1. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
 Favorable natural resources
 Agricultural Revolution
 Population Pressure
 Growth of large manufacturing sector
 Cottage industry (putting-out system)
 Huge advantages in world trade
 Provide necessary capital?
 Technological developments
 Government support of business

2. Favorable Natural Resources
 Coal
 Production
 1750—2.5 million tons
 1828—15 million tons
 Technology
 Originally relied upon muscle power
 Later helped by animal power and carts on rail
 Use of gunpowder
 Iron
 Coke replaced charcoal for smelting iron
 Better methods for smelting iron

3. Coal Mining in Britain
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

4. Agricultural Revolution
 New techniques &
practices
 Enclosure movement
 Crop rotation
 Use of horses
 New technologies
 Farmers treat farming
as science
 Jethro Tull’s seed drill
 Metal farm implements

5. Great Britain’s Population Growth
1500-1850
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1500 CE 1600 CE 1700 CE 1820 CE 1850 CE

6. Growth of Manufacturing
 Cottage Industry (Putting-out System)
 Manufacturing of textiles occurred in the home
 Part-time or full-time work done by families
 Women and children helped with production
 Merchants distributed raw materials to
spinners and weavers
 Constant shortages of thread led to new
ways of spinning cotton

7. Technological Advancements
 Textile Industry
 Spinning Jenny—1770
 1 worker could run 8
spindles instead of 1
 Water Frame—1779
 Machine for spinning
using water power
 Spinning Mule—1779
 Combined spinning
jenny & water frame
 Rise of factory system
 Power Loom—1785
 Not widely adopted
until 1850
 Led to riots by hand
weavers
 Other Inventions
 Steam Engine—1763
 James Watt made
steam engines
practical for running
machinery
 Cotton Gin—1793
 Eli Whitney’s invention
increased the available
supply of cotton
 Steamboat—1807
 Robert Fulton
 Locomotive—1814
 George Stephenson

8. Clockwise from top left: the spinning
jenny, the water frame, the spinning
mule, and the power loom

9. Clockwise from top left: the factory
system, Watt’s steam engine, and
Stephenson’s locomotive

10. Government Supports Business
 England’s Economic Advantages
 A central bank
 Well-developed credit market
 Government encouraged technological change
and free markets
 Supported capitalism
 Labor surplus
 Builds railroads, canals, and better roads

11. What were the positive and
negative effects of early
industrialization?
Discussion Question

12. Factory System
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
Textile Factory Workers in England

13. Textile Factory Workers

14. Increasing Wealth

15. Urbanization
 Effects related to
urbanization
 Urban overcrowding
 Poor housing &
sanitation
 Rising crime rates
 Suburbanization
 Government functions
shift
 Sewer systems
 Housing regulations
 Police forces

16. Industrial Manchester

17. Industrial Staffordshire

18. Coalbrookdale by Night

19. Problem of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman – 1858 Father Thames Introduces His
Offspring (Diphtheria, Scrofula,
and Cholera) to the Fair City of
London

20. The New Industrial City
Above: Early 19th
century London by
Gustave Dore

22. Changing Labor Conditions
 Women & children are
majority of laborers by 1816
 Paid less
 Many lived in factory dorms
 Work became unpleasant
 Workers separated from family
 Punctuality & efficiency
stressed
 Poor working hours & wages,
unemployment, & frequent
accidents
 Labor riots were common
 Luddites

23. Changing Family Values
 Women withdrew from formal jobs
 New roles in caring for children
 Moral status improved
 Education stressed by middle class
families
 Children seen as a source of emotional
satisfaction

24. Cultural Changes
 Rise of Mass Leisure Culture
 Widespread advertising creates consumer fads
(bicycle)
 Newspapers become popular
 Radio and motion pictures
 Organized sports: baseball, soccer, boxing,
horse racing
 Family vacations for the wealthy and middle
class

25. Adjustments to Industrial Life
 Demographic Transition
 Declining birth rates
 Declining death rates for children
 Family size decreases
 Life expectancy increased
 Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur
 Women began to outlive men
 Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880s

26. Spread of Industrialization by 1850

27. 2nd
Industrial Revolution
 Scientific advances applied to industry
 Major advances in physics and chemistry
 Led by the U.S. and Germany
 Thomas Edison introduced electric lighting
to New York City in 1882
 General Electric and Westinghouse become the
first multinational corporations
 New business structures: corporations,
trusts, and cartels

28. 2nd
Industrial Revolution
 Advances in communications
 Needed by business managers to control their
many branches
 Telegraph (1844) & telephone (1876)
 Methods of Mass Production
 Electric power replaces steam power
 Henry Ford introduces the assembly line (1913)
 New waves of immigration
 Global industrialization: Russia, Canada,
Mexico, and Japan

29. New York City, 1910

30. Responses to Industrialization
 Changes in government functions
 The “Constitutional Question” settled by 1850
 The “Social Question”
 Beginning of the welfare state
 Social insurance (worker’s compensation,
unemployment, etc.)
 Symbolized extension of government
 Corresponds with the democratization of the political
system

31. Reform Movements
 Political Reform
Movements
 Utilitarianism
 Socialism
 Communism
 The Communist
Manifesto (1848)
 New Political Parties
 Socialists
 Communists
 Methodist Church
Karl Marx

32. Labor Reform
 Labor unions
 Unions use collective bargaining and strikes to
push for reforms
 Britain attempted to outlaw labor unions
 Reform laws
 Combination Acts of 1825 – Legalizes labor
unions
 Factory Act of 1833 – Child Labor
 Mines Act of 1842 – Women and children
cannot work underground

33. Democratic Reforms
 Great Britain
 Reform Bill of 1832
 Chartist Movement
 Working class suffrage in
1867
 Rural laborers in 1884
 United States
 In 1800 property was
requirement to vote
 All white males could vote
by mid-1850s
 15th
Amendment (1870)

34. Feminist Movements
 Goals
 Sought legal and
economic rights
 Women’s suffrage
 Leadership
 Middle class women
 Emmeline Pankhurst
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton
& Susan B. Anthony
 English women gain
the right to vote 1918
 U.S. in 1920 with the
19th
amendment