1.2 PIPE JACKING.ppt
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Pipe jacking involves pushing pipes through the ground behind a shield using powerful jacks while simultaneously excavating within the shield. Pipes ranging from 150mm to 3000mm in diameter can be installed in straight lines or curves with no theoretical limit on length. A thrust wall provides reaction for the jacks, while in poor soils it may need to punch into the soil or use piles or anchoring. The process is guided remotely using computer systems for accuracy on long excavations.
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Cofferdam
1. A cofferdam is a temporary structure built around construction sites located underwater to allow workers to perform construction in a dry environment. It is constructed by driving sheet piling into the ground and placing concrete along the bottom to seal it off from water seepage.
2. The main types of cofferdams are braced, earth-type, timber crib, double-walled sheet pile, and cellular. Their construction involves setting up sheet piling, installing bracing frames, placing a concrete seal, and sometimes using bearing piles before dewatering the site.
3. Safety is the top priority in cofferdam construction due to the risk of flooding. Proper design, construction oversight
1.1 box jacking
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
Underpinning
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
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This document discusses advance construction technologies related to pile foundations. It defines deep foundations as those where depth is much larger than width, and describes the main types as pile foundations and pier foundations. Pile foundations are preferred when loads are heavy/uneven, soil bearing capacity is poor, subsurface water levels are high, or soil is expansive. Factors selecting pile type include location, ground conditions, durability, and cost. Common pile types are end bearing, friction, compaction, and under-reamed piles. Pile materials include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, timber, steel, and sheet piles. Group pile behavior and pile caps are also summarized.
Slipform construction
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
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UNDER WATER CONCRETING
For dam construction, two cofferdams are usually built, one upstream and one downstream of the proposed dam, after an alternative diversion tunnel or channel has been provided for the river flow to bypass the dam foundation area. These cofferdams are typically a conventional embankment dam of both earth- and rock-fill, but concrete or some sheet piling also may be used. Typically, upon completion of the dam and associated structures, the downstream coffer is removed and the upstream coffer is flooded as the diversion is closed and the reservoir begins to fill. Dependent upon the geography of a dam site, in some applications, a "U"-shaped cofferdam is used in the construction of one half of a dam. When complete, the cofferdam is removed and a similar one is created on the opposite side of the river for the construction of the dam's other half.
The cofferdam is also used on occasion in the shipbuilding and ship repair industry, when it is not practical to put a ship in drydock for repair or alteration. An example of such an application is certain ship lengthening operations. In some cases a ship is actually cut in two while still in the water, and a new section of ship is floated in to lengthen the ship. Torch cutting of the hull is done inside a cofferdam attached directly to the hull of the ship; the cofferdam is then detached before the hull sections are floated apart. The cofferdam is later replaced while the hull sections are welded together again. As expensive as this may be to accomplish, use of a drydock may be even more expensive. See also caisson.
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This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
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1. A cofferdam is a temporary structure built around construction sites located underwater to allow workers to perform construction in a dry environment. It is constructed by driving sheet piling into the ground and placing concrete along the bottom to seal it off from water seepage.
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This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
Underpinning
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
Advance Construction Technology
This document discusses advance construction technologies related to pile foundations. It defines deep foundations as those where depth is much larger than width, and describes the main types as pile foundations and pier foundations. Pile foundations are preferred when loads are heavy/uneven, soil bearing capacity is poor, subsurface water levels are high, or soil is expansive. Factors selecting pile type include location, ground conditions, durability, and cost. Common pile types are end bearing, friction, compaction, and under-reamed piles. Pile materials include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, timber, steel, and sheet piles. Group pile behavior and pile caps are also summarized.
