- Urochordata and Cephalochordata are two phylums that make up the subphylum Chordata. They share four defining characteristics with all chordates: a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and an early tail.
- As larvae, both urochordates and cephalochordates display these chordate traits but urochordates lose many during metamorphosis while cephalochordates retain them as adults. Cephalochordates are also known as lancelets.
- The notochord is a flexible rod that runs between the digestive and nervous systems and allows these primitive chordates to swim and move.
The chordates are named for the notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and also in the adult stage of some chordate species.
It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body.
In some chordates, the notochord acts as the primary axial support of the body throughout the animal's lifetime.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
This presentation provide information about salient feature of cyclostomata with proper examples and explanation why they are classified in this class.
The chordates are named for the notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and also in the adult stage of some chordate species.
It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body.
In some chordates, the notochord acts as the primary axial support of the body throughout the animal's lifetime.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
This presentation provide information about salient feature of cyclostomata with proper examples and explanation why they are classified in this class.
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
A vertebrate is an animal with a spinal cord surrounded by cartilage or bone. The word comes from vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine. Animals that are not vertebrates are called invertebrates. Vertebrates include birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
All birds are in the Animalia Kingdom, Phylum of Chordata (with a backbone), and Class Aves (birds). At the Order level, the birds begin to diverge. For instance, the pelicans are in the Pelecaniformes Order while the nuthatches are in the Passeriformes Order.
It discusses basic information regarding a hemichordate animal called Balanoglossus or Acorn worm, which is also a good connecting link between the non-chordates and chordates.
A vertebrate is an animal with a spinal cord surrounded by cartilage or bone. The word comes from vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine. Animals that are not vertebrates are called invertebrates. Vertebrates include birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
All birds are in the Animalia Kingdom, Phylum of Chordata (with a backbone), and Class Aves (birds). At the Order level, the birds begin to diverge. For instance, the pelicans are in the Pelecaniformes Order while the nuthatches are in the Passeriformes Order.
This is a simple way to stop the cycle of drilling holes in the wall, only to patch and paint a year later. Disposable contracts constantly change, with our system you can stop the cycle.
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Briefly discuss the adaptive changes seen in the chordates over the o.pdfmonikajain201
Briefly discuss the adaptive changes seen in the chordates over the other animal phyla?
Solution
Animals in the phylum Chordata reveal four key features that appear at some point all through
their development.
a. Notochord - The chordates are called for the notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped design that is
found within the embryonic stage of most chordates and also in the adult stage of some chordate
species. It is found between the intestinal pipe and the nerve cord, providing skeletal help
through along the body. In some chordates, the notochord acts while the primary axial support of
the human body throughout the animal\'s lifetime. In vertebrates, the notochord is provide during
embryonic development, of which time it induces the development of the neural pipe which acts
as an assistance for the developing embryonic body. The notochord, however, is replaced by the
vertebral column (spine) in most adult vertebrates.
b.Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord - The dorsal hollow nerve cord derives from ectoderm that sheets
into a worthless pipe all through development. In chordates, it is found dorsally (at the top of the
animal) to the notochord. In contrast to the chordates, other animal phyla are known by strong
nerve cables which are positioned either ventrally or laterally. The nerve cord within most
chordate embryos develops into the brain and spinal cord, which include the main anxious
system.
c.Pharyngeal Slits - Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx (the place just posterior to the
mouth) that expand to the surface environment. In organisms that are now living in aquatic
surroundings, pharyngeal slits allow for the quit of water that enters the mouth all through
feeding. Some invertebrate chordates use the pharyngeal slits to filtration food out of the water
that enters the mouth. In vertebrate fishes, the pharyngeal slits develop into gill arches, the bony
or cartilaginous gill supports. In most terrestrial animals, including mammals and birds,
pharyngeal slits are providing just during embryonic development. In these animals, the
pharyngeal slits develop into the jaw and inner ear bones.
d.Post-anal Tail - The post-anal tail is a posterior elongation of the human body, increasing
beyond the anus. The trail contains skeletal things and muscles, which give a way to obtain
locomotion in aquatic species. In some terrestrial vertebrates, the trail also assists with stability,
courting, and signaling when risk is near. In individuals and other apes, the post-anal tail is
provide during embryonic development, but is vestigial as an adult..
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2. What is a Chordata
• Chordata are fishes, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, mammals, tunicates (Urochordata), and
lancelets (Cephalochordata)
Michelle Sit
3. Intro to chordates
- 4 defining characteristics of chordata:
- Notochord
- Flexible rod that is between digestive track and
nervous system.
- Hollow nerve cord (later becomes CNS)
- Have a tail: some lose tail after development
- Pharyngeal slits or clefts
- Grooves in the pharynx that develop into gills or a
filter to capture food with
4. Urochordata
• Tunicates: at young age have dorsal nerve
cord
– As larvae, they swim, looking for a place to settle
– Once they find a place to anchor, they undergo
metamorphosis, loosing many chordata
characteristics (nervous system, muscles, etc.)
