Case study of Jaipur city

Case study of Jaipur city

• 1.
  URBAN DESIGN INDIAN CITY- JAIPUR SHUBHAM SISODIYA FY M.ARCH
• 2.
  LOCATION OF THECITY • Jaipur (Rajasthan), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It was founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. • Located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude of about 430m above sea level. • Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas River basin and forms a part of Eastern Plain of Rajasthan. • The eastern Rajasthan, lying to the east and south east of the Aravali divide includes the modern administrative districts of – Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Banswara, Durgapur, Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Jaipur, Tonk, Dausa, Dholpur, Karauli, Bharatpur and Alwar. • Jaipur is also known as Pink City and Paris of India
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  REASONS FOR MAHARAJASAWAI JAI SINGH TO CHANGE HIS CAPITAL FROM AMBER TO JAIPUR (1727) MILITARY REASONS • Defence • A site at the South of Amber ensured greater distance from Delhi. • The out skirting hill ranges (Nahargarh hills) shaped as a horseshoe would allow the new city to expand only in the South. • It was an open plain bounded on the northwest and east by hills. GEOGRAPHICAL REASONS • The rocky terrain of Amber restricted expansion. • Jaipur had the potentialities of developing into a city with adequate drinking water due to the presence of a perennial stream nearby and good drainage system. • Its rugged hills also ensured a constant supply of building material. Plan Section
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  The need ofa new capital for 18th century Dhoondhar as the earlier one of Amber built on a hill was getting congested. • Sawai Raja Jai Singh’s vision of the new capital as a strong political statement at par with Mughal cities and as a thriving trade and commerce hub for the region. • SITE : A valley located south of Amber and the plains beyond, a terrain that was the bed of a dried lake, dense forest cover to the north and the east of the site. • PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS : Hills on the north that housed the fort of Jaigarh and the Amber palace beyond, and the hills on the east, which contained the sacred spot of Galtaji. • WATER SUPPLY: The Darbhavati river in the north was dammed to create the Jai Sagar and Man Sagar (that later housed the Jal Mahal) lakes. Later the Jhotwara River in the north west was diverted through the Amani Shah Nallah and a number of canals were channelized through Brahmapuri and Jai Niwas to supply water to the city. The site with the natural east west ridge and the surrounding forts as defense feature
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  PLANNING OF THECITY • Jaipur has a linear type of layout, wherein there is one main street and houses are arranged on either side. If population increases or more houses are required, streets parallel to the first street and more cross streets are added. • Many urbanisms to be one of the best planned cities in India. • Jaipur was painted pink by Maharaja Man Singh when Prince of Wales, Later Edward VII, visited Jaipur in 1876. • The royal heritage of Jaipur lives in its architecture and culture. Ariel View Of Jaipur City
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  Unlike Dausa andAmber, the two previous capital cities of the Dhoondhar region established on hilltop, whose planning was guided by topographical structure of the areas, Jaipur city was revolutionary both in terms of its grid-iron pattern planning and its location at the base of the hills. • There was also a significant economic shift from an agricultural base in Dausa and Amber to trading in the capital of Jaipur. • The layout of the city of Jaipur wonderfully links the concept of a Shastric city with the practicalities of the chosen site. • First, the straight line of the ridge suggested itself as the route for one of the main east-west thorough fares and building a road along its crest makes best possible use of the topography for the purpose of drainage. • What followed then was to regularize the Amber- Sanganer road as a north-south route at right angles to it. • The point of intersection would be one of the city’s main cross-roads (chaupar). The Intersection Of The Axes To Define The Badi Chaupar (City Square).
