Summary of Chapter 11 from AP World History book, Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer. Chapter 11 Pastoral peoples on the global stage: Mongol Monument 1200-1500

1. THE MONGOL MONUMENT 1200-
1500
AP WORLD HISTORY
Ways of the World, R.Strayer
2015 sofisandoval

2.  Pastoral nomads who
disdained farming while
centering their economic
lives around the herds of
animals.
 Mongols did not
construct elaborate cities
or architecture. But left
an indelible mark on the
historical development of
the Afro Eurasian
Empire.

4.  Pastoral Societies generally lived in small and
scattered encampments of related kinfolk rather than
in villages.
 Pastoral peoples organized themselves in kingship
or clans (ancestry). – male line
 Feature of pastoral society: Frequently on the move
(following seasonal changes in vegetation and water
supply).
 Lived solely on animals, also manufactured goods
(animals).
 Chinggis Khan was able to weld together tribal
alliances to become powerful states = unity= empire

5. Horseriding skills was an intergral part of
pastoral life.
Raiding, extortion and trading.
Religious tolerance: interested in learning
other religions, acquiring what was
convenient of each.
Innovations: horse harness, saddles, iron
stirrups, forms of armor, swords.

6.  Turkik language and culture
spread widely over inner Asia.
 Turks conversion to Islam
(carrier of Islam)
 Turks first as soldiers (Abbasid
Caliphate) then, took power and
created a Slejuk Empire (11 &
12th Centuries) – Persia.
Claimed SULTAN
 In Anatolia (Formerly Christian,
they brought Islam and Turkic
culture)
 Created the Ottoman Empire.
 Transformed themselves from
pastoral nomads to empires of
agriarian civilization, and to
monotheistic Islam

7.  Mongol Empire: Enormous
destructiveness of the process
and the networks of exchange
and communication numbering
700,000 people.
 Left a modest cultural imprint.
Mongols didnt leave a new
language, religion or
civilization.
 Mongols never tried to spread
faith.
 Their religion centered on
rituals invoking ancestors
(shamans).
 Mongols conquered, defeated,
subordinate and exploited
people. (unlike the Turks
whose language and culture
flourished)

8. Temujin = Chinggis Khan
(universal ruler)
 BBC Documentary –
Chinggis Khan
https://youtu.be/QgYYUZGN
SO8?list=PL3E0AED6A1843
7714

9.  The key Mongols success lay in their
organized army.
 “Mongol armies were simply better led,
organized and disciplone than those of their
opponents”
 Chinggis Khan reorganized the entire social
structure of the Mongols into military units of
10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 warriors.
 Impressive discipline and loyalty to their
leaders characterized Mongol military forces.

10.  Loyalty cemented by the leaders
 Enormous flow of wealth from conquered
civilizations benefited all mongols.
 Slaves derived from the prisioners of war
improved the social position of all
 Mongols penetrated China, and acquired
their technology and techniques.
 Prisioners of war from other civilizations
also helped expand their knowledge.
 Basic element for success: Brutality and
destructiveness.

11. Destructiviness:
annihilate a region
entire population.
Marco Polo: claimed
that the Mongols
maintained 10,000
stations in all regions,
and 200,000 horses.
Mongols had religious
tolerance: supported
and allowed.

12.  The invasion in North China
began in 1209 to 1279.
(several dynasties)
 Song Dynasty in South China:
less violent penetration, more
concerned to accommodate
population.
 Having acquired China , what
were the Mongols to do with
it?
• Extracting as much wealth as
possible from the country´s
advanced civilization. Doing so
meant some accommodation to
Chinese culture and ways of
governing, for the Mongols had no
experience with operation of
agrarian societies.

13.  Mongols made use of
Chinese administrative
techniques of taxation and
their postal system.
 New Chinese dynastic title,
the YUAN.
 Transfered their capital from
Karakorum in Mongolia to
what is now Beijing. Built a
new capital known as
Khanbalik (the city of Khan)

14.  Made a “benevolent” chinese
emperor, to improved roads, canals,
lowered taxes, limited death penalty.
 Mongols Khans made use of
traditional confucian rituals, supported
Daoist temples, attracted also tibetan
form of buddhism.
 Still Mongols, were harsh, exploitative.
 Mongols did NOT become chinese. Or
adopted chinese culture.
 Many Mongols elite preffered to live,
eat, sleep in traditional tents. Still they
learned Chinese language and writing.

15.  Mongols prohibited Chinese scholars
to learn Mongol script.
 The Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan
retained the Mongol tradition or
relaying on female advisors: favorite
wife CHABI.
 Chabi recognize the importance of
tax recolecting and agriculture.
 By 14th century, epidemics flourished
and during the Ming dynasty
Mongols were wiped out of the
country.

