The document reviews the advancements in digital imaging within the field of dentistry, highlighting the evolution from conventional methods to digital techniques introduced since the late 20th century. It discusses various types of digital receptors, image processing methods, and the applications of digital imaging in diagnosing dental issues. Additionally, it contrasts the benefits and drawbacks of digital imaging technologies, emphasizing their growing role in improving dental practice efficiency and diagnostic accuracy.

1. ADVANCES
IN
DIGITAL IMAGING
• Dr. Rupanjan Roy
• PG- 1st Year
• Department of Periodontology,
MCODS,MANIPAL
" A Picture is worth a Thousand
words"

2. Introduction & History
• Conventional
• Digital
Discovered by Dr. Francis Mouyens
Films
Computer
Technology
Used to store,
incorporate
and diagnose

3. Down the Timeline...
1977- Digital
Substraction
Radiography
1980-
Computed
Radiography
1987- Amorphous
Selenium based
image plates
1990 – Charged
Couple
Devices(CCD)
1994 – Selenium
Drum DR
1995 –
Amorphous
Silicon Flat panel
Detector
1997 - Scintillator
2001 – Dynamic
Flat Panel
Detector
Fluoroscopy
2002-Present –
Recent Advances
in Digital Imaging
going onn

4. TERMINOLOGIES
RADIOGRAPHY
DIGITAL
COMPUTED
RADIOGRAPHY
DIRECT
DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPHY
SCANNER( X-
RAY DIGITIZER)
ANALOG

5. label
Basic Equipment
for digital imaging
Dental X-ray unit : Radiation Source
(exposure : 1/100th second exposure
time)
Analog to Digital Converter
Sensors: Intra-oral - No Film or
Extra-oral- PSP Plates
Computer- Digital Image Display
PSP PLATES
LAnalog to Digital Converter
Scanner & Image Display
PSP PLATES

6. Analog to Digital Conversion
Sampling : Small range of voltage values grouped together into a
single value
Quantization – every sampled signal is assigned a value
Stored in computer and represent image- computer organizes
pixels-gives shades of grey-corresponds to no. assigned value
during quantization

7. TYPES OF RECEPTORS
1. Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)
2. Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductors(CMOS)
3. Scintillators
4. Flat Panel Detectors
5. Phosphostimulable phosphor plates(PSP)

8. CCD
LINEAR
ARRAY
AREA
ARRAY

9. 2.Complimentary Metal Oxide
Semiconductors(CMOS)
Each Pixel isolated
from neighbouring
pixel and connected
to a transistor
Electron hole pair
generated within the
pixel
Charge transferred to
transistor in the form
of voltage
Each transistor
voltage recorded
Read out seperately
Read using Frame
Grabber
Stored
Displayed as Digital
Grey Value
Interpreted
Analyzed

10. 3.Scintillator
Scintillator is a material that exhibits scintillation- property of a
material to exhibit luminescence when excited by ionizing radiation
They when stuck by an incoming material, absorbs it's energy and
scintillate I.e remit the absorbed energy in the form of light
They donot require charge transfer resulting in increased sensor
reliability and life span
Requires less system power

11. 4. Flat
Panel
Detectors
Used for Medical Imaging, Extraoral imaging techniques
Provide large matrix area with less than 100 micrometer
Allows imaging of larger area including head
2 Types : Direct & Indirect
Indirect Flat Panel Detector – Sensitive to visible light
Direct Flat Panel Detector – Uses Selenium for efficient X-ray
absorption
It is a 'Sandwich' construction consisting of scintillator, an amorphous
silicon photodiode circuit layer and a Thin Film Transistor(TFT)

12. 5.Photostimulable phosphor plates (PSP)
• Also known as Storage phosphor plates(SPP), Image plates or
computed radiography
• Flexible, wireless and indirect photography
• Available in the same size as intra-oral films

13. Digital Image Processing
Image Restoration
Image enhancement
Image analysis
Image Compression

14. Image Storage
Storage of image : magnetic or optical
File Size : 200KB (intraoral) and 6MB (extraoral)
Digital image can be modified or deleted
Backup media : External storage devices, pen drives, CD'S
, DVD'S

15. Types of Digital Imaging
Digital Imaging
Direct
Direct Digital
Imaging
Semi Direct Image
Plate System
Indirect
Image produced
using a CCD camera
instead of a flatbed
scanner

16. Types of Digital Imaging (according to films)
Digital
Imaging
Extra oral
Cephalometric
Panoramic
Tomographic
Intra oral
Periapical
Bitewing

17. Procedural Steps
Proper
infection
control of the
sensor
Placement of
sensor in the
patient's
mouth
Paralleling
Technique
used
Radiation
exposure with
conventional
radiographic
unit
Digitalized
conversion of
analog image
into the
computer
Display of the
digital image
on the
computer
monitor for
diagnosis

19. Film Based
v/s Digital

20. Indications
& Uses
Tumour
Detections
Detection of
Metastatic hard
tissue lesions
During
Instrumentation
Implant
Analysis
Caries detection
and periodontal
diseases
Detection of
Perforations

21. Advantages of Digital Imaging
3D
Reconstruction
Filtration
Time
Consuming
High Storage
capacity
Darkroom no
longer required
User Friendly
Tele
radiography
Dose
Reduction

22. Disadvantages of Digital Imaging
Cost
Medicolegal
Problems
Cross
infection
control
Sensor is
bulky

23. Radiovisuography
(RVG)

24. Recent
Advancements
Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
 Recent and newest type of digital radiography
 Scan in the area of image taken and resultant image is displayed as image
slices
 Mainly used for impant planning and removal of third molars

25. Computed Tomography (CT)

26. TACT -tuned aperture CT
TACT Machine
Conventional IOPAR Tuned aperture CT
Comparison of the radiograph between conventional & TACT
Indications :
1. Diagnosis of Recurrent caries
2. Diagnosis of radicular fractures in non-
restored maxillary tooth

27. MICRO CT
Indication : Used for
viewing inside an object
slide by slide

28. DENTASCAN CT
Indications : To obtain true
cross sections of the
maxilla and the mandible

29. SIMPLANT
SIMPLANT is intended for
use as a software
interface and image
segmentation system for
the transfer of imaging
information from a
medical scanner such as
a CT scanner. It is also
intended as pre-planning
software for dental implant
placement and surgical
treatment.

30. Digital
Tomosynthesis

31. OPTICAL
COHERENCE
TOMOGRAPHY
• Layperson's explanation
• “a technique for
obtaining sub-surface
images of translucent or
opaque materials at a
resolution equivalent to
a low-
power microscope.”

32. Machine learning /Artificial
Intelligence in Digital Machine

33. Conclusion
• Innovative Technology to run a practice almost paper free
• Although, the conventional techniques like IOPAR&OPG are
Gold Standard to be used, still as research has progressed
incorporation of newer radiographic techniques have improved
Diagnosis, management of Diseases
"Be the Change You Want to see in the World – Mahatma Gandhi"