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  • A roadcutting the plain from N to S linking Amber, the capital to Sanganer, the principal trading town. This road had to be preserved and controlled and therefore had to fall within the city’s boundaries. • A second road ran E to W between the Mughal cities of Agra and Ajmer and placing the new city on this already established communication line would help secure its economic success. However since this was an imperial road that could not be encroached on, thus the city had to be contained to the north of this line. • Also, a natural ridge runs across the plain, N of the road and parallel to it, in a roughly EW alignment (with a slight deviation of15 deg. from the cardinal axes). The area to its S is flat while that to its N slopes down gently. In Shastric terms, this is an ideal arrangement as declivity towards the North- East is considered the best site. In practical terms, the ridge too had to be accommodated. Ends of The Roads Marked By Gates In The City Wall
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  PHYSICAL PLANNING AND DESIGN Residentialneighborhood planning concept was Mohallas which act as module for urban growth. Safe, secure, living environment is created where individuals have their own horizon to flourish and grow. Sun path , Wind direction given atmost importance. SUN PATH FOLLOWING MAJOR FACTORS ARE ALSO CONSIDERED 1. CONTOUR AND TOPOGRAPHY 2. STORM WATER DRAINAGE 3. CLIMATE 4. HYDOLOGYAND SOIL 5. CONTEXT
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  • It isa model of town planning the first planned city in India. It is based on Hindu systems of town planning and followed the principles prescribed in the Shilpa-shastra, an ancient Indian treatise on architecture .according to this shastra the site should be divided into grids or mandalas ranging from 2 x 2 to 10 x 10. • Planned according to the Prastara type of layout, which gives prominence to the cardinal directions. • Thus plan of Jaipur is a grid of 3 x 3 with gridlines being the city’s main streets. CONCEPTUAL PLANNING
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  • The centralaxis of the town was laid from East to West between the gates of the Sun ( Suraj pol) and the moon( Chandpol ). • This was crossed by two roads at right angles dividing the town into nine almost square, almost equally sized blocks, which were further sub divided by lanes and alleys all at right angles. • By building the western boundary of the city right up to the hill’s southern apex, it provided a continuous line of defence. • The mandala could not be complete in the NW due to the presence of the hills. • On the other hand in the SE an extra square has been added that plugged the gap between the city and the eastern hills.
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  • South ofthe main road were four almost equal rectangles. The rectangle opposite the palace has been broken up into two equal and smaller rectangles by the Chaura Rasta. Thus altogether there are now five rectangles on the south of the main road called Chowkris. • On the North of the main road from West to East are the Purani Basti, the Palace and Ramchandraji. • The principal bazaar leads from the western gate in the city wall, The Chand Pole, passing in front of the Tripolia Gate, to the eastern city gate, the Suraj Pole. 1. RAMCHANDRASI 2. GANGAPOI CHAUKRI 3. TALKATORA 4. TOPKHANA HAZURI 5. PURANI BASTI 6. TOPKHANA DESH 7. MODI KHANA / VISHESHWARJI 8. GHAT DARWAZA 9. PALACE
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  • The palacebuilding covered two blocks, the town six and the remaining ninth block was not usable on account of steep hills. So this North-West ward was transferred to the South-East corner of the city, making the shape of the plan as a whole asymmetrical rather than square. • The city’s division into nine wards was also in conformity with the Hindu caste system, which necessitated the segregation of people belonging to different communities and ranks. • Even the lanes were named after the occupations of inhabitants such as Maniharon ka Rasta, Thakaron ka Rasta & many others. • Following the directions of the Hindu Shilpa shastra, width of the main streets & other lanes were fixed. Thus the main streets of the city were 111ft. wide, secondary streets 55 ft. wide & the smaller ones 27ft. wide. The Map Of Early Planned City Of Jaipur
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  • Jaipur’s roadnetwork follows a definite hierarchy. • The major East - West and North - South road, form the sector boundaries and are called Rajmarg as they lead to the city gates. • These measure 33m. wide. • Next there is a network of 16.5m wide which runs North - South in each sector linking the internal areas of the sectors to the major activity spine. • An orthogonal grid of 8.25m x 4.00m roads in the Prastara-chessboard pattern further divide sectors into Mohallas. ROAD NETWORK PUBLIC SPACES • Chaupar • Bazaars • Mohallas • Streets • Temples
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  • First orderstreet defines the sector size, second order street defines the neighborhood or block. Gridiron system is used for road network for procession paths, which is relevant today for vehicular traffic. • Further in present system of hierarchy of roads problems related to traffic are minimum. Internal road network have hierarchy in terms of access and privacy, hence at the same time safe neighborhood is created. All the streets have certain character that creates every street identifiable.
