The document discusses different types of city forms including the radiocentric, gridiron, and linear cities. It provides examples like Moscow as a radiocentric city with concentric rings radiating from the Kremlin. Chandigarh and San Francisco are discussed as examples of gridiron cities with orthogonal street grids. Navi Mumbai is presented as a linear city developing along transportation routes. The document also covers models of urban land use including the concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models.

1. CITY FORM IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPED AND developing COUNTRIES
Compiled by:
Jyoti
Ayush Chaudhary
Ayush Garg
Shweta Khatriker
Vijay Meena
PLANNING THEORY

2. Structure
 Introduction
 city
 city forms
 Types of city forms
 The Radio centric city
 The gridiron city
 The linear city
 City growth
 Ecological models of urban land use model
 Concentric Model
 Sector Model
 Multi nuclei Model

3. Introduction-cities
 A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within a
limited geographical area, so organized as to facilitate the interchange of
goods and services among its residents and with the outside world.
 The settlements grew into villages, villages transformed into cities.
 Cities created when large number of people live together, in a specific
geographic location leading to the Creation of urban areas.
 Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the
complex functions that cities perform.

4. What is Urban Form…?
 Urban Form refers to the-
• physical layout and design of the city
• spatial imprint of an urban transport system
• adjacent physical infrastructures.
Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities.
 Urban form or city form defined as-
‘ the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time’.

5. Factors Influencing city form
geography
Impact of
natural
environment
Social , political
and economic
forces
development
Trade
Period of
practiced

6. The Radiocentric city
 Geographical possibilities of spreading in all directions.
 Radio centric - Radiate outward from a common centre.
 Inner Outer ring roads linked by radiating roads.
 Core has business area.
 Industrial area interspersed within the residential.
 Periphery has green belts.
 Example : Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdad in Iraq.
Advantages-
• A direct line of travel for centrally
directed flows,
• economics of a single- centralised
terminal or origin point.
Disadvantages-
• Central congestion ,
• local flow problems ,
• difficult building sites

7. CASE STUDY-RADIOCENTRIC
CITY
MOSCOW

8. The Radial city: Moscow
 Moscow, the world biggest
Megapolis (Russian Moskva) is the
capital of Russia.
 The city grew in a pattern of rings
and radials that marked Moscow's
growth from ancient time to modern
layout.
 The center of all rings is Moscow
Kremlin and famous Red Square.
Moscow, 1893

9. Moscow, At Present
• Successive epochs of development
are traced by the
• The Boulevard Ring and
• The Garden Ring,
• The Moscow Little Ring Railway,
• And the Moscow Ring Road.

10. The Grid Iron city
 It is composed of straight streets crossing at right angles to create many regular city
blocks.
 This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution – because only then
did cities place such importance on economic activity.
 A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product throughout the
city.
Advantages
• High accessibility,
• minimum disruption of flow,
• expansion flexibility,
• excellent psychological orientation,
adaptability to level or moderately
rolling terrain.
Disadvantages
• Requires flow hierarchies,
• limited in its adaptability to the
terrain,
• potentially monotonous

11. CASE STUDY
GRID IRON PATTERN

12. CHANDIGARH
 The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a
neighbourhood unit of size 800 m X1200 m.
 It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school,
health centres and places of recreations .
 The population of a sector varies between 3000-
20000 depending upon sizes of plots and
topography of the area.
 The shopping street of each sector is linked to the
adjoining sectors thus forming one long,
continuous ribbon .
 The central green of each Sector also stretches to
the green of the next sector

13. The Grid Iron city: San Francisco
San Francisco was designed to accommodate
outrageous number of people that came to the city
during the Gold Rush.
It was laid out in a grid pattern imposed on a city of
hills built on the end of a peninsula.
Both grids and irregular forms can be seen in San
Francisco.
 Downtown San Francisco is extremely dense. The
planning commission split downtown into four
separate zones with different purposes.
 Office District
 Retail District
 General Commercial District
 Support District

14. The Linear city
 Initially proposed by Soria Y Mata.
 Expand the city along the spine of transport
 The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban Development with
Housing And Industry Growing Along The Highway Between existing cities
and contained by the continuous open space of the rural countryside.
Advantages
• High accessibility
• adaptability to linear growth
• useful along the limited edge.
Disadvantages
• Very sensitive to blockage
requires control of growth
• lacks focus,
• The choice of connection or of
direction of movement are much
less.

