This document discusses tunnel alignment using surveying methods. It describes different types of tunnels and surveying instruments used for underground alignment such as total stations, laser systems, and ground penetrating radar. Surface surveys are conducted to connect portal points and determine elevations. Underground alignment is transferred using shafts, plumb bobs, optical collimators, and lasers. Tunnel boring machines are used for construction and robotic total stations can provide automatic alignment control. Photogrammetry and data analysis are also discussed for tunnel surveys.

1. TUNNEL ALIGNMENT USING SURVEYING MTD

2. TUNNEL

3. WHAT IS TUNNEL?
• Tunnel is an underground passageway
• Passageway dug through surrounding soil , earth or rock
• Enclosed structure expect at entrance & exit
• Note : Pipeline is not considered as tunnel

4. TYPES OF TUNNEL
• Traffic tunnels
• Hydropower tunnels
• Public utility tunnels

5. ROAD TUNNEL CANAL TUNNEL
METRO TUNNEL
DUBLE STOREY TRAFFIC TUNNEL
TRAFFIC TUNNELS

6. HYDROPOWER TX TUNNEL MUMBAI WATER SUPPLY TUNNEL
HYDROENERGY SYSTEM TUNNEL
WATER SUPPLY TUNNEL
HYDROPOWER TUNNEL

7. SUBWAY HIGHWAY TUNNEL
PASSAGEWAY
ENERGY SUPPLY TUNNEL
PUBLIC UTILITY TUNNEL

8. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
EDM
RANGING RODS
STEEL TAPE
SURVEY CHAIN

9. ALIGNMENT BY SURVEY INSTRUMENTS

10. UNDERGROUND SURVEYING
• Survey operations
 To be carried out beneath surface of the earth
• Used for
 Tunneling
 Exploration
 Constr in subterranean passageways
• Peculiarities of underground surveying
 Artificial Illumination reqd
 Working space – cramped
 For levelling instrument stations & benchmarks setting
 Drill holes in rock reqd
 Done by water dripping from the roof of passageways

11. SURVEY WORK IN TUNNELING
• Surface survey
• Transfer of underground alignment
• Levels in tunnels
SURFACE SURVEY TFR OF UNDERGROUND ALIGNMENT LEVELLING IN TUNNELS

12. LASER ALINGMENT
• Lasers installed in the tunnel
• Calibration to be carried out
• Generation of axis by laser spots
• Positioning of arches - as per str & soil condns
WKG OF TOTAL STATION
LASER ALIGNMENT TOTAL STATION

13. SOFTWARE FOR LASER SURVEY
• Talos – Motor laser system
• Software for tunnel proof hardware
• Uses basic surveying principles
• Talos – Used for stake out operations
 Adjust supporting girders
 Pipe umbrellas
 Easy profile check
 Data analysis
MOTOR LASER SYSTEM WKG PRINCIPLE TL - 80 LASER SYSTEM

14. X-SEC : LASER ALINGMENT

15. ALINGMENT BY GPR
• Geodetic measurements reqd
• Tunnel heading control reqd
• Surveying is an imp factor
• Provide positioning & directional specifications
• Grnd Penetrating Radar is use for this purpose
GPR ALIGNMENT WKG PRINCIPLE OF GPR ALIGNMENT

16. TAUROS FOR ROADHEADERS
• Machine – based controlled guided system
• Maint spatial position & orientation
• Developed by Sandvik & Geodata
• Robust camera measurement units installed
• Used on both single shield TBMs as well as double shield TBMs
• Ensures automatic calculation of the best fitting ring
• Optimum ring sequencing can be achieved
• Time saving
• Reduce risk of damages to the shield
PARTS OF TAUROS
TAUROS

17. APPLICATIONS OF UNDERGROUND SURVEYS
• Constr of tunnels
• Constr of underground utilities
• Why tunnel is constructed ?
 Open excavation becomes uneconomical when it is more than 20M
• Advantages
 Reduces the grade
 Shorten the distance
 Meets the demand of - modern rapid transit in a city
 Exact alignment
 Proper gradient
 Estb of permanent stations
 Marking of proposed route

18. SURFACE SURVEY
• Connect points of each portal of
a tunnel
• Determination of azimuth
• Distance calculation
• Calculation of difference in
elevation
• Survey based on local suitable
coordinate system
• Note Survey is based on suitable
local coordinate
• Ref point prominent landmark
• Central line – MKG done
• Offset MKG along the tunnels
edge
ROBOTIC ALIGNMENT BY EDM

19. PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY
DATA ANLYSIS PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROCESS

20. TRANSFER OF UNDERGROUND ALIGNMENT
• Excavation along the tunnel
alignment
• Insertion of shafts at intermediate
locations along the routes
• Vertical alignment done by -
 Plumb bob
 Optical collimator
 Laser
LASER
OPTICAL COLLIMATOR
PLUMB BOB WKG PRINCIPLE

21. SHAFT FOR TUNNEL CONSTR
• Shaft is being used
• Shaft is made up of -
 Steel tape
 Chain
 Construction rods
 Steel wires
 EDM
SHAFT PRINCIPLE USED
X-SEC DESIGN

22. TUNNEL BORING MACHINE
FRONT PART X-SECTION

23. ADVANTAGES OF TUNNELING
• Economical when the depth is beyond limit
• Limited disturbance for surface life & ground activities
• High speed construction
• Low power consumption
• Reduces noise pollution
• Freedom from snow & iceberg hazards in areas of high altitudes
• Restricted surface & air interference
• Easy gradients reduces hauling cost
• Greater protection in aerial warfare & bombing conditions.

24. DISADVANTAGES OF TUNNELING
• Higher initial investment cost
• Skilled & experienced designers reqd
• Higher & const supervision reqd
• Highly sophisticated & specialized
eqpt reqd