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   CHAUPAR • Asquare that occurs at the intersection of east west roads with three north south roads. • 100m x 100m • Used for public gathering on festive occasions. • The distance between two chaupars is about 700m which is ideal for pedestrian movement. • It has controlled façade treatment enveloping it. • Originally only four bazaars were planned for the city. • These were later named as Johri bazaar, Sireh Deori Bazaar, Kishan Pole Bazaar & Gangori Bazaar.  BAZAAR
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  • The mainmarkets, havelis and temples on the main streets in Jaipur were constructed by the state in the 18th century, thus ensuring that a uniform street facade is maintained. The widths of roads were predetermined. • Junctions of the main axial streets formed the two square civic open spaces called chaupars (Badi chaupar and Chhoti chaupar). The width of the square chaupars was three times that of the main street. • Historically, the chaupars were outlets for intense social use with water structures connected by underground aqueducts, supplying numerous sources of drinking water at street level. Presently, the centre of each chaupar has square enclosures with ornamental fountains. • The streets and chowks (central open squares in a town) of the internal chowkries (sectors) with numerous clusters or mohallas were not predetermined; hence show a mix of grid iron and organic pattern, with the basic unit of built form being the rectangular haveli.  STREETSCAPES AND CHOWKS View of Main Bazaar Street View of a Chaupar
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   MOHALLAS -Street and dwelling unit relationship  TEMPLES Galtaji Temple Birla Temple
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  Larger buildings onthe periphery and smaller ones in the interiors. REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES Only main roads, major public spaces are controlled. Interior of sector offers enough flexibility to individual with freedom to express with moderate control. Structures always built in proportion to the roads widths.
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  AMENITIES • Amenities areprovided with respect to king and upper class instead of common man. • Amenities are provided on main road, within 5 minute walking distance. • Placement of amenities was done with respect to function, use and traffic. • Further juxtaposition has created distinct nodes and activity landmarks, which ultimately has created defined path. • Thus socially interactive spaces are created by design, built form definition, open space pattern and road pattern. Interaction Space
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  • “Pattern” isformed when all the sectors come together. Further there is coherence between different sectors having enough variety. • There are binding elements like road pattern, road hierarchy, built form and open space system. These strong elements create a whole. Open spaces are distributed, located, allocated as per,  Hierarchy  User group  Serving area  Sense of enclosure PATTERN, PLACEMENT AND JUXTAPOSITION OF ROADS, AMENITIES AND OR OPEN SPACE Road front is commercial
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  ARCHITECTURE OF JAIPUR •The main architect of this palace built of red and pink sandstone, is Lal Chand Ustad and the palace is believed to have been constructed in the form of the crown of Krishna, the Hindu god. Considered as an embodiment of Rajputana architecture, the main highlight of Hawa Mahal is its pyramid shape and its 953 windows or 'Jharokhas' which are decorated with intricate designs. • The main intention behind the construction of the Mahal was to facilitate the royal women and provide them a view of everyday life through the windows, as they never appeared in public. HAWA MAHAL
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  • Hawa Mahal,designed as a beehive castle with small windows, has a height of 50 feet from its base. • This structure, erected on a thin shield or podium approximately fifty feet high, has walls less than a foot thick. • Constructed of red and pink sandstones by Lal Chand Ustad. • Hawa Mahal is famous for its windows or 'Jharokhas' which enable free circulation of air within the structure. JHAROKHASELEVATION OF TREATMENT OF HAWA MAHAL
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  COURTYARD PLANNING VIEW OF THECITY FROM HAWA MAHAL • Its entrance is a door which leads to a spacious courtyard surrounded by two-storey buildings on three sides. Of the five storeys of the Mahal, the top three storeys have the thickness of a single room while the bottom storeys have courtyards. • The interior of the Hawa Mahal is stark and plain with passages and pillars reaching to the top storey. The building does not have stairs to reach the upper floors; the storeys are connected by slopes. From Hawa Mahal, you have an excellent view of the city.
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  AMER FORT Architectural Layout Thestructure has four different parts, each with a separate entrance. The main entry to the fort is through the 'Suraj Pol' or Sun Gate which opens up into the main courtyard. This east-facing gate is also the main entrance to the palace and its position with respect to the rising sun is the source of its name. The 'Jaleb Chowk' is one of the four courtyards of the Amer Palace. The 'Sila Devi' Temple is right at the entrance to the main palace grounds. The second courtyard is famous for its 'Diwan-i- Aam' (Public Audience Hall), the 'Sheesh Mahal' and the 'Sukh Mahal'. A very famous attraction here is the 'Magic Flower', a fresco carved out of marble.
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  'Diwan-i-Aam' (Public AudienceHall) It has forty pillars and is a best example of intricate craftsmanship. The wide assembly hall measures 201′ by 67′ and has flat roof with two gateways of arched red sandstone to the north and south. The hall is divided in three parts and has nine bold arches. This is built in red sandstone and is plastered with white shell plaster which looks like white marble. There is also a raised rectangular stage from where the emperor used to address the audience.