15. Navi Mumbai
Alternative to Mumbai
http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/img/Navi_Mumbai/Development_Plan_Ma
p.jpg

16. The Linear City: Navi Mumbai
 The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at
south, east and west. As a result total land area available
for development of Mumbai is limited.
 The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is
much less than costs in Mumbai and sub-urban areas.
 Many government and corporate offices have been
shifted from Mumbai to Navi Mumbai .
 the Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial Belt of Navi
Mumbai offer job opportunities of every conceivable kind
- from engineers to mechanics to clerks to peons. As a
result a large population of service class and middle class
population shifted to Navi Mumbai.
http://www.nmmconline.com/web/guest/history1

17. City growth
 According to urbanist Hans Blumenfeld, cities can grow in any of three ways:
Outward (expanding horizontally)
Upward (expanding vertically)
Toward greater density (expanding interstitially)
 As long as intra city traffic moved only by foot or hoof, possibilities of horizontal and
vertical expansion were strictly limited.
 Growth was mainly interstitial, filling up every square yard of vacant land left between
buildings.
 With the advent of the elevator and the steel frame, the vertical growth of skyscrapers
began.
 Suburbs spread out horizontally along streetcar and bus lines and around suburban
railroad stations, surrounded by wide-open spaces.

18. Ecological urban land-use
. Model

19. Concentric zone model
Developed in 1925 by Ernest w. Burgess.
 Cities grow radially outward away from a single centre.
 Different land uses are distributed like concentric rings around the city centre.
 They are: CBD, zone in transition, low-class residential zone, middle-class residential zone,
high-class residential zone.
 Criticisms about concentric zone theory
• Physical features - land may restrict growth of certain sectors
• Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but located far from the
city
• Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and entertainment
• It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape

20. Concentric zone model

21. Sector Model
 Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt ,states that a city develops in sectors, not rings
 All land uses except the CBD form sectors around the city centre.
 The land use zones are influenced by radial transport routes.
 High-rental and low-rental areas repel one another.
 Criticisms about sector model
 Applies well to Chicago.
 Low cost housing is near industry and transportation proving Hoyt’s model
 Theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which make commerce easier
 With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city and still travel to the CBD using
their car. Not only do high-class residents have cars, but also middle and lower class people may
have cars.

22. Sector Model

23. Sector Model: Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar is planned to function mainly as
administrative center for the state.
 The sectors are numbered from 1 to 30 and they are
formed by seven roads running in each direction and
cutting each other perpendicularly.
 They are planned on the neighborhood concept in two
phases:
First Phase - The basic amenities were constructed.
Second phase - constructions of capital complex, sports
complex, town halls, research institution, cinemas,
cultural centers, residential bungalows etc.

24. Multiple nuclei model
 A model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent points rather than
from one central business district.
 Apart from the CBD, there are several separated, secondary centres.
 Certain functions require specialised facilities or sites, e.g. a port district needs a suitable
waterfront.
 Similar functions may group together for agglomeration economies.
Criticisms about the Multiple nuclei model
 Negligence of height of buildings.
 Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones.
 No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy.
 The concepts may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with different cultural, economic and
political backgrounds.

25. Multiple nuclei model

26. Multi-nuclei Model
Advantages
• Optional locations for focal
activities and system
terminals ,
• good psychological
orientation
• adaptability to existing
conditions
Disadvantages
• Depends on stability to key
points,
• potential accessibility
problems
• tendency to dilute focal
activities

27. Delhi
Radial to multi-nuclei or polycentric city form Delhi

28. References
 Cities and Urban Life – By John J. Macionis And Vincent N. Parrillo
 Good City Form – Kelvin Lynch
 www.urbanform.org
 www.cityform.mit.edu
 www.ocw.mit.edu › Courses › Architecture
 www.urbanmodel.com
 www.cs.toronto.edu/~mes/russia/moscow/description.html
 www.sf-planning.org
 jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Delhi.pdf
 chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_gen_plan.htm
 www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/NM_Developmentplan.aspx