Tunicate Diagram. Digital image. Http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/34-03-Tunicate-L.jpg. Pearson
Education Inc. Web. 13 Mar. 10.
Paul Riviere
5. Cephalochordata
• Lancelets: Get their
names from their
bladelike shape
• As larvae alternate
between swimming
upwards and passively
sinking to eat plankton
• After metamorphosis into
adults, they burrow into
the sand and leave their
head exposed to filter in
food
Michelle Sit
Living Amphioxus in Feeding Position. Digital image. PHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA. Web. 13 Mar. 2010.
<http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/Animals/DEUTEROSTOMES/cephalochordata/uwinnipeg-Lancelet.jpg>.
6. Sample Animals
Urochordata
Sea squirt
Cephalochordata
Adult Tunicate Lancelet
Tunicate. Digital image. Web. 13 Mar. 2010.
<http://dbtgr.hgc.jp/cintestinalis1.png>.
Digital image. Echinoderms and Nonvertebrate Chordates. Wikipedia. Web.
13 Mar. 2010. <http://authors.ck12.org/wiki/images/8/88/BioII-3002-
15.png>.
7. Body cavity
• Tunicates: water is filtered
into the atrium from the
incurrent siphon and exits
through the excurrent
siphon.
– Mucus net captures food
particles and delivers it to
digestive system
• Lancelets are similar except
smaller atrium and they
have a mouth
Michelle Sit
Urochordata: Metamorphosed Adult (b) and Free-swimming Larvae (c). Digital image. Web. 13
Mar. 2010. <http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/142007_Urochordata.jpg>.
9. Nervous system
• Have a hollow, dorsal nerve (Urochordata only
as larvae)
• Lancelets have a swollen tip of the dorsal
nerve, which is not a true brain
Paul RiviereGiant Sea Sponge. Digital image. Mongabay. Web. 13 Mar. 2010.
<http://travel.mongabay.com/belize/600/belize_uw0087.JPG>.
Digital image. AllPosters. Web. 13 Mar. 2010.
<http://img.allposters.com/6/LRG/29/2910/QDSP
D00Z.jpg>.
10. Circulatory system
• Tunicates have a heart and large blood vessels
– Periodically changes the direction of flow of blood
• Lancelets have colorless blood which moves
through a ventral vessel and back through a
dorsal vessel
Michelle Sit
Lancelet (Branchiostoma Lanceolatum)).
Digital image. Web. 13 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.daviddarling.info/images/lancel
et.jpg>.
11. Digestive system
• Urochordata are filter feeders: they pump
water and eat food particles that they filter
into their stomachs.
• Cephalochordata feed on plankton as larvae,
as adults they bury their bodies in the sand
and filter water for food.
Paul Riviere
Digital image. Web. 13 Mar. 2010.
<http://interactive.usc.edu/members/rosenblj/archi
ves/plankton.jpg>.
12. Excretory system
• Lancelets pump water out through the
atriopore, separately from waste
• Urochordata pump out water and waste with
an excurrent siphon
– Both have a separate mouth and anus
Paul Riviere
13. Locomotion/musculature
• Both have muscles that
allow them to swim,
though urochordata only
as larvae
• Lancelets have
segmented muscles that
allow them to undulate
Segmented
Muscles
Notochord
Paul Riviere
14. Skeletal type
• Notochord is a defining trait of these two
phylums
– It is a soft, flexible rod that is located between the
digestive and nervous systems.
– Allows these animals to swim
Primitive skeletal system, and notochord forms in
almost all more advanced species at some point in
development.
Paul Riviere
15. Sensory structure/features
• As larvae, Urochordata have light and gravity
sensitive cells
• Cephalochordata use their tentacles as
sensors
Michelle Sit
BlueBell Tunicate. Digital
image. Web. 13 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.aboututila.com/
PhotoGallery/DeepBlue/Phot
os/Bluebell-Tunicate-01.jpg>.
16. Reproduction
• Urochordata
– Both male and female (Hermaphroditic)
– Can reproduce sexually or asexually (budding)
• Celphalochordata
– Either male or female
– Reproduces sexually
Michelle Sit
17. Gas exchange
• In Lancelets and Tunicates, gas exchange takes
place across the body surface, as well as
through pharyngeal slits
Paul RiviereDigital image. Chemistry World Blog. Web. 13 Mar. 2010.
<http://prospect.rsc.org/blogs/cw/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/tunicate.jpg>.
18. Other
• Tunicates can make cellulose
• Slits that allow water that enters mouth to
leave body without entering digestive track.
– Later evolve into gills for some vertebraes.
– For tetropods, become parts of ears, neck, and
head: pharyngeal clefts
Paul Riviere
19. QUIZ
• 1. Celphalochordata use what as sensory
features?
a) Tentacles
b) Tail
c) Mouth
d) Pharyngeal slits
