1. Chapter 16, Earl, Allie, Scott Freer but not Americas The New Imperialism (1800–1914) World History
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3. Imperialism Imperialism= One country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country Imperialism in the 1800’s resulted from 3 key factors: 1. Nationalism prompted rival European nations to build empires in their competitive quests for power. 2. . The industrial Revolution created a tremendous demand for raw materials and expended markets, which prompted industrialized nations to seek new territories. 3. . Both religious fervor and feelings of racial and cultural superiority inspired Europeans to impose their cultures on distant lands.
4. Political Rivalries In the mid-1800’s European countries saw themselves as actors on the world stage, and each country wanted to play a starring role. Great Britain The key players were: Austria-Hungary, England, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire/Turkey. France
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8. Causes of Imperialism Many westerners viewed European races as superior to all others. They saw imperial conquest as nature’s way of improving the human species. Many westerners felt concern for their “little brothers” overseas. Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread western civilization. Merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world. Western leaders were motivated by nationalism. Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources. Manufacturers hoped for new markets for factory goods. Colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe’s growing population. ECONOMIC INTERESTS POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS HUMANITARIAN GOALS SOCIAL DARWINISM 1
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10. Forms of Imperial Rule SPHERES OF INFLUENCE PROTECTORATES COLONIES In a protectorate, local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisers. A protectorate cost less to run than a colony and usually did not require a large military presence. A sphere of influence is an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. The United States claimed Latin America as its sphere of influence. The French practiced direct rule, sending officials to administer their colonies. The British practiced on indirect rule, using local rulers to govern their colonies.
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14. Africa in the Early 1800s Islam had long influenced the coast, where a profitable slave trade was carried on. Zulu aggression caused mass migrations and wars and created chaos across much of the region. On the grasslands, Islamic leaders preached jihad, a holy struggle, to revive and purify Islam. In the forest regions, the Asante controlled smaller states. These smaller tributary states were ready to turn to Europeans to help them defeat their Asante rulers. Since long before 1800, the region had close ties to the Muslim world. In the early 1800s, much of the region remained under the rule of the declining Ottoman empire. To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began. NORTH AFRICA WEST AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA EAST AFRICA 2
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16. A Scramble for Colonies King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo River basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders. King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble among other European nations. Before long, Britain, France, and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region. European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent. At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how they could claim African territory without fighting amongst themselves. 2
24. The Sudan In the Sudan there was a Muslim revival that stirred nationalist feelings . The Sudanese had challenged British exploration since the 1880s . At the Battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898), an army commanded by the British General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah al-Taashi. Around 10,000 Ansar were killed, 13,000 were wounded, and 5,000 were taken prisoner. Kitchener's force lost 48 men with 382 wounded. Soon after the British confronted the French at Fashoda, bringing the two countries to the brink of war . War was avoided when the French withdrew from Sudan and Britain recognized French control of Morocco.
38. Iran and the European Powers Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia. Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India. For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south. The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region. Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions , or special economic rights given to foreign powers. 3
55. Fall of the Qing Dynasty As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China. In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers. Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms. Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic. When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos. In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled. Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese. 5
