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Session III1
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
This session Topics
• Levels of Structural Organization.
• Anatomical Nomenclature.
• Anatomical terms and their meaning
2
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Levels of Structural organization
Before you begin to study the different
structures and functions of the human body, it is
helpful to consider its basic architecture; that is, how
its smallest parts are assembled into larger structures.
It is convenient to consider the structures of the body
in terms of fundamental levels of organization that
increase in complexity, such as (from smallest to
largest): chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems, and an organism.
3
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
The organization of the body
often is discussed in terms of
the distinct levels of increasing
complexity, from the smallest
chemical building blocks to a
unique human organism.
4
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Chemical Level
To study the chemical level of organization, scientists
consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic
particles, atoms and molecules. All matter in the universe is
composed of one or more unique pure substances called
elements. Examples of these elements are hydrogen, oxygen,
carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any of
these pure substances (elements) is an atom. Atoms are made
up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron and
neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such
as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living
things. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body
structures.
5
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Cellular Level
A cell is the smallest independently functioning
unit of a living organism. Single celled organisms, like
bacteria, are extremely small, independently-living
organisms with a cellular structure. Humans are
multicellular organisms with independent cells working
in concert together. Each bacterium is a single cell. All
living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and
almost all functions of human physiology are
performed in cells or are initiated by cells.
6
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Higher levels
A tissue is a group of many similar cells
(though sometimes composed of a few related types)
that work together to perform a specific function.
An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the
body composed of two or more tissue types. Each
organ performs one or more specific physiological
functions. An organ system is a group of organs that
work together to perform major functions or meet
physiological needs of the body.
7
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Organ Systems
•Integumentrary system
•Muscular system
•Cardio-Vascular system
•Digestive system
•Urinary system
•respiratory system
•Nervous system
•Male Reproductive system
•Female Reproductive system
•Endocrine system
•Lymphatic system
There are eleven organ systems in human body including,
8
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Anatomical Nomenclature
Over the centuries, anatomists developed a
standard nomenclature, or method of naming
anatomical structures.
Terms such as "up" or "down" obviously have
no meaning unless the orientation of the body is clear.
When a body is lying on its back, the thorax and
abdomen are at the same level. The upright sense of
up and down is lost.
9
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Basle Nomina Anatomica
In the year 1905 anatomists from all over the
globe met at a place named Basle in Germany and
decided that there must be a consensus on using
similar terms while describing Anatomy And they all
agreed to it.
This was a beginning of anatomical
nomenclature and thus is known by the city name as
Basle Nomina Anatomica.
10
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Anatomical Position
In order to standardize nomenclature,
anatomical terms relate to the standard anatomical
position.
When the human body is in the standard
anatomical position it is upright, erect on two legs,
facing frontward, with the arms at the sides with each
rotated so that the palms of the hands turn forward.
11
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Common Anatomical Terms
In the standard anatomical position, superior
means toward the head or the cranial end of the body.
The term inferior means toward the feet or the
caudal end of the body.
The frontal surface of the body is the anterior or
ventral surface of the body. Accordingly, the terms
"anteriorly" and "ventrally" specify a position closer to—or
toward—the frontal surface of the body. The back surface
of the body is the posterior or dorsal surface and the
terms "posteriorly" and "dorsally" specify a position closer
to—or toward—the posterior surface of the body.
12
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Directional Terms
•Superior
•Inferior
•Medial
•Lateral
•Anterior
•Posterior
•Cranial
•Caudal
•Proximal
•Distal
•Median
•Right
•Left
•Ventral
•Dorsal
•Prone
•Supine
13
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Regions of the body
The principal regions of the human body include
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk
4. Upper limb
5. Lower Limb
14
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Anatomical Planes
Anatomy is often
described in planes,
referring to two-dimensional
sections of the body. A
section is a two-dimensional
surface of a three-
dimensional structure that
has been cut. A plane is an
imaginary two-dimensional
surface that passes through
the body.
15
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Anatomical Planes
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an
organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs
directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or
median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it
is called a parasagittal plane, or less commonly a longitudinal section.
The frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an
organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion.
The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane, following
Latin corona, which means "crown".