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Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
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UNDER WATER CONCRETING
For dam construction, two cofferdams are usually built, one upstream and one downstream of the proposed dam, after an alternative diversion tunnel or channel has been provided for the river flow to bypass the dam foundation area. These cofferdams are typically a conventional embankment dam of both earth- and rock-fill, but concrete or some sheet piling also may be used. Typically, upon completion of the dam and associated structures, the downstream coffer is removed and the upstream coffer is flooded as the diversion is closed and the reservoir begins to fill. Dependent upon the geography of a dam site, in some applications, a "U"-shaped cofferdam is used in the construction of one half of a dam. When complete, the cofferdam is removed and a similar one is created on the opposite side of the river for the construction of the dam's other half.
The cofferdam is also used on occasion in the shipbuilding and ship repair industry, when it is not practical to put a ship in drydock for repair or alteration. An example of such an application is certain ship lengthening operations. In some cases a ship is actually cut in two while still in the water, and a new section of ship is floated in to lengthen the ship. Torch cutting of the hull is done inside a cofferdam attached directly to the hull of the ship; the cofferdam is then detached before the hull sections are floated apart. The cofferdam is later replaced while the hull sections are welded together again. As expensive as this may be to accomplish, use of a drydock may be even more expensive. See also caisson.
A 100-ton open caisson that was lowered more than a mile to the sea floor in attempts to stop the flow of oil in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has been called a cofferdam.[4] It did not work, as methane hydrates froze in the upper levels preventing the containment.
Formwork
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
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This document discusses slipform construction techniques. It provides an introduction to slipforming, noting that the technique was used in the early 20th century for building silos and grain elevators. It involves continuously placing and compacting concrete while hydraulic jacks pull the formwork upwards. The technique allows for fast vertical construction of structures like chimneys and silos. Some key advantages are the elimination of joints, reduced formwork costs since forms can be reused, and faster construction times. Famous examples of slipform construction include the Skylon Tower in Niagara Falls and the CN Tower in Toronto.
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This document provides information on diaphragm walls, including:
- Diaphragm walls are reinforced concrete walls constructed using the slurry trench technique, reaching depths of up to 50m.
- They are commonly used as retaining walls, for supporting deep excavations, and as basement or underground structure walls.
- Construction involves excavating trenches using bentonite slurry, installing reinforcement cages, and pouring concrete to form wall panels either successively or alternately.
- Proper specifications are required for bentonite slurry, reinforcement, and construction methods to ensure continuity and water-tightness of the completed diaphragm wall structure.
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Sheet pile walls are constructed by driving prefabricated sheet pile sections into the ground to form retaining structures for earth and water. Sheet piles have advantages over other materials like high resistance to stresses, light weight, reusability, and long service life above or below water. They are constructed by laying out and interlocking sheet pile sections and driving them into the ground. Disadvantages include the inability to reuse sections permanently and difficulties installing in soils with debris.
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Usually structure or building having height more than 80m is considered as a tall structure.
Generally tall structure may be defined as one that because of its height it is affected by lateral.
Classification: 1. Multi storeyedresidential building.
2. Multi storeyedcommercial building.
3. Tall chimneys.
4. Transmission Towers
5. Cooling towers
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•Prestressis defined as a method of applying pre-compression to control the stresses resulting due to external loads below the neutral axis of the beam tension developed due to external load which is more than the permissible limits of the plain concrete.
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•In congested area, in particular, the quality of demolition technique becomes an essential element which determines the success of revitalization of city.
•In addition to efficiency in demolition, strategies must be adopted to avoid noise, vibration and dust which affect the surrounding environment and there must be efficient disposal of waste products
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The document discusses slip form construction, a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. There are two main types - vertical forms that move upwards, and horizontal forms that move horizontally. Slip forming allows for continuous, jointless concrete structures and reduces construction time compared to traditional formwork. It requires careful planning of the construction process to achieve high productivity while ensuring safety.
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This document discusses deep excavation methods used for underground construction. Deep excavation is defined as deeper than 15 feet and requires retaining structures like walls, piles, or sheets. Common methods are bottom-up, top-down, and cut-and-cover. Retaining structures are installed, then the soil is excavated in levels while installing horizontal steel struts for bracing before further excavation. Dewatering using sumps, pumps, and wells is also required to control groundwater levels during excavation. Deep excavation is used to construct underground metro stations, tunnels, buildings, and dams.
