This document discusses interviews as a qualitative data collection tool. It defines interviews as open-ended conversations between a researcher and participant where the researcher asks questions and records answers. There are four main types of interviews: one-on-one, focus groups, telephone, and email. The document provides tips for conducting interviews, such as using probes to get additional information, audiotaping responses, and interviewing in a quiet place. Advantages are that interviews provide detailed personal information and allow researchers to ask specific questions, while limitations are that responses may be filtered or inaccurate.

1. INTERVIEW: NATURE, TYPES, PURPOSE,
CONSTRUCTION, SCOPES
AND LIMITATIONS
KAYNAT FATEMA
ROLL: 113F

2. QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION TOOL
4 types:
• Observations
• Interviews and questionnaires
• Documents
• Audiovisual materials

3. WHAT IS INTERVIEW AS DATA COLLECTION TOOL
• In qualitative research, interview use as a data collection tool.
• According to Cresswell (2006)- When researchers ask one or more participants general,
open-ended questions and record their answers, its called a qualitative interview.

4. NATURE OF INTERVIEW
• Generally used for qualitative research
• Open-ended questions
• Participants creates response a question without being forced
• Researcher used audiotapes for recording the conversation
• Researcher transcribes the information into words for analysis.
• Interview can be one hour to three hours or more

5. TYPES OF INTERVIEW (CRESSWELL, 2006,218 PAGE)
1. One-on-One Interviews
2. Focus Group Interviews
3. Telephone Interviews
4. E-Mail Interviews

6. HOW TO CONDUCT INTERVIEW (CRESSWELL-
2006,220 PAGE)
1. Identify the interviewees.
2. Determine the type of interview you will use.
3. During the interview, audiotape the questions and responses.
4. Take brief notes during the interview.
5. Locate a quiet, suitable place for conducting the interview.
6. Obtain consent from the interviewee to participate in the study.
7. Have a plan, but be flexible.
8. Use probes to obtain additional information.
9. Be courteous and professional when the interview is over.

7. TYPES OF PROBES USED IN QUALITATIVE
INTERVIEWING? (CRESWELL-2006)
• Probing questions are follow-up questions to an open-ended interview question.

8. A CHECKLIST FOR INTERVIEWING? (CRESWELL-
2006)

9. ADVANTAGE OF INTERVIEW AS DATA COLLECTION
TOOL (CRESWELL-2006)
• They provide useful information when you cannot directly observe participants
• They permit participants to describe detailed personal information.
• The interviewer can ask specific questions to elicit information.

10. LIMITATION OF INTERVIEW (CRESWELL-2006)
• Interviews provide only information “filtered” through the views of the
interviewers
• Interview data may be deceptive.
• The presence of the researcher may affect how the interviewee responds.
• Interviewee responses also may not be articulate, perceptive, or clear.
• Equipment issues may be a problem
• Need to give some attention to the conversation with the participants.

11. EXAMPLE OF AN INTERVIEW GUIDELINE FROM AN
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
• Research Title: THE PERCEPTION
OF STUDENTS ABOUT SCHOOL
BULLYING AND HOW IT AFFECTS
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN
CAMEROON

12. Thank You