The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or
organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes
produce images referred to as cross sections.
16
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Abdomino-pelvic Quadrants
17
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Body Cavities
A body cavity is any
space or compartment, or
potential space in the
animal body. Cavities
accommodate organs and
other structures; cavities as
potential spaces contain
fluid. The two largest
human body cavities are
the ventral body cavity, and
the dorsal body cavity.
18
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Body Cavities
19
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
Session IV Topics
• These are the topics we will discuss in the next
session of HAP, so come prepared.
• Body Systems,
• Integumentary system,
• Skeletal system,
• Their composition and function
20
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

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Human Anatomy and Physiology : levels of structural organization

  • 1. Session III1 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 2. This session Topics • Levels of Structural Organization. • Anatomical Nomenclature. • Anatomical terms and their meaning 2 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 3. Levels of Structural organization Before you begin to study the different structures and functions of the human body, it is helpful to consider its basic architecture; that is, how its smallest parts are assembled into larger structures. It is convenient to consider the structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity, such as (from smallest to largest): chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and an organism. 3 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 4. The organization of the body often is discussed in terms of the distinct levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human organism. 4 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 5. Chemical Level To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms and molecules. All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements. Examples of these elements are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any of these pure substances (elements) is an atom. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron and neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures. 5 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 6. Cellular Level A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. Single celled organisms, like bacteria, are extremely small, independently-living organisms with a cellular structure. Humans are multicellular organisms with independent cells working in concert together. Each bacterium is a single cell. All living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and almost all functions of human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells. 6 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 7. Higher levels A tissue is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body. 7 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 8. Organ Systems •Integumentrary system •Muscular system •Cardio-Vascular system •Digestive system •Urinary system •respiratory system •Nervous system •Male Reproductive system •Female Reproductive system •Endocrine system •Lymphatic system There are eleven organ systems in human body including, 8 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 9. Anatomical Nomenclature Over the centuries, anatomists developed a standard nomenclature, or method of naming anatomical structures. Terms such as "up" or "down" obviously have no meaning unless the orientation of the body is clear. When a body is lying on its back, the thorax and abdomen are at the same level. The upright sense of up and down is lost. 9 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 10. Basle Nomina Anatomica In the year 1905 anatomists from all over the globe met at a place named Basle in Germany and decided that there must be a consensus on using similar terms while describing Anatomy And they all agreed to it. This was a beginning of anatomical nomenclature and thus is known by the city name as Basle Nomina Anatomica. 10 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 11. Anatomical Position In order to standardize nomenclature, anatomical terms relate to the standard anatomical position. When the human body is in the standard anatomical position it is upright, erect on two legs, facing frontward, with the arms at the sides with each rotated so that the palms of the hands turn forward. 11 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 12. Common Anatomical Terms In the standard anatomical position, superior means toward the head or the cranial end of the body. The term inferior means toward the feet or the caudal end of the body. The frontal surface of the body is the anterior or ventral surface of the body. Accordingly, the terms "anteriorly" and "ventrally" specify a position closer to—or toward—the frontal surface of the body. The back surface of the body is the posterior or dorsal surface and the terms "posteriorly" and "dorsally" specify a position closer to—or toward—the posterior surface of the body. 12 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 14. Regions of the body The principal regions of the human body include 1. Head 2. Neck 3. Trunk 4. Upper limb 5. Lower Limb 14 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 15. Anatomical Planes Anatomy is often described in planes, referring to two-dimensional sections of the body. A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three- dimensional structure that has been cut. A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. 15 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 16. Anatomical Planes The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane, or less commonly a longitudinal section. The frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane, following Latin corona, which means "crown". The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections. 16 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 17. Abdomino-pelvic Quadrants 17 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 18. Body Cavities A body cavity is any space or compartment, or potential space in the animal body. Cavities accommodate organs and other structures; cavities as potential spaces contain fluid. The two largest human body cavities are the ventral body cavity, and the dorsal body cavity. 18 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 19. Body Cavities 19 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS
  • 20. Session IV Topics • These are the topics we will discuss in the next session of HAP, so come prepared. • Body Systems, • Integumentary system, • Skeletal system, • Their composition and function 20 Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS