The document provides an introduction to the phylum Chordata, including three key unifying themes: 1) Chordates evolved from invertebrates but display innovations, 2) Chordates exhibit physical and behavioral specializations through evolution, and 3) Evolutionary innovations led to adaptive radiations. It describes five key characteristics of chordates - notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, muscle blocks, and postanal tail. It then discusses the three subphyla of chordates - invertebrate Urochordata and Cephalochordata, and vertebrate Vertebrata. Vertebrates exhibit all five chordate characteristics and have additional defining features like an endos

1. Introduction to
Phylum Chordata

2. Unifying Themes
1. Chordate evolution is a history of innovations that is built upon
major invertebrate traits
• They display many of the basic traits that first evolved in the
invertebrates: bilateral symmetry, cephalization, segmentation,
coelom, "gut" tube, etc.
2. Chordate evolution is marked by physical and behavioral
specializations
• For example the forelimb of mammals has a wide range of structural
variation, specialized by natural selection
3. Evolutionary innovations and specializations led to adaptive
radiations - the development of a variety of forms from a single
ancestral group

3. Characteristics of the Chordates
• Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits,
blocks of muscle, postanal tail

4. Characteristics of the Chordates
The notochord
• All chordate embryos have a notochord, a stiff but flexible rod that
provides internal support
• Remains throughout the life history of most invertebrate chordates;
among, present only in the embryos of vertebrate chordates

5. Characteristics of the Chordates cont.
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord (=Spinal Cord)
• A fluid-filled tube of nerve tissue that runs the length of the
animal, dorsal to the notochord
• Present in chordates throughout embryonic and adult life

6. Characteristics of the Chordates cont.
Pharyngeal gill slits
• Pairs of opening through the pharynx
• Invertebrate chordates use them to filter food
• Juvenile fishes use them to them for breathing
• In adult fishes the gill sits develop into true gills
• In reptiles, birds, and mammals the gill slits are vestiges, occurring
only in the embryo

7. Characteristics of the Chordates cont.
Blocks of Muscle - Myotomes
• Surrounding the notochord and nerve cord are blocks of muscle -
myotomes
Postanal Tail
• The notochord, nerve cord, and the myotomes extend to the tail
• Found at some time during a chordate's development

8. Invertebrate Chordates

9. SubPhylum Urochordata
• Marine animals; some species are solitary, others are colonial.
• Sessile as adults, but motile during the larval stages
• Possess all 5 chordate characteristics as larvae
• Settle head first on
hard substrates and
undergo a dramatic
metamorphosis
(e.g., tail,
notochord, muscle
segments, and nerve
cord disappear)

10. SubPhylum Urochordata cont.
• Adult body is covered by
an outer envelope or tunic;
composed of fibers of
tunicin embedded in a
mucopolysaccharide matrix
• Tunic encloses a basket-
like pharynx, that is
perforated by gill slits
• Tunicates are filter feeders; plankton is trapped in a sheet of mucus
and cilia later direct the food-laden mucus to the stomach
• Water leaves the animal via an excurrent siphon

11. Chordate Metamerism
• Body segmentation (i.e. metamerism) appears to have evolved in
two lineages of the chordates: the Cephalochordates and the
Vertebrates; probably occurred after divergence from the
Urochordates
• However, segmentation in the chordates does not involve the
coelom
• The cephalochordates and the chordates movement is
accomplished by contraction of muscle fibers that are arranged in
segmented blocks - myotomes
• Presumably, segmentation of muscles developed as an adaptation
for undulatory swimming and rapid burrowing

12. SubPhylum Cephalochordata
• Exclusively marine animals
• Although they are capable of swimming, they usually are buried in
the sand with only their anterior end being exposed

13. SubPhylum Cephalochordata cont.
•All chordate characteristics are present throughout their life history
• They are filter feeders: inside of the oral hood is lined with cilia
-wheel organ
• These cilia, plus cilia in the pharynx help generate a water current
• Water and suspended food particles pass through the oral hood,
equipped with projections called cirri that strain larger particles
• Feed by secreting a mucous net across the gill slits to filter out
food particles that are present in the water.

14. Subphylum Vertebrata

15. General Characteristics
• Exhibit all 5 chordate characteristics at sometime in their life history
• Usually well cephalized, including a well developed brain and a
number of anterior sensory structures
• Brain is usually encased in a skull, made of hard bone or a cartilage.
• In most vertebrates, the embryonic notochord is replaced by a
vertebral column.
• Possess a distinctive endoskeleton consisting of vertebral column,
limb girdles, two pairs of jointed appendages, and a head skeleton
• Muscles are attached to the skeleton to provide movement
• Often have a muscular perforated pharynx
• Closed circulatory system with a well developed muscular heart;
blood is oxygenated as it flows through vascularized skin, gills or
lungs.

16. Evolutionary Relationships of the Vertebrates
• Earliest vertebrate fossils (jawless ostracoderm fishes; 500 mya)
share many of the novel structures observed in the living vertebrates
• Q. When and from where did these vertebrate characteristics evolve?
• May have evolved from an invertebrate chordate lineage
• This idea is supported by the discovery of a fossilized mid-Cambrain
invertebrate chordate from the Burgess Shale formation - Pikaia
• A ribbon shaped, somewhat fish-like creature about 5 cm in length
• It possessed a notochord and the V-
shaped myomeres
• Resembles Amphioxus, and may
very well be an early cephalochordate

17. Evolutionary Relationships of the Vertebrates cont.
• Speculations regarding vertebrate ancestry have focused on living cephalochordates
and tunicates
• One hypothesis on the evolution of the vertebrates is Garstang's Hypothesis
• It suggests that sessile tunicates were an ancestral stock that evolved a motile larval
stage
• Garstang speculated that at some point larvae failed to metamorphose into an adult,
but developed gonads and reproduced in the larval stage
• And with continued larval evolution a new group of free swimming animals evolved
• Garstang called this process paedomorphosis, a term that describes the presence (or
evolutionary retention) of juvenile or larval traits in the adult body