16.  The second great civilization
conquered was the Islamic Persia.
 1st invasion led by Ghinggis Khan,
then 30 years later a second invasion
under his grandson Hulegu, vecame
the first IL KHAN (subordinate Khan)
of Persia.
 The Mongols were infidels in Muslim
eyes, and their victory was as shock .
 Massacre of more then 200,000
people (sacking of Baghdad in 1258
Abbasid Caliphate)
 Under torture and whipping, pushed
large numbers out of land.

17.  Mongols in Persia were
transformed, they made
extensive use of Persian
bureaucracy, during the
reign of Ghazan they
made efforts to repair
damage.
 Mongols became Muslim
(in Persia only), learned
Persian, and turned into
agricultural people.
 Mongol Dynasty of
Hulegus descendants
collapsed in the 1330s for
lack of suitable heir,
Mongols were not driven
out of Persia as they have
been from China.

18.  When Mongols entered Russia between 1237 and 1240,
it encountered a relatively new third wave civilization.
(fringe of Christendom)
 Although Russia had interacted extensively with nomadic
people of Russia they were never prepared for the
Mongols
 The devastation wrought by the Mongol assault matched
or exceeded the Chinese.
 City after city fell to Mongol forces, slaughter.
 Survivors, deported to other Mongol lands and sold to
Slavery.
 Mongol Khanate: Kipchak Khanate. To the Russians it
was the Khanate of the Golden Horde.
 From the Mongol point of view, Russia had little to offer.
Its economy was far less developed than that of more
established civilizations. Nor was it located on a major
trade route.

20.  Mongols exploited Russia from the
steppes.
 Russian must send tribute to the Mongol
capital Sarai. Also a variety of additional
taxes created beavy burden (peasants).
 Thousands of Russian sent to slavery.
 Orthodox Church flourished under the
Mongol Policy of toleration, it received
exemption of taxes.
 Moscow emerged as the primary collector
of tribute for the Mongols.
 Mongols could dominate Russia from the
steppes without any way of adopting
Russian Culture.
 Divisions among the ongols, enabled the
Russians to break the Mongls hold by the
end of the fifteenth century.

22.  Chinese culture and Buddhism
provided a measure of integration
among the peoples of East Asia;
Christianity did the same for Europe,
while the real of Islam connected most
of the lands in between.
 But it was the Mongol empire during
the 13 & 14th centuries that brought all
of these regions into a SINGLE
INTERACTING NETWORK. It was a
unique moment in world history an an
important step toward the global
integration of modern era.

24.  What did the Mongols left of
their Empire?
 Promoted international
commerce, largely so they
could tax it
 The Mongol Empire brought the
two ends of the Eurasian world
into closer contact than ever
before, and launched a new
phase of the Silk Road.

25.  Diplomatic relationships from one
end of Eurasia to the other.
 Mongol armies destroyed polish,
German and Hungarian forces in
1241-1242 and seemed to march
on Central and Western Europe.
BUT the death of the Great Khan
Ogodei required Mongol leaders
to return to Mongolia and
therefore, Europe was spared the
trauma of conquest.

26.  European and the Pope, sent
relegations to the Mongol capital, they
hoped to learn something about the
Mongol intentions. To secure Mongol aid
in the Christian Crusades against Islam,
(if possible to convert them). = Efforts in
vain.
 The Great Khan Guyuk sent letters to
the pope, demanding to submit to him.
 These letters, reports contribuited to a
dawning European awareness of a wider
world. (Information for historians)
 In 1278 Il Khanate of Persia sought an
alliance with European powers to take
Jerusalem and crush the forces of Islam,
but the Persian Mongols conversion to
Islam soon put an end to the coalition.

27.  Mongol capital Karakorum was a
cosmopolitan city (Buddhists,
Daoists, Muslims, and Christians)
 Mongols married Christian
women.
 Persian and Arabs doctors were
sent abroad, administrator from
China, Chinese physicians found
their skills in the Islamic World.
 Europeans benefited from the
new technology , new crops, new
knowledge of these new phase of
Silk Road rebuilted by the
Mongols.

28.  Results of the extensive network
participation = Plague, pestilence =
BLACK DEATH
 Originating most probably from China
 Bacteria called Yersinia Pestis
 14th century rodents and fleas
transmitted the disease to humans.
 In 1409 the plague reached East Africa
(Chinese maritime expeditions)
 Effects? High fever, internal bleeding.
 The plague claimed thousands of
humans, causing contraction in
population 70-90% affected.

29.  In 1350 it reached Egypt
 The Middle Eas lost perhards 1/3
of population by the 15th century.
 India and Subsahara were much
less affected.
 China, Islamic world and Europe
also suffered severe decline in
population.
 Italian Renaissance scholar
Francesco Petrarch was stunned
by the Black Death “so many have
died, many believe its the end of
the world”.

30.  Labor shortages provoked
sharp conflict betwen scarce
workers.
 Series of peasants revolts in
the 14th century reflected this
tension.
 Labor shortages also fostered
greater interest on
technological innovation.
 Black Death also diminished
trade in networks. Mongol
Empire in disarray.