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The hammers are raised and guided by a hoist mechanism to
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CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF DRIVEN PILE: VIBRATORY PILE DRIVING
- Vibratory pile driving uses a mechanical vibrator instead of a drop hammer.
- The vibrator is attached to the pile and transmits high frequency, low amplitude
vibrations into the pile and soil.
- This causes the soil particles to rearrange and densify, allowing the pile to
penetrate without application of large impact forces.
- Vibratory driving is suitable for cohesive and loose granular soils.
- It is faster than conventional impact driving but may not be suitable for hard
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The document provides information about caissons, which are watertight structures used in construction projects involving excavation below water levels. It discusses different types of caissons including box caissons, open or well caissons, pneumatic caissons, and multiple well or monolith caissons. Methods of constructing and sinking each type are described. Advantages and uses of caissons are outlined. Health risks associated with working under compressed air in pneumatic caissons, known as caisson sickness, are also summarized.
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The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
Chapter 1 PILE FOUNDATIONS
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
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Prestressed concrete is a combination of steel and concrete that uses compressive stresses applied during construction to oppose tensile stresses that occur in use. There are three main types: pre-tensioned concrete uses steel tendons tensioned before concrete is placed; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses unstressed steel placed then tensioned after curing; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete provides freedom of movement between steel and concrete. Pre-tensioned concrete requires molds that can resist internal forces and calculations to account for losses over time. Prestressed concrete provides benefits like reduced cracking and corrosion, higher strength, and more economical construction for bridges compared to steel.
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Earthmoving and other hauling equipment
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Pumping equipment (for water as well as concrete), applications of air compressor.
Dewatering techniques for trenches, tunnels.
Stone crushing equipment.
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This document discusses different grouting methods. It describes permeation grouting where grout is injected to fill voids without disturbing soil grains. Displacement grouting displaces soil grains, including compaction grouting using thick grout to form bulb shapes, and soil fracture grouting using lean grout to form root-like lenses. Jet grouting forms grouted columns by partly replacing and mixing with soil. Permeation grouting is used to form seepage barriers and stabilize tunnels. Displacement-compaction grouting involves high pressure injection of a soil-cement grout mixture to form 0.5-1m bulbous intrusions.
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Pile and pile driving equipments
This document summarizes different types of piles used in construction foundations including friction piles, end bearing piles, sheet piles, load piles, and more. It describes how piles can be made of timber, steel, concrete, or composites. The document also outlines various pile driving methods such as drop hammers, single/double acting steam hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory drivers, and safety procedures for pile driving operations.
Trenchless technolgy
Pipe jacking is a trenchless construction technique where pipes are pushed through the ground behind a shield using hydraulic jacks. Pipes ranging from 150mm to 3000mm can be installed in straight lines or curves. As the pipes are jacked forward, excavation simultaneously occurs within the shield. Common applications include installing sewer, water, gas, and electrical utilities with minimal surface disruption. Pipe jacking provides a flexible, watertight finished pipeline and can install pipes over long distances without theoretical length limits. It offers safety, environmental, and technical benefits compared to open cut trenching or segmental tunneling.
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This document provides an overview of box jacking and pipe jacking techniques for constructing underground structures. Box jacking involves pushing prefabricated concrete boxes into the ground using hydraulic jacks to install structures like underpasses without disrupting surface traffic. Pipe jacking simultaneously installs pipes by jacking them through the ground while excavating the soil inside using an auger. Key elements of both techniques are described like jacking equipment, methodology, applications, advantages of minimizing surface disruption compared to open cut methods. Challenges faced include requiring skilled labor and managing groundwater seepage or soil cave-ins.
