The document discusses the key aspects and impacts of the Industrial Revolution from the 18th to 20th centuries. It describes how industrialization led to major changes like the shift from agriculture to manufacturing-based economies, the growth of factories using new machines like the steam engine, and the migration of people from rural to urban areas. This mass movement to cities significantly impacted living and working conditions, health, class divisions, and overall societal changes during this period.

1. The industrial revolution, its effects on growth
of town planning from the 17th to 20th
centuries
The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped
making things at home and started making things in
factories!

2.  The Industrial Revolution was a period from the
18th to the 19th century where major changes
in agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and technology had a major
effect on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions of the times.
 Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural
(farming) economy to one based on industry
(manufacturing)

3. Background of Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early
19th centuries was revolutionary because it
changed the productive capacity of England,
Europe and United States.

4. Industrial Revolution: New Machines
Throughout the Industrial Revolution there were
several new inventions and machines transformed
the time era. Such as the telegraph, cotton gin, steam
engine, and the telephone.

5. Steam Engine
The steam engine was the first engine that had a
widespread use. It was mainly used to power
locomotives.

6. Cotton Gin
The cotton gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney. The
cotton gin was a device that made picking the seeds
out of cotton so much faster. It helped improve the
production rate of cotton in the Americas.

7. Growth of Industry
 Growth of factories
As demand for cloth grew,
inventors came up with new
machines (e.g., To house
these new machines,
manufacturers built the first
factories
New machines and factories
increased production
By the 1850s, factories began
to be powered by coal and
steam engines

8. Migration to Cities
Urbanization
• the movement of people to cities
• Changes in farming, rising population, and an
increase in demand for workers led people to
move from farms to the cities to work in
factories
• Small towns near natural resources and cities
near factories grew instantly

9. Technology
 The Industrial Revolution was
built on rapid advances in
technology
 Which of these three inventions
most changed the way that raw
materials, goods, and people
moved?

10. The Impact of the Railroad
• Transportation
innovation that most
changed the way raw
materials, goods, and
people moved
• Allowed communication
and trade between
places previously
deemed too far

11. Housing
Tenement = a substandard,
multi-family dwelling, usually old
and occupied by the poor
 Built cheaply
 Multiple stories
 No running water
 No toilet
 Sewer down the middle of street
 Trash thrown out into street
 Crowded (5+ people living in
one room)
 Breeding grounds for diseases
 Pollution from factory smoke

12. How did industrialization change the
way of life?
Changes brought by
industrialization
Cities
Living Conditions Working Conditions
Class Tensions
Factories
Size ↑
No safety
codes
Sickness
Long hours,
Little pay
Dangerous
conditions
Large gaps
between the
rich and the poor
The rise of the
middle class

13. Positive Effects
 Increased world productivity
 Growth of railroads (faster and
more efficient transportation of
goods and people)
 New entrepreneurs emerged
 (more money = more
technology/inventions)
 New inventions improved quality
of life for many
 Labor eventually organized (unions)
to improve working conditions

14. Advantages of the Industrial Revolution
 Goods were able to be produced much more
cheaply
 There were greater job opportunities
 There was an increase in wealth and in general
quality of life
 An independent urban manufacturing business
force arose
 New inventions and innovations occurred;
information spread, making the world
“smaller”
 Spurred the rise of large cities

15. Negative Effects: Factory Life
 Child labor used in factories & mines
 Miserable (dirty, cramped) and dangerous
(fingers, limbs, & lives lost) working conditions
 Monotonous(boring) work with heavy, noisy,
repetitive machinery
 Long working hours –
 six days a week, with little pay
 Rigid schedules ruled each day
 Gas, candle & oil lamps
 created soot and smoke in factories
 Diseases such as pneumonia &
tuberculosis spread through factories

16. continue
 Labor unrest leads to
demonstrations (sometimes
violent)
Strikes take place
Women were paid less than
men (were actually preferred)
Indentured workers
Employers had a more
impersonal relationship with
employees
Tenement housing was poorly
constructed, crowded, and cold
Human and industrial waste
contaminated water supplies –
typhoid and cholera spread

17. continue
 Air pollution increased over
cities and industrial areas
 Technological changes
eroded the balance of
power in Europe
 Contributed to the growth
of imperialism and
communism (Marx’s &
Engels’ theories)
 Produced weaponry that
gave Western nations a
military advantage over
developing nations

18. Social Effects
 Increase in population of cities
 Women and children enter the workplace as
cheap labor
 Rise of labor unions
 Introduction of reforms
 Laws to protect children in the workplace
 Minimum wage and maximum hour laws
 Federal safety and health standards
 Growth of the middle class
 Increased production and higher demand for
raw materials = growth of worldwide trade
 Expansion of education
 Women’s increased demands for suffrage

19. Effects of Industrial Revolution on Society
The Industrial Revolution had both positive and
negative effects. Some negative effects were death
and illness because of working conditions. Some
positive effects were cheaper prices and quicker
production rates.