquiring a substantial Christian population
In the two centuries that followed, the Ottomans
expanded into much of the Middle East, coastal
North Africa, the lands surrounding the Black
Sea, and even farther into Eastern Europe
Only the Ming dynasty and the Incas matched
the Ottomans in terms of wealth, power, and
splendor
26. The empire represented the emergence of the
Turks as the dominant people of the Islamic
world. The Ottomans seized Constantinople in
1453 and marked the demise of Christian
Byzantium, allowing Ottoman rulers to see
themselves as successors to the Roman Empire.
In 1529, the Ottomans laid siege to Vienna in the
heart of Central Europe. Many Europeans spoke
fearfully of the “terror of the Turk.”
27. In the neighboring Persian lands to the east of
the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire
emerged in the late fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries
Its leadership was also Turkic but it had emerged
from a Sufi religious order founded several
centuries by Safi al-Din (1252-1334)
The long-term significance of the Safavid Empire
was its decision following 1500 to forcibly impose
a Shia version of Islam as the official religion of
the state
Almost all of Persia’s neighbors practiced a form
of Sunni Islam
For a century (1534-1639), periodic military
conflict erupted between the Ottoman and
Safavid empires reflecting territorial rivalry and
religious differences
E
28. While the Ottoman and Safavid empires brought
both a new political unity and a sharp division to
the heartland of Islam, two other states
performed a similar role on the expanding
African and Asian frontiers of the faith.
29. In the West African savannas, the Songhay
Empire rose in the second half of the fifteenth
century
It was the most recent in a series of impressive
states that operated at a crucial intersection of
the trans-Saharan trade routes and derived
much of their revenue from taxing that commerce
Islam was a growing faith in Songhay but was
largely limited to urban elites
The fifteenth-century monarch Sonni Ali (reigned
1465-1492) gave alms and fasted during
Ramadan but also enjoyed a reputation as a
magician
However, Songhay became a major center of
Islamic learning
30. The Mughal Empire in India bore similarities to
Songhay, for both governed largely non-Muslim
populations. Much as the Ottoman Empire
initiated a new phase in the interaction of Islam
and Christendom, so too did the Mughal Empire
continue an ongoing encounter between Islamic
and Hindu civilizations.
31. Established in the early sixteenth century, the
Mughal Empire was the creation of another
Islamic Turkic group, which invaded India in
1526
The Mughals (a Persian term for Mongols)
established unified control over most of the
Indian peninsula, giving it a rare period of
political unity and laying the foundations for
subsequent British colonial rule
The Ottoman, Safavid, Songhay, and Mughal
empires brought to the Islamic world a greater
measure of political coherence, military power,
economic prosperity, and cultural brilliance than
it had known in earlier centuries of Islam
This new energy is sometimes called a “second
flowering of Islam”
E.Napp
32. Growing numbers of Muslim traders, many of them
from India, settled in Java and Sumatra,
bringing their faith with them. Unlike the
Middle East and India, where Islam was
established in the wake of Arab or Turkic
conquest, in southeast Asia, as in West Africa, it
was introduced by traveling merchants and
solidified through the activities of Sufi holy men.
The rise of Malacca, strategically located on the
waterway between Sumatra and Malaya, became
a major Muslim port city and a springboard for
the spread of Islam.