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This document discusses slipform construction techniques. It provides an introduction to slipforming, noting that the technique was used in the early 20th century for building silos and grain elevators. It involves continuously placing and compacting concrete while hydraulic jacks pull the formwork upwards. The technique allows for fast vertical construction of structures like chimneys and silos. Some key advantages are the elimination of joints, reduced formwork costs since forms can be reused, and faster construction times. Famous examples of slipform construction include the Skylon Tower in Niagara Falls and the CN Tower in Toronto.
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This document provides information on diaphragm walls, including:
- Diaphragm walls are reinforced concrete walls constructed using the slurry trench technique, reaching depths of up to 50m.
- They are commonly used as retaining walls, for supporting deep excavations, and as basement or underground structure walls.
- Construction involves excavating trenches using bentonite slurry, installing reinforcement cages, and pouring concrete to form wall panels either successively or alternately.
- Proper specifications are required for bentonite slurry, reinforcement, and construction methods to ensure continuity and water-tightness of the completed diaphragm wall structure.
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Usually structure or building having height more than 80m is considered as a tall structure.
Generally tall structure may be defined as one that because of its height it is affected by lateral.
Classification: 1. Multi storeyedresidential building.
2. Multi storeyedcommercial building.
3. Tall chimneys.
4. Transmission Towers
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•In congested area, in particular, the quality of demolition technique becomes an essential element which determines the success of revitalization of city.
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The document discusses slip form construction, a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. There are two main types - vertical forms that move upwards, and horizontal forms that move horizontally. Slip forming allows for continuous, jointless concrete structures and reduces construction time compared to traditional formwork. It requires careful planning of the construction process to achieve high productivity while ensuring safety.
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This document discusses deep excavation methods used for underground construction. Deep excavation is defined as deeper than 15 feet and requires retaining structures like walls, piles, or sheets. Common methods are bottom-up, top-down, and cut-and-cover. Retaining structures are installed, then the soil is excavated in levels while installing horizontal steel struts for bracing before further excavation. Dewatering using sumps, pumps, and wells is also required to control groundwater levels during excavation. Deep excavation is used to construct underground metro stations, tunnels, buildings, and dams.
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The hammers are raised and guided by a hoist mechanism to
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CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF DRIVEN PILE: VIBRATORY PILE DRIVING
- Vibratory pile driving uses a mechanical vibrator instead of a drop hammer.
- The vibrator is attached to the pile and transmits high frequency, low amplitude
vibrations into the pile and soil.
- This causes the soil particles to rearrange and densify, allowing the pile to
penetrate without application of large impact forces.
- Vibratory driving is suitable for cohesive and loose granular soils.
- It is faster than conventional impact driving but may not be suitable for hard
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The document provides information about caissons, which are watertight structures used in construction projects involving excavation below water levels. It discusses different types of caissons including box caissons, open or well caissons, pneumatic caissons, and multiple well or monolith caissons. Methods of constructing and sinking each type are described. Advantages and uses of caissons are outlined. Health risks associated with working under compressed air in pneumatic caissons, known as caisson sickness, are also summarized.
What is post tensioning
The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
Chapter 1 PILE FOUNDATIONS
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete is a combination of steel and concrete that uses compressive stresses applied during construction to oppose tensile stresses that occur in use. There are three main types: pre-tensioned concrete uses steel tendons tensioned before concrete is placed; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses unstressed steel placed then tensioned after curing; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete provides freedom of movement between steel and concrete. Pre-tensioned concrete requires molds that can resist internal forces and calculations to account for losses over time. Prestressed concrete provides benefits like reduced cracking and corrosion, higher strength, and more economical construction for bridges compared to steel.
Repair techniques : Grouting (RR&S)
Repair techniques : Grouting, Various method for grouting , compaction grouting, permeation grouting , fracture grouting
Introduction to Advanced Construction Equipments
Study of different categories of construction equipment used conventionally with reference to available types and their types and their capabilities, operations and factors affecting their performance.
Earthmoving and other hauling equipment
Drilling and blasting equipment
Pile driving equipment
Pumping equipment (for water as well as concrete), applications of air compressor.
Dewatering techniques for trenches, tunnels.
Stone crushing equipment.
Grouting Methods
This document discusses different grouting methods. It describes permeation grouting where grout is injected to fill voids without disturbing soil grains. Displacement grouting displaces soil grains, including compaction grouting using thick grout to form bulb shapes, and soil fracture grouting using lean grout to form root-like lenses. Jet grouting forms grouted columns by partly replacing and mixing with soil. Permeation grouting is used to form seepage barriers and stabilize tunnels. Displacement-compaction grouting involves high pressure injection of a soil-cement grout mixture to form 0.5-1m bulbous intrusions.
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This document discusses various methods for controlling groundwater during excavation projects. It describes 9 common dewatering methods: sumps and ditches, shallow well systems, deep well systems, well point systems, vacuum methods, cement grouting, chemical grouting, freezing processes, and electro-osmosis. For each method, it provides details on how the method works and its suitability for different soil and water conditions. The document aims to help construction professionals select the appropriate dewatering approach based on the unique factors of their project site.
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This document discusses prestressed concrete bridges. It begins with definitions of prestressed concrete as concrete with internal stresses introduced to counteract external loads. It then provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, noting key innovators. Examples of prestressed concrete bridges in India are given, including the famous Pamban Road Bridge. The document goes on to explain the basic principles, terminology, types, and methods of prestressing, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete.
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This document summarizes different types of piles used in construction foundations including friction piles, end bearing piles, sheet piles, load piles, and more. It describes how piles can be made of timber, steel, concrete, or composites. The document also outlines various pile driving methods such as drop hammers, single/double acting steam hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory drivers, and safety procedures for pile driving operations.
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Application of Horizontal Directional Drilling Machine in India and worldwide
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A Non disruptive Technology or a trenchless technique with the help of machine(HDD) for laying any kind of Pipelines including OFC, Power Cable, Water, Sewerage Pipelines & CNG/PNG etc..
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1.2 PIPE JACKING.ppt
- 1. PIPE JACKING
- 2. ABOUT THE TECHNIQUE • It is generally referred as “Micro tunneling” • Pipes are pushed through the ground behind the shield using powerful jacks. • Simultaneously excavation takes place within the shield. • This process is continued until the pipeline is completed. • The method provides a flexible, structural, watertight, finished pipeline as the tunnel is excavated.
- 3. ABOUT THE TECHNIQUE Cont… • No theoretical limit to the length of individual pipelines. • Pipes range from 150mm to 3000mm diameter can be installed in straight line or in curvature. • Thrust wall is provided for the reaction of the jacks. • In case of poor soil, the thrust wall may punch inside the soil. • Then piles or ground anchoring methods can be used.
- 4. PROCEDURE • The thrust pit and the reception pit are excavated at the required places. • Then the thrust wall is set up in the thrust pit according to the requirement. • In case of mechanized excavations, a very large pit is required. • But in case of manual excavation, a small pit is enough. • Thrust ring is provided to ensure the even distribution of stress along the circumference of the pipe.
- 5. • The number of jacks vary upon the frictional resistance of the soil, strength of pipes etc., • The size of the reception pit is to be big enough to receive the jacking shield. • To maintain the accuracy of alignment a steer able shield is used during the pipe jacking. • In case of small and short distance excavations, ordinary survey method is sufficient. • But in case of long excavations, remote sensing and other techniques can be used. PROCEDURE Cont…
- 8. THRUST SETUP
- 9. COMPUTER GUIDANCE SYSTEM • The computer system enables us to control the work remotely.
- 10. ADVANTAGES • It avoids the excavation of trenches. So it is also called as “Trench less Technique”. • There won’t be any leak problems in the future. • Timely finish of projects.
- 11. DISADVANTAGES • Very costly method. • Skilled personnel is required.